● Autism spectrum disorders change functional brain connectivity.
● EEG coherence in people with autism differs from healthy people.
● Connectivity can be an appropriate biological marker for the early diagnosis of autism.

Plain Language Summary 
Autism spectrum disorders are neurodevelopmental disorders with unknown cause, affecting the normal functioning of the brain. According to some studies, it may be related to aberrant brain connectivity. This review study compares the results of all these papers to determine whether brain connections are different in autistic and healthy individuals. Eventually, autism was found to be related to neural connectivity, and the present research showed the difference in the coherence (a simple connectivity measure) of people with autism and healthy ones. According to this result, connectivity can be an appropriate biological marker for the early diagnosis of autism. The golden age for identifying and treating autism is a short period between 2 and 5 years old. If the training and treatment interventions are not carried out within this short period, the next steps will not yield much; therefore, the prevention and early detection of this disorder will be of great importance.

● Posterior tibial nerve stimulation can lead to a significant decrease in the number of fecal incontinence episodes;
● Posterior tibial nerve stimulation have no effect on fecal incontinence score, resting pressure, squeezing pressure and maximum tolerable pressure; 
● The prescription of posterior tibial nerve stimulation alone cannot significantly improve fecal incontinence.

Plain Language Summary 
Fecal Incontinence (FI) is a common and important disorder that affects more than 10% of adults. Although the operation is considered an essential treatment strategy in managing and treating FI, recently, a systematic review has indicated that there is not enough evidence to support operation as a clinical treatment in adults. Therefore, alternative or adjunctive treatments may be needed. Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS) is an option for treatment that recent studies have indicated its high effectiveness. PTNS is low-cost and easy to use without anesthesia; however, there is still an ongoing controversy regarding PTNS in FI treatment. In this regard, the present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed at reaching a general conclusion regarding the role of PTNS in the control of FI. For this purpose, we searched for  related papers indexed in Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus databases. Finally, 5 articles were included in the present study. Analyses showed that PTNS led to a significant decrease in the number of FI episodes, but it had no effect on FI score, resting pressure, squeezing pressure, and maximum tolerable pressure. based on these results, it seems that the prescription of PTNS alone cannot lead to a significant improvement in FI.

 • An imbalance in excitatory/inhibitory functions in the early development of the brain can be an etiological factor in developing autism spectrum disorder.
• In the early development of the brain, GABA acts as an excitatory agent, which leads to the accumulation of the chloride ions inside the cell.
• Bumetanide, a loop diuretic, is an antagonist to the NKCC1 receptor and can reduce the intracellular chloride ion and shift GABA from excitation to inhibition state. 
• Several studies have shown that bumetanide can reduce the symptoms of the autism spectrum disorder and can be considered a new treatment for this disorder.

​Plain Language Summary 
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairments in fulfilling social relationships with others, along with repetitive behaviors and interests. The prevalence rate of ASD has increased in recent years. The main treatments used for this disorder have been non-pharmacological. However, a few approved medications such as risperidone and aripiprazole could reduce some non-core symptoms of ASD, but no use for improving social interactions in these patients. Recently, bumetanide has been introduced as a new medication to improve the core symptoms of ASD. Bumetanide has been already utilized as a diuretic for several years. Some studies have also reported the efficacy of this medication in improving symptoms of children with ASD, such as social relationships. The present article reviewed the studies reporting efficacy and adverse effects of bumetanide in patients with ASD.

● Providing a neurological mechanism for the decision-making process.
● A framework for modeling decision path according to human cognitive planning.
● A high-level algorithm for data flow in the human brain decision region.
● Modeling the control flow of the sensory data analysis in the brain by MPC.

Plain Language Summary 
Decision-making is a cognitive process of the human brain. The brain behaves as a complex system, and providing a model would be a convenient way to represent the complexity of the brain. Every decision includes some stages: each stage can be interpreted as a cognitive criterion. The brain controls the path by predicting the action’s result. The brain needs to know the criteria to perform its primary function as a predictor. It is known that the hippocampus stores the knowledge, and the prefrontal cortex approximates the goals; therefore, our study models the interactions between the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex by providing an algorithmic view. In our model, the effects of the brain regions controlling the path are replaced by the model predictive control. Now the neurological mechanisms of the decision-making process in the brain can be simulated. This capability supports memory consolidation theories and therapies of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson.

● Nesfatin-1 treatment significantly reduced the Bax expression induced by cerebral ischemia.
● Nesfatin-1 treatment increased Bcl-2 protein level after cerebral ischemia.
● Nesfatin-1 treatment decreased glial fibrillary acid protein level after cerebral ischemia.

Plain Language Summary 
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) produces adverse pathological conditions. During ischemia, the blood supply to an organ decreases. The returned blood during reperfusion transfer oxygen to the cells that may damage the protein, DNA, and membrane of the plasma cells. Nesfatin-1 is the amino-terminal fragment of nucleobinding-2 (NUCB2) peptide, which is identified as an anorexigenic factor in the hypothalamus. Also, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties of nesfatin-1 have been recently reported in subarachnoid hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury in rats. In this study, we tried to find out the effect of nesfatin-1 on apoptosis and astrogliosis after cerebral ischemia. The transient global cerebral I/R injury model was induced in 4 groups. Seven days after ischemia, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining were used for identifying Bax and or Bcl-2 and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) activation. The result demonstrated that nesfatin-1 might suppress apoptosis and neuroinflammation I/R via reduced Bax and glial fibrillary acid protein expression.

● Spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze test could not change the slope of extracellular field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in rats;
● Spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze test did not result in a change in synaptic potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus;
● Spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze test are not accompanied by long-term potentiation induction in Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses.

Plain Language Summary 
Nowadays, many experimental approaches investigate whether the mechanisms underlying Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) are activated during learning. It has also been reported that learning and memory facilitate plasticity, which shows the association between the different forms of synaptic plasticity and the different components of spatial memory. Although different types of synaptic plasticity such as LTP or long-term depression affect learning and memory, few evidences have shown changes in synaptic plasticity in the CA1 region during hippocampal-dependent tasks. Therefore, in the present study, we tried to address if hippocampal-dependent spatial learning task such as Barnes maze test leads to synaptic plasticity in the CA1 of the dorsal hippocampus. The extracellular field Excitatory PostSynaptic Potentials (fEPSP) slope was used as a measure of excitatory synaptic transmission in the CA1 region in freely behaving rats. Based on the results, there were no substantial changes in the strength of Schaffer collaterals-CA1 synapses in the dorsal hippocampus. Field potential recordings before and after the Barnes maze test revealed that this hippocampal-dependent spatial learning task did not significantly change synaptic efficacy in the CA1 area of the dorsal hippocampus. Overall, our study did not support the idea that plasticity in Schaffer collaterals-CA1 synapses of the dorsal hippocampus is triggered by spatial learning events.

● Video Gaming Addiction Test is a reliable and valid tool for assessing Internet gaming disorder mentioned in DSM-5.
● Split-Half technique and Cronbach's Alpha method were used to estimate the reliability of the Persian version of Video Gaming Addiction Test.
● The Persian version of the Video Gaming Addiction Test is valid and reliable, and it is appropriate for using in clinical studies.

Plain Language Summary 
Internet gaming disorder was mentioned in the new version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM-5). It is described as the "Persistent and recurrent use of the Internet to engage in games, often with other players, leading to clinically significant impairment or distress as indicated by 5 (or more) of the following in a 12-month period". The diagnostic criteria are withdrawal symptoms; preoccupation with Internet games; tolerance (i.e. increase in devoting time for gaming); Ineffective efforts to manage it; lack of appeal in other hobbies; inability to control the behavior; deception of others about spending hours on gaming; the use of Internet games to improve mood, an important relationship harm, loss of job, career, or educational opportunity, or other important matters. Among the instruments measuring different characteristics of Internet gaming disorder, only Video Gaming Addiction Test (VAT) covers all aspects of this disorder mentioned in DSM-5. In this study, the psychometric characteristics of the Persian version of VAT were investigated to be used on Iranian population. Split-Half technique and Cronbach's Alpha method were used to estimate the reliability of this Test and convergent and discriminant validity were tested to examine its construct validity. Results showed that the Persian version of VAT is also valid and reliable, and it is appropriate for using in clinical studies.

● The difference in performance between congruent and incongruent conditions is known as Stroop interference.
● Stroop interference might occur at earlier processing stages because of both semantic and response interferences.
● Findings of this study are consistent with the multiple-stage account approach.

Plain Language Summary 
Various cognitive tasks measure interference between stimulus dimensions such as temporal and spatial dimensions. The most widely used task is the Stroop task. The task was originally developed by Stroop. In this task, subjects see words that denote colors (red, green, blue, and yellow) printed in a corresponding color (e.g. the word red is written in red ink) or in a non-corresponding color (e.g. the word blue is written in red ink) and they are asked to name the ink color while inhibiting the meaning of the word. When the color and the word are congruent, the task is easy; when the color and the word are incongruent, people experience interference. The Stroop interference indicates that Reaction Time (RT) is consistently longer in the incongruent conditions compared to the congruent conditions. In recent years, questions have been raised about the nature of Stroop interference. Several researchers argued that the difference in performance on congruent and incongruent trials could arise from response interference. Studies have claimed that Stroop interference might occur at earlier processing stages related to semantic or conceptual encoding. The present study aims to determine the number and nature of the factors necessary to account for the multiple components of Stroop interference. We used computerized version of the Stroop task adapted to the Iranian population. Our results confirmed that Stroop interference is because of both semantic and response interferences which is consistent with the multiple-stage account approach.

● A structured approach should be used to achieve more comparable results from organotypic hippocampal brain slices.
● By employing a traumatic brain injury model, exemplary results demonstrated how the outcome could be different when a measure was applied compared to whe there is no applied measure.
● More precise findings are ensured by setting equal requirements for all organotypic hippocampal brain slices.

Plain Language Summary 
Several researchers utilized organotypic hippocampal slice cultures to scrutinize processes and possible treatment approaches for Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and described different methods in this regard. In our study, we subjected the Organotypic Hippocampal Brain Slices (OHBSs) to TBI models. The OHBS were obtained from 5- to 7-day-old mice pups. Samples included 4 trauma and 4 non-trauma groups in which three different kinds of atmospheric interventions and one control (no intervention) were administered. We proposed a six-step approach to enhance comparability and applied the proposed model to the data derived from our experiments on 1459 OHBSs. Following a well-established protocol for TBI-experiment, we noticed that several factors might influence the results.

• THI score is a suitable tool for indicating the amount of tinnitus distress.
• THI score has a good correlation with tinnitus distress activity.
• sLORETA analysis showed important findings in tinnitus distress according to THI.

Plain Language Summary 
Tinnitus is a common disorder with a considerable amount of distress that affects the person`s daily life. No objective tools were approved for measuring tinnitus distress. It can be estimated only by subjective scales and questionnaires, albeit, the Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have reported some alterations regarding tinnitus distress network. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and the recorded EEG data. The study results showed a significant positive correlation between THI scores and the electrical activity in the distress network activity in the brain. Important differences were noticed between the high and low distress groups. This means that THI can be a used as a tool for measuring tinnitus distress with a high correlation to EEG data.

● Brain function, cognitive processing speed, and individual performance are significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. 
● Noise and smoking have significant effects on cognitive performance indicators.
● High noise exposure is associated with the risk of an increased number of errors in responding to the test stimuli.
● Addiction to cigarettes and other nicotine-containing products harms cognitive performance, including executive functions.

Plain Language Summary 
Excessive noise in industrial environments can cause hearing impairment, speech problems, sleep disorders, noise annoyance, and decreased efficiency of the workers. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of noise and smoking on the cognitive performance and psychological flexibility of workers in the automotive industry in Iran. The workers were assessed by proper tools to examine their mental performance and responses to low- or high-frequency noises. We found that long-time exposure to noise significantly affects the individual’s performance and psychomotor speed, which resulted in impaired concentration, poor working performance, and increased mistakes at work. This study revealed the relationship between smoking and brain functions in terms of response type and decision-making. 

● Curcumin can be a potential candidate for improving memory and neurological problems after global cerebral ischemia.
● A high dose of curcumin¬ (100¬ mg/kg) and its long-term administration (28 days) significantly decreased neurological severity score after global cerebral ischemia.
● A high dose of curcumin¬ (100¬ mg/kg) and its long-term administration (28 days) significantly increased step-through latency time under passive avoidance task and the novelty preference index during the novel object recognition after global cerebral ischemia.
● A high dose of curcumin¬ (100¬ mg/kg) and its long-term administration (28 days) could maintain the neuronal aggregation in the CA1 hippocampal region after global cerebral ischemia.

Plain Language Summary 
Transient Global Cerebral Ischemia (GCI) is a cerebrovascular condition dramatically reducing cerebral blood flow leading to a selective and delayed pyramidal neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 area. Herbal medications and their active ingredients are a potential source for finding new remedies to improve cognitive and neurological deficits that occur following GCI. Several studies supported the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of curcumin as an active constituent of turmeric. Because of its biological properties, curcumin is an appropriate candidate for improving injuries after brain ischemia. This study is an attempt to assess the acute and chronic effects of curcumin on the spatial neuronal distribution in CA1 area and on the neurological symptoms and memory impairment after GCI.  Experiments were conducted on 56 adult male Sprague Dawley rats. Based on the results, a high dose of curcumin (100 mg/kg) and its long-term administration (28 days) showed a greater effect on memory function, neurological deficits, and regular neuronal aggregation in the CA1 hippocampal region after GCI.