Showing 25 results for Mohamad
Jafar Mehvari, Zeinab Jaafari, Mohamad Zare, Nasim Tabrizi, Alireza Khosravi Farsani,
Volume 0, Issue 0 (Accepted Articles 2018)
Abstract
Introduction: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the substantial cause of death in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Electroconductive disorders leading to life-threatening arrhythmia are mostly hypothesized to play a crucial role; however, there is paucity of knowledge in variable among the patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) compared to the healthy controls.
Methods: The current case-control study has been conducted on 50 drug-resistant TLE patients as the cases and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects selected from their first-degree family members. ECGs were taken when admitted at the hospital (base line), immediately after a seizure incidence and within an hour after the end of the seizure from the cases compared with a random ECG of the controls considering parameters including PR-, RR-, and corrected QT interval (QTc), P wave duration and heart rate (HR) variability.
Results: Shorter corrected QTc interval was notified among the drug-resistant TLE patients compared to the controls (P-value=0.017) in the base line taken ECGs, while the assessments immediately after the seizure revealed significant differences in terms of RR-interval (P-value=0.005) and heart rate (P-value=0.005). Post-ictal ECGs did not differ between the groups (P-value>0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, shortened QTc interval at base line ECGs, shortened RR interval and increased HR during the seizure were the ECG elements affected in drug-resistant TLE patients; however, to generalize the outcomes, further studies are required.
Mohsen Marzban, Mehrdad Bakhtiary, Mehdi Mehdizadeh, Mohamad Taghi Joghataei, Samideh Khoei, Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi, Asghar Ebrahimi,
Volume 1, Issue 2 (Winter 2010 -- 2010)
Abstract
Introduction: This study was designed to investigate the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administration in rats for 6 weeks after traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (n = 30) were injured with controlled cortical impact device and divided into four groups. The treatment groups (n = 10 each) were injected subcutaneously with recombinant human G-CSF. Vehicle group (n=10) received phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and only Brdu intraperitoneally. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was used for mitotic labeling. Experimental rats were injected intraperitoneally with BrdU. Rats were killed at 6th week after traumatic brain injury. Neurological functional evaluation of animals was performed before and after injury using neurological severity scores (NSS). Animals were sacrificed 42 days after TBI and brain sections were stained using Brdu immunohistochemistry.
Results: Statistically significant improvement in functional outcome was observed in treatment groups when compared with control (p<0.01). This benefit was visible 7 days after TBI and persisted until 42 days (end of trial). Histological analysis showed that Brdu cell positive was more in the lesion boundary zone at treatment animal group than all injected animals.
Discussion: We believe that G-CSF therapeutic protocol reported here represents an attractive strategy for the development of a clinically significant noninvasive traumatic brain injury therapy.
Masoud Mehrpour, Babak Zamani, Hamid R Baradaran, Mohamad R Motamed,
Volume 2, Issue 1 (Autumn2010 -- 2010)
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Stroke is more common in patients with cerebral microembolisms. Frequency of cerebral microembolisms (high intensity transient signals, HITS) in acute myocardial infarction has been reported about 17%. The factors that influence on microembolism after myocardial infarction (MI) are not definitive. Type of MI, Ejection fraction, Hx of Streptokinase is the factors that were studied.
Methods:
During three years we studied the frequency of cerebral microembolisms in AMI patients, we studied forty patients with microembolism as a case group and ninety patients without microembolism as a control group. We detected microembolism in patients by transcranial doppler study within 72 houre after myocardial infarction. Two-dimensional echocardiogram was performed for all patients during hospitalization. Excluding criteria were prosthetic heart valves, carotid stenosis >50% and poor window for TCD monitoring. Results:
number of patients who had history of receiving SK were significantly more common in case group in comparison to control group. OR 2.4 CI(1.1-5.2) The frequency was more prevalent in anterolateral MI in comparison to inferior MI.OR=3.3 CI(1.4-7.4). Ejection fraction has no significant effect on frequency of microembolism. OR 0.5 CI(0.2-1.3).Hypokinesia is also a risk factor for increasing risk of microembolism. OR 4.5 CI(1.4.13.8) Discussion:
frequency of microembolism has been increased in patients with history of streptokinase or in the type of Anterolateral MI or wall motion abnormality, so we should be careful for risk of microembolism in this groups.
Seyed Abbas Hasani, Seyed Ali Ziai, Masoud Mehrpour, Mandana Amiri, Mohamad R Motamed,
Volume 3, Issue 1 (Autumn 2011 -- 2011)
Abstract
Introduction: Elevated levels of CRP are present among patients at risk for further first-ever myocardial infarction and stroke. It has been shown that after ischemic stroke, increased levels of CRP are associated with unfavorable outcomes.
Methods:
From 120 patients admitted to the emergency unit of our hospital with the diagnosis of stroke CRP, D-dimer and ferritin level was measured and the patients were followed until discharge or death. Results:
CRP level was significantly different between the patients with TIA and stroke. D-Dimer level was also significantly different between the TIA & the admitted groups. Ferritin was not different between the prognosis groups. There was a correlation between CRP and D-Dimer (r = 0.381, p = 0.001), and also between CRP and ferritin (r = 0.478, p= 0.000). Discussion:
CRP is a useful adjuvant marker to determine the prognosis of patients with cerebro-vascular events admitted to the hospital, in both patients with stroke positive history and first-ever stroke.
Mohamad Sawan,
Volume 3, Issue 4 (Summer 2012-- 2012)
Abstract
Mohammad Zamani, Majid Katebi, Mehdi Mehdizadeh, Farzaneh Mohamadzadeh, Mansooreh Soleimani,
Volume 3, Issue 5 (Autumn 2012 -- 2012)
Abstract
Introduction: Preliminary studies have con.rmed reduction in cell death following treatment with antioxidants. According to this .nding we study the relationship between consumption of CoQ10 and expression of Bax and Bcl2 in hippocampus following ischemia/reperfusion as proteins involved in cell programmed death or apoptosis.
Methods: We studied the protective role of CoQ10 against ischemia-reperfusion. Experimental design includes four groups: intact, ischemic control, sham control and treatment group with CoQ10. The mice were pre-treated with CoQ10 for a week, then ischemia was induced by common carotid artery ligation and following the reduction in in.ammation (a week) the mice was treated with CoQ10. Nissl staining was applied for counting the necrotic cells of hippocampus and the western blot was performed to measure the Bax and Bcl2 expression.
Results: Cell death was signi.cantly lower when mice were treated with CoQ10. Bax expression was signi.cantly high in the ischemic group but low in the treatment group, and the bcl2 expression was lower in the ischemic group than the treatment and the vehicle groups.
Discussion: Ischemia for 15 minutes induced cell death in hippocampus with more potent effect on CA1. CoQ10 intake signi.cantly reduced cell death and prevented the expression of Bax while inducing an increase in expression of bcl2.
Mohamad Bakhtiar Hesam Shariati, Maryam Sohrabi, Siamak Shahidi, Ali Nikkhah, Fatemeh Mirzaei, Mehdi Medizadeh, Sara Soleimani Asl,
Volume 5, Issue 3 (Summer 2014 2014)
Abstract
Introduction: Exposure to 3, 4- methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) could lead to serotonergic system toxicity in the brain. This system is responsible for learning and memory functions. Studies show that MDMA causes memory impairment dose-dependently and acutely. The present study was designed to evaluate the chronic and acute effects of MDMD on spatial memory and acquisition of passive avoidance.
Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (200-250 g) were given single or multiple injections of MDMA (10 mg/kg, IP). Using passive avoidance and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tasks, learning and spatial memory functions were assessed. The data were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and one- way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test.
Results: Our results showed that there were significant differences in latency to enter the dark compartment (STL) between sham and MDMA- treated groups. Acute group significantly showed more STL in comparison with chronic group. Furthermore, MDMA groups spent more time in dark compartment (TDS) than the sham group. Administration of single dose of MDMA significantly caused an increase in TDS compared with the chronic group. In the MWM, MDMA treatment significantly increased the traveled distance and escaped latency compared to the sham group. Like to passive avoidance task, percentage of time spent in the target quadrant in MDMA- treated animals impaired in MWM compared with sham group.
Discussion: These data suggest that MDMA treatment impairs learning and memory functions that are more extensive in acute- treated rats.
Hossein Piri, Hashem Haghdoost-Yazdi, Negin Fraidouni, Tahereh Dargahi, Mohamadhosein Yaghoubidoust, Abbas Azadmehr,
Volume 8, Issue 3 (May & June 2017 -- 2017)
Abstract
Introduction: Studies suggest that ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels are a potential pharmacotherapeutic target for neuroprotection in neurodegenerative diseases. The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of pretreatment with glibenclamide (Glib) and B vitamins supplement on the severity of behavioral symptoms in 6-hydroxydopamine (OHDA)-induced Parkinsonism. Also malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was measured in the blood and brain suspensions to find probable neuroprotective mechanism of Glib.
Methods: The 6-OHDA was injected into striatum of rats by stereotaxic surgery. Treatment with Glib and B vitamins was started before the surgery and continued up to 3 weeks after that. Development and severity of Parkinsonism were evaluated by conventional behavioral tests. MDA values were measured spectrophotometrically using thiobarbituric acid and MDA standard curve.
Results: Pretreatments with Glib, at both doses of 1 and 5 mg/kg or B vitamins significantly ameliorated severity of the behavioral symptoms. Pretreatment with a combination of Glib and B vitamins was more effective than pretreatment with Glib or B vitamins alone. Also, pretreatment with B vitamins, Glib, or a combination of them reduced MDA concentration in the brain suspensions. Decrease in MDA concentration in the group of rats that received a combination of B vitamins and Glib was more prominent than that of the Glib groups.
Conclusion: As severity of the behavioral symptoms in the 6-OHDA-induced Parkinsonism reflects the degree of the lesion in Substantia Nigra (SN) dopaminergic neurons, it is suggested that Glib pretreatment has neuroprotective effect against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity. The current study data also showed that this effect may be mediated by antioxidant effect of Glib.
Azade Eskandary, Ahmad Ali Moazedi, Hossein Najaph Zade, Mohamad Reza Akhond,
Volume 10, Issue 2 (March & April 2019)
Abstract
Introduction: Donepezil (DON), an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor (AChEI), is widely used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of donepezil hydrochloride on pyramidal neuron response in CA1 region of a rat model of AD.
Methods: In the current experimental study, adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM) lesion (the lesions were induced by an electrical method of 0.5 m A, for 3 s in NBM) and three donepezil groups (lesions plus 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg donepezil intraperitoneal injection). Neuronal spontaneous activity to injection of the donepezil and saline were recorded in CA1 region of hippocampal.
Results: The obtained results showed that IntraPeritoneal (IP) injection of donepezil (10 and 15 mg/kg) increased neuronal spontaneous activity in the rat model of AD.
Conclusion: The current study results suggested that acute IP injection of donepezil increased neuronal response in CA1 region of hippocampal in a rat model of AD.
Raheleh Mollajani, Mohamad Taghi Joghataei, Mehdi Tehrani-Doost,
Volume 10, Issue 5 (September & October 2019)
Abstract
Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by several impairments in communications and social interactions, as well as restricted interests or stereotyped behaviors. Interventions applied for this disorder are based on multi-modal approaches, including pharmacotherapy. No definitive cure or medication has been introduced so far; therefore, researchers still investigate potential drugs for treating ASD. One of the new medications introduced for this purpose is bumetanide. The present article aimed to review the efficacy of this drug on the core symptoms of ASD and its potential side effects.
Methods: We searched all papers reported on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and adverse effects of bumetanide on animal models and humans with ASD. The papers were extracted from the main databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.
Results: The findings revealed that cortical neurons have high chloride ion (Cl−)i and excitatory actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the valproic acid animal model with ASD and mice with fragile X syndrome. Bumetanide, which has been introduced as a diuretic, is also a high-affinity-specific Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1) antagonist that can reduce Cl− level. The results also indicate that bumetanide can attenuate behavioral features of autism in both animal and human models. Moreover, the studies showed that such medication could activate fusiform face area in individuals with ASD while viewing emotional faces. Also, recent findings suggest that a dose of 1 mg/d of this drug, taken twice daily, might be the best compromise between safety and efficacy.
Conclusion: Recent studies provided some evidence that bumetanide can be a novel pharmacological agent in treating core symptoms of ASD. Future studies are required to confirm the efficacy of this medication in individuals with ASD.
Seyede Salehe Mortazavi, Shervin Assari, Amirali Alimohamadi, Mani Rafiee, Mohsen Shati,
Volume 11, Issue 2 (March & April - Special Issue on COVID-19 2020)
Abstract
The experience of the loss of the relatives, which is naturally one of the most stressful events in a person’s life, has turned into a new concept and challenge for survivors and mental health professionals during the coronavirus era. We discussed how restrictions caused by social distancing potentially increase the likelihood of a phenomenon called complicated grief or prolonged bereavement disorder and multilayer response by case finding to increase the access to public education to manage this complicated situation.
Amir Azizi, Fazlolah Mir Drikvand, Mohamad Ali Sepahvani,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (July & August - Special Issue on Memory, Reward & Stress 2020)
Abstract
Introduction: Sustained Attention (SA) failure is one of the main characteristics of Specific Learning Disorders (SLD). Recent studies have reported a positive effect of Cognitive Rehabilitation (CR) and Neurofeedback (NFB) on SA in SLD. Thus, the effectiveness of CR and NFB is well understood. This preliminary study aimed to compare the effects of CR and NFB on SA among the elementary school students with SLD, using a randomized controlled clinical trial.
Methods: In this preliminary randomized controlled clinical trial, 53 eligible students with SLD (based on DSM-5) within the age range of 7 to 10 years were randomly assigned in the NFB (n=18), CR (n=18), and control group (n=17). All the participants were evaluated for SA using the continuous performance test (CPT), at the time of entry to the study, and one month later. The intervention groups participated in 20 sessions of CR and 20 sessions of NFB, while the control group was evaluated without any intervention.
Results: A total number of 24 boys and 36 girls in four groups (n=15) completed the study. The Mean±SD age of the participants in the CR, NFB, and control groups were 8.66±1.48 years, 8.40±1.73 years, and 8.53±1.63 years, respectively. Results showed a significant difference in the variables of the CPT between the study groups (P<0.05). Also, the CPT scores of the CR group were higher than that of the NFB group (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This study supports that CR is more effective than NFB on SA in students with SLD.
Nor Suliana Mustafa, Nor Hidayah Abu Bakar, Nasir Mohamad, Liyana Hazwani Mohd Adnan, Nurul Farah Aina Md Fauzi, Abdulsoma Thoarlim, Syed Hadzrullathfi Syed Omar, Mohd Shafiee Hamzah, Zawawi Yusoff, Mahdi Jufri, Rashidi Ahmad,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (July & August - Special Issue on Memory, Reward & Stress 2020)
Abstract
N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body’s systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
Rajab Mohamad Rezaei, Abdolhossein Shiravi, Seyed Ali Seyedinia, Nasroallah Moradi Kor, Abbas Ali Vafaei, Ali Rashidy- Pour,
Volume 11, Issue 4 (July & August - Special Issue on Memory, Reward & Stress 2020)
Abstract
Introduction: of the study: Post-training administration of glucocorticoids enhance memory consolidation of inhibitory avoidance learning. Given the involvement of 5-HT6 receptors in memory processing and the interaction of glucocorticoids with the brain serotonergic system in modulating memory processing, we investigated whether the effect of glucocorticoids on the consolidation of emotionally arousing training depends on hippocampal 5-HT6 receptors.
Methods: Rats were trained in an inhibitory avoidance task and immediately received the systemic injections of corticosterone (CORT) as well as the intra-hippocampal injections of 5-HT receptors agonist or antagonist. The memory retention test was done 48 hours after training and immediately after the behavioral test, the animals were sacrificed and the hippocampi (left and right) rapidly dissected out for molecular studies.
Results: Post-training injections of different doses of CORT (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) enhanced memory retention in a dose-dependent manner. The CORT-induced enhancement of memory consolidation was blocked by bilateral intra-hippocampal injections of 5-HT6 receptor antagonist SB271046 (5 or 10 ng/per side), but not agonist EMD386088 (5 or 10 ng/per side). Furthermore, systemic CORT reduced 5-HT6 receptor mRNA and protein expression in the hippocampus. Both doses of 5-HT6 receptor agonist and antagonist significantly enhanced and reduced the expression of the 5-HT6 receptor, respectively, and both ligands at the higher dose (10 ng) enhanced memory consolidation. Moreover, CORT injection attenuated and enhanced, respectively, the effects of agonist and antagonist on 5-HT6 receptor expression.
Conclusion: These behavioral and molecular findings indicated an interaction between glucocorticoids and hippocampal 5-HT6 receptors in the consolidation of emotionally arousing experiences.
Siamak Shahidi, Alireza Komaki, Safoura Raoufi, Iraj Salehi, Mohammad Zarei, Mohamadreza Mahdian,
Volume 12, Issue 6 (November & December 2021)
Abstract
Introduction: Hyperalgesia is among the current complications of diabetes mellitus; oxidative stress and inflammation were influential in its development. As an herbal component, Ellagic Acid (EA) has some biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of EA on hypernociception in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats.
Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into the control (receiving vehicle), hyperglycemic, EA (25 mg/kg)-treated control, EA (50 mg/kg)-treated control, EA (25 mg/kg)-treated hyperglycemic, and EA (50 mg/kg)-treated hyperglycemic groups. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (60 mg/Kg). EA was administered daily by oral gavage for four weeks. The nociceptive response was assessed using Tail-Flick (TF) and Hot-Plate (HP) tests. Also, oxidative stress markers, including Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in the serum, were evaluated.
Results: Hyperglycemic animals were found with significant changes, including a reduction in TF and HP latencies, an elevation in serum MDA level and TOS, and a decrease in serum TAC compared with controls. The treatment of hyperglycemic rats with EA facilitated the reduction of TF latency at the dose of 25 mg/kg and HP latency at 50 mg/kg. Furthermore, EA significantly increased TAC and decreased MDA level at a 50 mg/kg dose and reduced TOS at both doses in the serum of hyperglycemic animals. No significant alterations were found in the parameters studied in EA-treated normal rats.
Conclusion: These results displayed the antinociceptive effect of EA in hyperglycemic rats via attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, EA appears to be a promising agent for managing. Hyperglycemic hypernociception.
Nastaran Zamani, Ahmad Ali Moazedi, Mohamad Reza Afarinesh Khaki, Mehdi Pourmehdi Boroujeni,
Volume 13, Issue 5 (September & October 2022)
Abstract
Introduction: Memantine (MEM) is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist clinically used for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) in mild to severe conditions. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of memantine on the spontaneous firing frequency of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rats caused by an electrical lesion of Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM). Then, this model of AD rats was compared with the intact adult male rats.
Methods: In this study, adult male rats were divided into two groups. Group I (lesion of NBM, n=53) includes the following subgroups: lesion+saline, sham+saline, lesion+MEM 5 mg/kg, lesion+MEM 10 mg/kg, and lesion+MEM 20mg/kg. Group II (intact, n=48) includes the following subgroups: intact+saline, intact+MEM 3mg/kg, intact+MEM 5mg/kg, and intact+MEM 10mg/kg. Extracellular single-unit recording (15 min baseline+105 min after MEM or saline) was performed under urethane-anesthetized rats.
Results: The results showed that the mean frequency of CA1 pyramidal neurons after saline in the lesion+saline (P<0.001) group significantly decreases compared with the intact+saline and sham+saline groups. In addition, after saline and memantine, the mean frequency of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the lesion+MEM 10 mg/kg (P<0.01) and lesion+MEM 20 mg/kg (P<0.001) groups significantly increased compared with the lesion+saline group. Also, the mean frequencies of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the intact+MEM 10 mg/kg (P<0.001) group significantly decreased compared with the intact+saline group.
Conclusion: Results showed that memantine increases the electrical activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons in a rat model of AD. Furthermore, in the intact adult male rats, the low-dose memantine, contrary to high dose, does not decrease the electrical activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons.
Mohamad Amin Younessi Heravi, Keivan Maghooli, Fereidoun Nowshiravan Rahatabad, Ramin Rezaee,
Volume 14, Issue 1 (January & February 2023)
Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed at investigating the stimulation by intra-spinal signals decoded from electrocorticography (ECoG) assessments to restore the movements of the leg in an animal model of spinal cord injury (SCI).
Methods: The present work is comprised of three steps. First, ECoG signals and the associated leg joint changes (hip, knee, and ankle) in sedated healthy rabbits were recorded in different trials. Second, an appropriate set of intra-spinal electric stimuli was discovered to restore natural leg movements, using the three leg joint movements under a fuzzy-controlled strategy in spinally-injured rabbits under anesthesia. Third, a nonlinear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) neural network model was developed to produce appropriate intra-spinal stimulation developed from decoded ECoG information. The model was able to correlate the ECoG signal data to the intra-spinal stimulation data and finally, induced desired leg movements. In this study, leg movements were also developed from offline ECoG signals (deciphered from rabbits that were not injured) as well as online ECoG data (extracted from the same rabbit after SCI induction).
Results: Based on our data, the correlation coefficient was 0.74±0.15 and the normalized root means square error of the brain-spine interface was 0.22±0.10.
Conclusion: Overall, we found that using NARX, appropriate information from ECoG recordings can be extracted and used for the generation of proper intra-spinal electric stimulations for restoration of natural leg movements lost due to SCI.
Zahra Bagheri, Reza Khosrowabadi, Javad Hatami, Ali Reza Armani Kian, Mohamad Javad Fatemi, Ali Khatibi,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (March & April 2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Phantom limb pain (PLP) as neuropathic pain affects the life of amputees. It is believed an efficient PLP treatment should consider the underlying neurological mechanisms. Hereby, we investigated brain activity in PLP and its relationships to the psychological and cognitive dimensions of chronic pain. We investigate differences in resting brain activities between amputees with and without pain. We hypothesize significant differences in the motor cortex and parietal cortex activity that are related to pain perception. Also, we hypothesize two groups have significant differences in cognitive and psychological components.
Methods: Behavioral assessment (psychological status, life satisfaction, and pain level) and EEG signals of 19 amputees (12 without pain and 7 with pain) were recorded. Data were statistically compared between the two groups. Also, the association between behavioral and neurophysiological data was computed.
Results: The results showed a significant decrease in the pain group for the beta and gamma waves, as well as, for the theta and delta waves in the posterior temporal on both sides, during the eye-open condition. The eyes-closed condition showed that the delta waves were decreased on the right side of the cortex. Also, data showed a significant difference in the correlation of pain features with brain waves between the two groups.
Conclusion: Significant differences were mostly observed in regions related to pain perception rather than the motor cortex. This can be due to the learned strategies to deal with pain and the degree of pain. Results showed maladaptive cognitive processes had a relationship with brain wave activities. According to the result of brain wave activities, it seems that cognitive factors have a role in the experience of PLP rather than neuroplasticity through amputation.
Maryam Sadat Larie, Fateme Esfandiarpour, Forough Riahi, Mohamad Parnianpour,
Volume 14, Issue 2 (March & April 2023)
Abstract
Introduction: Research evidence indicates that maladaptive reorganization of the brain plays a critical role in amplifying pain experiences and pain chronification; however, no clear evidence of change exists in brain wave activity among patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The objective of this study was to assess brain wave activity in patients with CLBP, compared to healthy controls.
Methods: Twenty-five patients with CLBP and twenty-four healthy controls participated in the study. A quantitative electroencephalography device was used to assess brain wave activity in eyes-open and eyes-closed (EO and EC) conditions. The regional absolute and relative power of brain waves were compared between the groups.
Results: Our results showed a significant increase in the absolute power of theta (F=5.905, P=0.019), alpha (F=5.404, P=0.024) waves in patients with CLBP compared to healthy subjects in both EC and EO conditions. Patients with CLBP showed a reduced delta absolute power in the frontal region (F=5.852, P=0.019) and augmented delta absolute power in the central region (F=5.597, P=0.022) in the EO condition. An increased delta absolute power was observed in the frontal (F=7.563 P=0.008), central (F=10.430, P=0.002), and parietal (F=4.596, P=0.037) regions in patients with CLBP compared to the healthy subjects in the EC condition. In the EC condition, significant increases in theta relative power (F=4.680, P=0.036) in the parietal region were also found in patients with CLBP.
Conclusion: The increased absolute power of brain waves in people with CLBP may indicate cortical overactivity and changes in the pain processing mechanisms in these patients.
Seyedmohamad Mirmohamadi, Yaser Norozpour, Shahram Zarrabian,
Volume 15, Issue 2 (March & April 2024)
Abstract
Binaural beat (BB), as a non-invasive auditory beat stimulation type, has found its potential applications in cognitive domains. This review presents a proper summary to deepen our understanding of the soundness of the BB technique by looking into its applications, possible mechanisms of action, effectiveness, limitations, and potential side effects. BB has been claimed to improve cognitive and psychological functions such as memory, attention, stress, anxiety, motivation, and confidence. We have also looked into preclinical and clinical research studies that have been performed using BB and proposed changes in the brain following the application of BB stimulations, including EEG changes. This review also presents applications outside the cognitive domain and evaluates BB as a possible treatment method.
