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Yahyaie L, Ebrahimpour R. The Feedback-related Negativity Signals Strategic Adaptation in Hierarchical Decision-making: An Electroencephalogram Investigation. BCN 2026; 17 (2) :211-228
URL: http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2996-en.html

Introduction: Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which measure the brain’s electrical activity, are known to encode information about low-level perceptual decision-making. However, it remains unclear whether these signals also reflect hierarchical decision-making processes—where high-level decisions depend on the outcomes of low-level decisions and prior decision history. The accuracy of this integrated process is guided by feedback. Since negative feedback can result from errors at the low level, high level, or both, its precise source is often ambiguous. This study aimed to determine whether feedback-related negativity (FRN) derived from EEG signals reflects the dynamics of hierarchical decision-making. 
Methods: Participants performed a hierarchical decision-making task while EEG signals were recorded. They reported both low- and high-level decisions simultaneously via saccadic eye movements toward a single target. Correct feedback was delivered only when both decisions were accurate. The FRN component was analyzed at electrodes F3, F4, Fz, and Cz. 
Results: The FRN component conveyed information about hierarchical decisions, with amplitude increasing significantly during consecutive negative feedback trials and prior to changes in high-level decision strategy. 
Conclusion: Brain activity underlying hierarchical decision-making modulates the FRN component.