● Apigenin improves spatial working memory in Wistar rats.
● Apigenin promotes mitochondrial biogenesis by activating peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α).
● Apigenin prevents neurodegeneration in rat hippocampus.
● The neurodegenerative damages are mediated by mitochondrial biogenesis.
● Apigenin prevents neurodegeneration by inducing PGC-1α.

Plain Language Summary 
In this correspondence, a comment to a recent paper by Nikbakht et al., published in the latest issue of this journal is reported. The flavone apigenin can exert both its antioxidant potential via the usual enzymatic reactive oxygen species scavenging system and the mitochondrial biogenesis via the peroxisome Proliferator-activated receptor Gamma Coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM) Nuclear Respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) pathway. The fascinating paper by Nikbakht et al., earns more insightful clues about the activity of apigenin in the prevention of the rat hippocampus neuronal loss caused by the Aβ25-35 injection.

● Amyloid beta (Aβ) significantly downregulated the PKCε mRNA expression in the hippocampus of rats on day 30. 
● Aβ could not significantly downregulate the PKCε mRNA expression in platelet on day 30. 
● Western blot analysis demonstrated that Aβ significantly reduced PKCε protein expression in the hippocampus of treated groups on day 30. 
● The expression ratio of PKCε was downregulated following the injection of Aβ in the hippocampus.
● There was no significant difference between the Alzheimer and sham groups in the platelet.

Plain Language Summary 
Alzheimer disease (AD) is one of the most important neurodegenerative disorders characterized by neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques. Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine protein kinases that are involved in signal transduction in the central nervous system. Abnormalities in the levels and activities of protein kinase C isozymes have been reported in the brain and other tissues. PKC is one of the enzymes related to amyloid precursor protein. In the neurons of AD patients, the first abnormality is a defect in the PKC signal channels. The inhibition of PKC activity leads to the reduced capacity of learning and memory. In the present study, spatial learning and memory for treated rats were evaluated by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test. Also, the activity, mRNA expression, and protein level of PKCε in the platelet and hippocampal tissue of rat brains were evaluated. According to the results, the expression of PKCε was downregulated following the injection of amyloid beta in the hippocampus, but no significant difference between the AD and sham groups were observed in platelet that may be due to the low concentration of PKCε or duration of exposure to amyloid beta in the rat brain.

● Apigenin ameliorated spatial working memory impairment induced by Aβ 25-35.
● Apigenin protected hilar neuronal loss induced by Aβ 25-35.
● Apigenin inhibited mitochondrial apoptotic pathways induced by Aβ 25-35.

Plain Language Summary 
Memory problem is the main complaint of patients with Alzheimer's disease. According to previous studies some herbal remedies can improve memory deficits in AD. This study evaluates the beneficial effects of flavone apigenin from celery on memory restoration. According to the results, treatment with apigenin has improved the spatial memory problems in AD which has been accompanied by a protection in mitochondria. 

●The transplantation of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) increased the number of pyramidal neurons in the damaged hippocampus.
●The BM-MSCs transplantation alleviated impaired memory caused by trimethyltin chloride exposure.
●The transplantation of BM-MSCs increased neuronal specific nuclear protein expression and decreased the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein.

Plain Language Summary 
The hippocampus is a key area in the cortex of the brain. It is associated with memory and learning and has a vital role in the formation of new memory, spatial analysis, as well as integration and transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory. Despite the vital role of the hippocampus in memory and spatial learning, this organ is unprotected and very sensitive and vulnerable to injuries. The hippocampus gets injured by hypoxia, encephalitis, infection, Alzheimer disease, stroke, ischemia, and especially brain trauma. In the case of brain infections, in the limbic, amygdala, and hippocampal systems, the behavioral changes are observed due to short-term memory and spatial recognition impairment. Studies have shown that the mammalian hippocampus has neurogenesis ability throughout life. However, it cannot overcome hippocampus damages. Considering the high sensitivity of the hippocampal tissue and its essential role in memory and learning, it is very important to find a way to reduce its damage and treat it after injuries. Trimethyltin chloride (TMT) is a neurotoxin that can kill neurons in the nervous system. This neurotoxin mainly damages the hippocampal neurons. Hence, TMT is a suitable tool for an experimental model of neurodegeneration. Today, stem cells are a suitable treatment method for the improvement of nervous system disease. So that following transplantation of stem cells, neuron regeneration occurs in damaged regions. The present study showed that using bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells decreases hippocampal lesions by increasing the number of pyramidal neurons, improving behavioral performance and memory, and reducing cognitive deficits.

● Neurofeedback treatment improved subjective sleep quality and sleep quality
● Sleep latency decreased in the neurofeedback group.
● Transcranial direct current stimulation improved subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and sleep quality.
● No significant difference was observed between neurofeedback and transcranial direct current stimulation.
● These two treatments were effective in sleep quality. 

Plain Language Summary 
Migraine is a chronic and progressive neurovascular disorder of the brain, which has unfavorable effects on the patient’s life. Individuals with poor sleep quality are more likely to suffer from migraine compared with those with adequate sleep. Besides, sleep is regarded as one of the smoothing factors related to migraine pain. Therefore, considering a strong relationship between sleep disorder and migraine, the present study compared neurofeedback and transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) treatments to identify a more effective treatment for improving the sleep quality of patients with migraine. The results indicated that the tDCS method significantly increased subjective sleep quality, sleep efficiency, and total sleep quality. Also, neurofeedback treatment increased subjective and total sleep quality, whereas it decreased sleep latency. In general, based on the findings, no significant difference was observed between two treatments regarding the components of sleep quality and total sleep quality. Therefore, both neurofeedback and tDCS treatments are effective and efficient for migraine patients with poor sleep quality.

● Paranormal beliefs change brain functional.
● Brain activity in paranormal believers differs from normal people. 
● The brain functions of men and women differ in paranormal beliefs.

Plain Language Summary 
Cognitive and brain functions are important topics in paranormal beliefs. It seems that by understanding the brain and cognitive functions in paranormal beliefs, its implications can be better understood. An important point in paranormal beliefs is the tendency for women to be more than men. We sought to measure brain functions in paranormal beliefs and we evaluate the brain functions of men and women in paranormal beliefs.

• The SGI is a self-report questionnaire
• The SGI measures behavioral aspects of sensory gating
• The Persian version of SGI was designed and validated
• The Persian version of SGI has acceptable psychometric properties.

Plain Language Summary 
Sensory Gating (SG) is a filtering mechanism of the central nervous system that prevents information processing of unrelated sensory inputs at the higher cortex. SG is necessary for the study of both pathological and normative psychological conditions. It helps the brain to modify its sensitivity to incoming stimuli. SG can be measured behaviorally by Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI). SGI is a self-report questionnaire developed initially by Hetrick et al. (2012). It assesses the neurological aspects of SG in the behaviors of healthy or neurologically/psychologically abnormal people. The SGI has 36 items that address a broad range of perceptual abnormalities related to SG deficit. This study aimed to design the Persian version of SGI (P-SGI) and evaluated its psychometric properties. The content validity ratios of all items of the inventory were more than 60%. The internal consistency and intraclass correlation coefficient for all subscales were high, and kappa values showed moderate agreement. These tests confirmed the reliability of P-SGI.

● Nerve growth factor increased differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells into cholinergic neurons.
● Human dental pulp stem cells were differentiated into the cholinergic neurons using βME.
● The optimal dose for nerve growth factor to induce cholinergic neural differentiation was 50 ng/mL.

Plain Language Summary 
Cell therapy is a therapeutic approach in neuroregenerative medicine. Cholinergic neurons have an essential role in emotions, mobility, and autonomic systems. Here, we used human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) to produce cholinergic neurons using some growth factors, such as β-mercaptoethanol and nerve growth factor (NGF). We found that β-mercaptoethanol and NGF increased the differentiation of hDPSCs into cholinergic neurons. Also, the optimal dose for NGF to induce cholinergic neural differentiation was 50 ng/mL. The protocol of this study can be used in cytotherapy in degenerative diseases of the nervous system and spinal cord injury.

● Epicatechin (EC) and edaravone have neuroprotective effects most probably due to their antioxidant activity;
● According to this research, MTT assay analysis shown, EC and edaravone had protective effects against 6-OH DA induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma, 
 ● Protective effect was much more significant for edaravone and also a relative synergistic effect between EC and edaravone was observed.
 ● The apoptotic analysis showed that edaravone alone could decrease early and late apoptosis, whereas EC diminished early apoptosis, but enhanced late apoptosis and necrosis
 ●EC had a synergistic effect with Edaravone on decreasing apoptosis and increasing cell viability.

Plain Language Summary 
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting older individuals with signs of motor disability and cognitive impairment. Epicatechin (EC) and edaravone have neuroprotective effects most probably due to their antioxidant activity; however, a limited number of studies have considered their role in PD. This research aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effect of EC andedaravone in a neurotoxin-induced model of PD.Our study on cell proliferation and apoptosis in a cell model of parkinson diseases shown that both EC and Edaravone have cytoprotective effect and antiapoptotic effect which this effect for Edaravon was more potent and there was synregism effect between Edaravone and epichatechine.

● Central nervous system control in cardiac function largely depends on the intensity of training determined by a change of cadence in the ergometer cycle.
● High-intensity interval training increases brain neural efficiency.
● Exercise at high intensities improves metabolic function, cardiac function, and breathing capacity.
● The brain’s role with attention to its neural response in changing position is crucial. We could emphasize it by planning appropriate training to improve the function of the brain.

Plain Language Summary 
The human brain is a complex part of the body that defines us as human. Sport and exercise are not food but feed the brain and other organs. The brain adjusts for varying commands by changing its functional and structural characteristics, which result in learning and acquiring new skills (in this article, the function is the high-intensity interval pedaling). We review the variety of brain activities induced by fatigue because of two main causes; 1. local muscular fatigue and 2. mental (central) fatigue. While the local muscular system can recover, the fatigue of the central nervous system can take much longer. High-intensity interval training has the largest impact on the central nervous and cognitive systems. These effects are interpreted as their behavioral outcomes.

● Stimulating the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can significantly increase the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and decrease the symptoms of depression, anxiety, stress, and craving.
● The stimulation of the right frontal area can increase BDNF serum levels.
● The stimulation of bilateral brain regions can reduce the symptoms of anxiety, depression, and craving.

Plain Language Summary 
Opioid addiction is one of the main concerns of societies and is considered a cerebral chronic relapsing disease. In spite of its negative consequences, opioid addiction is wildly common. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) increases the growth, survival, and the health of different neurons. It is considered an essential adjusting factor of brain flexibility. Drug taking changes the expression of endogenous BDNF neuron circuits responsible for the addictive behaviors. According to the studies, the higher expression of BDNF can neutralize the effects of taking opioids. This research aimed to study the effectiveness of stimulating the DLPFC with two protocols of stimulating anodal right/cathodal left and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) area to increase the BDNF and reduce the level of depression, anxiety, stress, and craving for drug taking. Thirty opioid-addicted patients were selected by sampling through the web and were divided into 3 groups (10 individuals in each group). Group A received the anodal right/cathodal left stimulation, group B anodal left/cathodal right stimulation, and group C received the sham stimulating. Stimulating the DLPFC utilizing two real and active protocols had the same effects and there was no significant difference between them, but group B (anodal right/cathodal left) versus group C (sham-tDCS) could significantly increase the level of the BDNF and decrease the craving. Therefore, brain-stimulating can be considered an alternative for the treatment of opioid-addicted patients. The BDNF can be used as a biomarker responding to the treatment.