Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many case-report studies have shown that severe or critically ill COVID-19 can lead to thrombotic disorders and stroke. It seems that a relationship exists between COVID-19 and stroke in human societies, and accordingly, in the present study we have tried to provide a comprehensive and systematic review for this global concern. Based on our findings in a limited timeline and according to our knowledge, there is not necessarily a clear correlation between COVID-19 and the stroke prevalence, but this relationship is likely to exist. Also, in the present study we have described the supposed mechanisms for SARS-CoV-2-related stroke in a detail. It appears that the SARS-CoV-2 infection causes coagulation abnormalities, vascular damage and progression of inflammatory cascades leading to a stroke and multi-organ injury. Consequently, for the better understanding, further studies in this context are required.

● Using the developed neuroscience-informed psychoeducation program increased subjective complains about cognitive problems in people with substance use disorders.
● Using the developed neuroscience-informed psychoeducation program increased psychological wellbeing in people with substance use disorders.
● Using the developed neuroscience-informed psychoeducation program increased willingness to attend brain and cognition recovery programs in people with substance use disorders.

Plain Language Summary 
Neurocognitive deficits are common among people with substance use disorders that may hamper the recovery process in this group. One important cognitive function that may also be negatively affected by these neurocognitive alterations would be mental awareness or metacognition. Impairments of this ability cause individuals to underestimate their cognitive deficits (e.g., attention, memory) as well as to recognize their need for treatment. Therefore, improvement in metacognition may remove motivational barriers to invest time and effort in the brain and cognition recovery process and improve treatment outcome. In the present study, we shared the results of a feasibility data of a new neuroscience-informed psychoeducation program developed to promote metacognition in people with substance user disorders.

● Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) exacerbates psychological dependence in morphine-withdrawn rats. 
● An Enriched Environment (EE) decreases MMT-induced anxiety, depression, and obsessive-compulsive behavior in morphine-withdrawn rats. 
● EE decreases morphine preference ratio in morphine-withdrawn rats under MMT. 

Plain Language Summary 
Chronic administration of morphine is associated with increased physical and psychological dependence signs, including anxiety, depression, OCD, and vulnerability to relapse, which are still permanent under MMT. Previous findings indicate that exposure to Environmental Enrichment (EE), including physical, social, and cognitive enrichment, can produce a range of plastic responses in the brain’s reward system. Our findings showed that exposure to EE decreased methadone-induced anxiety, depressive and OCD, and voluntary morphine consumption in morphine withdrawn rats under MMT. Our results may have a potential therapeutic application to prevent physical and psychological dependence and relapse in opiate use disorder patients under MMT.

 ● We showed simple-step method for generation of RPE and retinal cells.
● Generation of in vitro both RPE and retinal cells have been shown. 
● The study have been shown use of serum-free medium to induce neurosphere cells into RPE and retinal cells. 

Plain Language Summary 
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is associated with Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells impairment. The replacement of these cells is the main goal of cell replacement therapy. Many stem cells have been used for AMD treatment. Bone marrow stromal stem cells are used in AMD therapy because of their safeties, accessibility, and differentiation potential. Generating RPE cells in a reliable and straightforward method is interesting. It seems that producing RPE and retinal cells together and based on developmental order will be the future goal of stem cell differentiation and tissue engineering. 

● The supposed alteration in behavior due to guilt following administration of stem bark of E. ivorense is due to memory impairment, loss of grip strength, and motor coordination. 
● The Purkinje cell loss is part of a cascade of pathomechanistic events involved in its neurotoxicity. 
● Active components in Erythrophleum ivorense can be developed and used as rodenticide rather than its current use as an ordeal poison in humans.

Plain Language Summary 
Erythrophleum Ivorense (EI) is a common tree found in tropical regions. Its bark is usually used as hunting poisons for animals and poison in humans. Ingestion of this plant causes paralysis, respiratory distress, and amnesia. In folklore, these behavioral changes have been attributed to guilt in victims; nonetheless, there is a lack of scientific evidence to support this claim. We, therefore, investigated the mechanism of neurotoxicity and behavioral alteration of this plant. Forty-eight BALB/c male mice were randomly divided into four groups. The test groups were administered an aqueous extract of EI in a single daily dose of 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg body weight for 28 days while the control received distilled water. After that, motor coordination, learning, memory, and grip strength were accessed. Histological staining of brain sections was also carried out. At all tested doses, the aqueous extract of EI caused a significant reduction in hanging latency, significantly increased escape latency, and decreased duration in the target platform in the Morris water maze test compared to control. Reduced grip strength was also observed in the test groups compared to the control. Histology revealed dysmorphic and disoriented Purkinje cells and loss of the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum. Erythrophleum ivorense administration altered motor coordination, learning and memory, and grip strength in mice in a dose-dependent manner. It also caused disruption of granule cells layer, loss of Purkinje cells, and altered cerebellar anatomy leading to motor deficits in mice

● Smoking is one of the significant reasons deaths across the globe.
● There were some smoking cessation approaches, including behavioral or pharmacological interventions.
● The rate of treatment failure is considerable.

Plain Language Summary 
Tobacco-induced diseases, namely chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cancer, and cardiovascular disease, largely causes deaths in the world. Identifying a potent biomarker for smoking cessation can play a key role in predicting prognosis and improving treatment outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of new biomarkers based on the levels of Cotinine (Cot) and carbon monoxide (CO) to the short- and long-term quit rates of nicotine replacement therapies. The genotypes of the enzymes involved in metabolic phases play an essential role in phenotypes, such as the rate of nicotine metabolism, the serum level of cotinine, and the metabolite of nicotine. studies have explored many biomarkers, such as plasma and urinary levels of nicotine, total nicotine equivalents, and exhaled Carbon Monoxide (CO).

● Behavioral symptoms of neuropathic pain and the evoked responses of WDR neurons to stimuli significantly increased after CCI.
● Muscimol reduced behavioral signs and WDR neuronal excitability in neuropathic rats.
● CCI did not affect the expression of spinal GABAA receptors. 

Plain Language Summary 
The present study was used to investigate the expression of GABAA receptor and the effects of its agonist muscimol on modulation of neuropathic pain and Wide Dynamic Range (WDR) neuronal activity of spinal dorsal horn neurons in an animal model of neuropathy called chronic constriction injury (CCI) model of neuropathic pain. Adult male rats were used for the induction of neuropathy. Behavioral tests including thermal hyperalgesia (sensitivity to noxious heat stimulation) and mechanical allodynia (sensitivity to nonnoxious mechanical stimuli) for pain evaluation were performed by plantar test and Von Frey filaments, respectively. Fourteen days after surgery, muscimol (0.5, 1, and 2 mg/kg i.p.) was injected. After behavioral tests, the animals were sacrificed, and the lumbar segments of the spinal cords were collected for molecular analysis of the GABAA receptor expression. The electrophysiological properties of WDR neurons were studied on the 14th day after neuropathy. The results indicated the unusual pain symptoms after neuropathy. Electrophysiological activity of dorsal horn neurons was also increased after neuropathy, but GABAA receptor expression did not change significantly; however muscimol administration alleviated behavioral signs of pain and electrophysiological hyperexcitability of WDR neurons. It seems that modulation of the spinal GABAA receptor after neuropathy can open a new area to design new therapeutic agents for reduction of neuropathic pain.

● Oxidative and nitrosative stress may play role in the pathogenosis of suicidal behavior.
● MDA level decreases in people with risk of suicide.
● Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radical generation and antioxidant capacity.

Plain Language Summary 
Suicide is a complex behavior and different factors, including environmental factors, social facilities, health and supportive systems. Increasing antioxidant content of daily diet may be used as a strategy to decrease suicidal behavior in high risk people. Oxidative stress occurs when there is an imbalance between free radical generation and antioxidant capacity. Oxidative stress plays a role in the aging and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, like Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between oxidant-antioxidant levels and suicidal behavior.

● OCD is one of the most common debilitating mental disorders.
● tDCS was applied for enhancing cortical excitability and spontaneous neuronal activity.
● Psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions or a combination of them are common treatments for OCD.

Plain Language Summary 
OCD is a rather common psychiatric disorder. Psychopharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions or a combination of them are common treatments for OCD, thus, rTMS, and tDCS) are mostly suggested for treatment. tDCS is an available method enhancing cortical excitability and spontaneous neuronal activity; thus, it could be effective in improving the symptoms of psychiatric disorders. DLPFC is a promising approach for OCD treatment and we aimed at utilizing that in this study.

● Caffeine and nicotine decreased cortical gluatamte, aspartate, glycine and taurine.
● GABA increased following caffeine and nicotine co-treatment
● Caffeine and nicotine co-treatment reduced AChE and Na,K,ATPase activities.
● Caffeine and nicotine induced oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex.
● EEG recordings showed increased delta and decreased theta and beta frequencies.

Plain Language Summary 
Caffeine and nicotine are the two most widely used mood-altering stimulants. This study was carried out because numerous people take both nicotine and caffeine together especially in the early morning. When both stimulants were taken together they affected amino acid neurotransmitter release and caused cortical excitation. They increased reactive oxygen species and induced oxidative stress. The combination of caffeine and nicotine also reduced AChE and Na, K-ATPase activities. The EEG was also changed after the combined treatment. It may be suggested that the abuse of both caffeine and nicotine produce serious adverse effects on the nervous system.

● Neurofeedback can be a useful method to reduce aggression and impulsivity in ADHD.
● Theta suppression and beta enhancement of brain waves normalize the behavioral symptoms.
● Concomitant use of methylphenidate with neurofeedback results in faster behavioral improvements.

Plain Language Summary 
Neurofeedback is how the brain trains itself by knowing the state of its waves. The brain controls and regulates environmental stimuli based on feedback from its waves. The use of neurofeedback in ADHD is widespread nowadays. Studies have shown a definite effect of neurofeedback on inattention, but there are questions about the impact of this method on other symptoms of the disorder. Children with ADHD usually do not think of the negative, destructive or dangerous consequences of their behaviors, and behaviors are seen as impulsive and aggressive. The present study's findings indicated that this training could help reduce aggression and impulsivity in these children. We concluded that this effect would increase if the medication is taken simultaneously as training. This study was conducted on boys since attention to impulsive and aggressive behaviors is more critical in boys than girls with ADHD. Still, the results can also be generalized to girls. Therefore, parents of children with ADHD can choose neurofeedback training as a therapeutic method to help their children. Since our study did not have a follow-up, the number of sessions should be carefully selected and may require more sessions to sustain changes.

● Guillain-Barre elicited by an infection of the upper respiratory and gastrointestinal tract.
● Guillain-Barre Syndrome has been reported associated with post COVID-19 infection.
● Recently, Guillain-Barre Syndrome has been reported accompanying with COVID-19 vaccines.
● Nine patients with Guillain-Barre Syndrome have been revealed following COVID-19 vaccines in Iran.

Plain Language Summary 
With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan-China at the end of 2019, research studies to find medications for treatment and vaccines to prevent infection began. COVID-19 Vaccination became available after one year globally, and Vaccination was started in February 2021 in Iran. Vaccines may have various side effects in rare cases, including neurological disorders. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) strongly correlates with different infectious agents, including COVID-19. It has also been described after polio, hepatitis B, rabies, and influenza vaccines in 2 days to 6 weeks. Several studies have reported the association of GBS with the COVID-19 vaccine. Herein, we report nine cases of GBS after receiving the first dose of vector-based and inactivated COVID-19 vaccine 4-37 days after Vaccination. The link between the COVID-19 vaccine and GBS is not well understood, but possible mechanisms such as epitopes cross-reaction have been implicated. Although this does not establish a causal association, it requires all patients vaccinated for COVID-19 with neurological problems.