Volume 15 - Number 2 - 2024-3 - Basic and Clinical Neuroscience

Volume 15, Issue 2 (March & April 2024)

Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Requiring Special Attention as a Group at Risk for Coronavirus Infection

P. 131-132

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.2736.1

Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi

, Mohammad Ali Sahraian

, Sharareh Eskandarieh ^*

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (464 Views)

A Review of Binaural Beats and the Brain

P. 133-146

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.1406.2

Seyedmohamad Mirmohamadi

, Yaser Norozpour

, Shahram Zarrabian ^*

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (5323 Views) | Highlights

Abnormal Structure and Function of Parietal Lobe in Individuals With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review Study

P. 147-156

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.2843.1

Vahid Nejati ^*

, Elnaz Ghayerin

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (1360 Views) | Highlights

Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Parkinson Disease Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

P. 157-164

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2021.3420.1

Ali Razmkon

, Saeed Abdollahifard ^*

, Hirad Rezaei

, Amir Reza Bahadori

, Parham Eskandarzadeh

, AmirAli Rastegar Kazerooni

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (559 Views) | Highlights

Therapeutic Targets of Probiotics in Parkinson Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials

P. 165-174

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.3665.1

Elif Sina Atak

, Dilara Yıldız

, Rümeysa Rabia Kocatürk

, Arzu Temizyürek

, Öznur Özge Özcan

, Türker Tekin Ergüzel

, Mesut Karahan ^*

, Nevzat Tarhan

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (889 Views) | Highlights

Myasthenia Gravis and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

P. 175-184

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2023.4360.5

Amirhossein Nafari

, Seyedpouzhia Shojaei

, Reza Jalili Khoshnood

, Mahsa Ghajarzadeh

, Arash Tafreshinejad

, Saeid Safari ^*

, Omid Mirmosayyeb

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (573 Views) | Highlights

Environmental Effect of High-voltage Towers on the Cerebellum and Cognitive Impairments in the Monkey

P. 185-198

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.5

Hamed Aliyari

, Hedayat Sahraei

, Mohammad Bagher Menhaj

, Masoomeh Kazemi

, Behrooz Vahidi

, Seyed Hossein Hosseinian ^*

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (1036 Views) | Highlights

Graph-based Analysis to Predict Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment Response in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Using EEG Signals

P. 199-210

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2023.2034.5

Behrouz Nobakhsh

, Ahmad Shalbaf ^*

, Reza Rostami

, Reza Kazemi

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (698 Views) | Highlights

A Novel Approach for Mucosal and Bulbar Olfactory Ensheathing Cells Isolation Based on the Non-adherent Subculture Technique

P. 211-220

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.3579.1

Fatemeh Tirgar

, Zahra Azizi

, Mahmoudreza Hadjighassem ^*

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (630 Views) | Highlights

• Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) can be isolated from the olfactory bulb and mucosa for transplantation studies.
• Both derived OEC preparations showed high levels of specific markers.
• Both derived OEC preparations showed similar cell viability.
• OM-derived OECs are preferred due to the non-invasive isolation method.

Plain Language Summary

The olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) which surround olfactory neurons are utilized in clinical trials to treat many diseases such as brain tumors, stroke, spinal cord injury, and neurorehabilitation. Due to their special properties, such as high migration ability towards damaged areas, these cells can be used as carriers for transferring genes and therapeutic agents to the desired areas of the nervous system. In addition, OECs are involved in repairing damaged tissues and disease recovery by secreting growth factors and anti-inflammatory factors. Since these cells are widely used in the clinic, their isolation and purification are essential issues. OECs can be isolated from two main sources: The olfactory bulb and the olfactory mucosa. Unlike isolation from the olfactory bulb located inside the skull, isolation from the olfactory mucosa within the roof of the nasal cavity is a non-invasive process. Therefore, from a clinical perspective, it is important to find novel and easy strategies to isolate and purify OECs from the olfactory mucosa. In this research, we presented a new method to isolate these cells from the olfactory mucosa as efficiently as the olfactory bulb discussed in previous studies. The cell purity and cell viability of OECs isolated from both sources were compared. The results showed that utilizing our strategy, the OECs derived from the olfactory mucosa have the same properties and viability as the OECs derived from the olfactory bulb. The results of the present study indicate the effectiveness of the suggested process for OEC isolation from olfactory mucosa. This process is non-invasive and can be easily extracted from the roof of the patient`s nasal cavity. It is expected that OECs will be used for cell therapy treatments in the clinic in the near future.

Effect of Parenchymal Arachnoid on Brain Fluid Transport

P. 221-232

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.3089.1

Eric Hansen ^*

, Christopher Janson

, Liudmila Romanova

, Cornelius Lam

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (600 Views) | Highlights

The Effect of Brainwave Synchronization Using Binaural Beats on Improving Working Memory and Reducing the Severity of Symptoms in Women With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

P. 233-246

‎ 10.32598/bcn.2022.4233.1

Zahra Hodhodi

, Mehrangiz Pyvastegar ^*

, Peyman Hassani Abharian

, Azam Farah Bidjari

, Batool Ahadi

Abstract | Full-Text (PDF) | Full-Text (HTML) (2693 Views) | Highlights

• Binaural beats in the γ band reduce the severity of obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms (in both dimensions of obsession and compulsion).
• Binaural beats in the γ band can be considered a potential amplifier to improve working memory function in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients.

Plain Language Summary

So far, treatment methods for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been pharmacotherapy and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Besides short-term positive effects, pharmacotherapy has possible complications, such as drug dependence, recurrence of symptoms after discontinuation, side effects specific to each drug, potential drug interactions, external control of the patient for treatment, and no recovery to the patient’s abilities and efforts. Psychotherapy is also effective, provided the sessions continue weekly, permanently, and sometimes over several years. The disadvantages of this method are that it is time-consuming, has high costs, causes the psychological resistance of the patient to accept therapeutic strategies, and relies on the therapist’s expertise and experience to achieve desired treatment outcomes. It is better to know that according to research, both treatments are ineffective in about 40%-60% of cases. For this reason, new therapies have turned to modulate brainwaves in this disorder. We know that the memory of OCD patients does not work well, which is why they keep checking to see if they have done something. We hypothesized that if we could induce γ waves in the brain by beats, we could generate the highest level of attention, accuracy, and alertness and thus improve memory. The results were amazing. The severity of OCD symptoms is reduced by this method. Patients’ memory was also strengthened. Although more research is needed in this regard, we can suggest binaural beats as a minimal complementary treatment, along with other therapies for individuals with OCD. Binaural beats are safe, accessible, complication-free, easy to use, and can be applied anywhere and time. Also, binaural beats enhance the effect of other treatments and pave the way for recovery.