Volume 17, Issue 2 (March & April 2026)
BCN 2026, 17(2): 229-242 |
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Niknamfar S, Mokri A, Nazar E, Rafaiee R, Seyedhosseini Tamijani S M, Hosseini S H et al . A Novel Visual Cue-induced Craving Task for Cigarette Smokers: Development and Validation. BCN 2026; 17 (2) :229-242
URL: http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3373-en.html
URL: http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-3373-en.html
Saba Niknamfar1 
, Azarakhsh Mokri2 , Eisa Nazar3 , Raheleh Rafaiee4 , Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani4 , Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini5 , Hamed Ghazvini *6
, Azarakhsh Mokri2 , Eisa Nazar3 , Raheleh Rafaiee4 , Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani4 , Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini5 , Hamed Ghazvini *6
1- Student Research Committee, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
2- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
4- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
5- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
6- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. & Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
2- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
3- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
4- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
5- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
6- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. & Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Abstract:
Introduction: Nicotine addiction, driven by cue-induced cravings, significantly contributes to high relapse rates among smokers. Craving, particularly cue-induced craving, plays a critical role in relapse and is influenced by culturally specific environmental cues. This study aimed to develop and validate a culturally adapted visual cue-based craving induction task for cigarette smokers to enhance research on nicotine dependence.
Methods: This study included 240 treatment-seeking Iranian smokers (120 males, 120 females) who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for ≥2 years, assessed using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria and the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Culturally relevant craving-inducing cues were selected through focus groups and expert validation, categorized into seven groups (neutral, instrument, bill, smoking, smoking environment, smoking shop, and consumption type). Participants rated craving intensity via a Visual Analog Scale during cue exposure (10-15 sec/image). A final task comprising 30 evocative and 4 neutral cues was developed for standardized craving induction.
Results: The cue-induced craving task (CICT-34) demonstrated significant reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.701 and McDonald’s omega of 0.79. Significant positive correlations were found between total craving scores and categories, such as smoking, consumption type, instrument, environment, bill, and smoking shop (P<0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between age and craving scores (P>0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that visual cues reliably induce nicotine craving, with cue reactivity influenced by addiction severity but not demographic factors. The CICT-34 is a valid tool for measuring cue-induced craving, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches in tobacco addiction treatment.
Methods: This study included 240 treatment-seeking Iranian smokers (120 males, 120 females) who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for ≥2 years, assessed using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria and the Fagerström test for nicotine dependence. Culturally relevant craving-inducing cues were selected through focus groups and expert validation, categorized into seven groups (neutral, instrument, bill, smoking, smoking environment, smoking shop, and consumption type). Participants rated craving intensity via a Visual Analog Scale during cue exposure (10-15 sec/image). A final task comprising 30 evocative and 4 neutral cues was developed for standardized craving induction.
Results: The cue-induced craving task (CICT-34) demonstrated significant reliability, with a Cronbach’s α of 0.701 and McDonald’s omega of 0.79. Significant positive correlations were found between total craving scores and categories, such as smoking, consumption type, instrument, environment, bill, and smoking shop (P<0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between age and craving scores (P>0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that visual cues reliably induce nicotine craving, with cue reactivity influenced by addiction severity but not demographic factors. The CICT-34 is a valid tool for measuring cue-induced craving, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches in tobacco addiction treatment.
Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Cognitive Neuroscience
Received: 2025/10/8 | Accepted: 2026/01/26 | Published: 2026/03/1
Received: 2025/10/8 | Accepted: 2026/01/26 | Published: 2026/03/1
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