Volume 11, Issue 5 (September & October - Special Issue on Cognitive Neuroscience 2020)
BCN 2020, 11(5): 631-638 |
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Tabibkhooei A, Azar M, Alagha A, Jahandideh J, Ebrahimnia F. Investigating Effective Factors on Estimated Hemorrhage Intraoperative in Brain Meningioma Surgery. BCN 2020; 11 (5) :631-638
URL: http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1234-en.html
URL: http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1234-en.html
1- Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Skull Base Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
2- Skull Base Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Full-Text [PDF 582 kb]
| Abstract (HTML)
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A reverse association was observed between the degree of proximity and the volume of bleeding (P=0.06).
Furthermore, the mass size was positively correlated with estimated blood loss volume (P=0.003); however, there was no significant correlation between the volume of bleeding and other parameters, including the degree of edema, the volume of mass, the site of the tumor in the brain, the type of tumor, and maximum connection to the dura (Table 2).
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The mean time of operation was strongly correlated with the rate of bleeding. (P=0.001). We detected no relationship between the rate of hemorrhage, and gender, age, a history of diabetes, a history of coronary disease, a history of antiplatelet use, as well as the mean level of serum hemoglobin, WBC, and platelet counts. However, the rate of bleeding was more expected in hypertensive, compared to normotensive patients (Table 3).
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4. Discussion
Hemorrhage following brain tumor surgery adversely affects the treatment outcome of such tumors. Accordingly, the volume of massive hemorrhage and the high need for transfusion during and after surgery is essential predictors of adverse outcomes in the treatment of these patients. Therefore, predicting this volume of surgical bleeding can improve the patient’s treatment outcomes and affect their long-term survival. Meningioma-induced Hemorrhage as well as bleeding from the surgical site are relatively common phenomena. Therefore, given its significant impact on the treatment outcome, its prediction is vital. The non-invasive evaluation of these patients before and after surgery by imaging, especially with MRI, is essential for assessing tumor progression and the favorable advancement of treatment; pre-surgical MRI indexes can be used to predict bleeding during surgery.
The main purpose of the current project was to describe the imaging characteristics of meningioma by MRI and aided to reduce intraoperative blood loss. In addition, we found that three of the indexes were related to the primary indicators of patients (history of hypertension), surgery (operation time), and the lesion’s characteristics (tumor size); i.e. closely related to the volume of bleeding during the operation. In other words, in hypertensive patients or patients with large size of the meningioma, as well as a longer duration of surgery, this can increase the odds of bleeding during surgery. There was no significant correlation between the volume of bleeding and tumor volume. The reason for this finding cannot be easily evaluated. Perhaps, the largest tumor diameters are a better benchmark for presenting the depth of its penetration into the brain. For example, in two tumors of equal volume, in elliptical and spherical form, in the elliptical tumor, the shape of the penetration of the lesion is larger in the brain; thus, it takes more time to rescue such patients. Of course, this argument cannot be presented without a closer examination, and further studies are recommended in this area.
Therefore, all measures should be taken to prevent bleeding and transfusion during surgery in hypertensive patients, as well as those with large meningioma.
It can be concluded that the closer tumor to the sinuses, the more blood volume will be lost during operation.
Data on the relationship between underlying characteristics and MRI and the prediction of bleeding during surgery are scarce. In a study (Lü, 2013), the related factors influencing bleeding severity were the origin of the tumor, tumor volume, bleeding vessel or venous sinus involvement, and the tumor size; these data were consistent with our study findings. They also argued that calcification, invasive behavior, dural tail symptoms, peripheral edema, and adjacent bone involvement did not affect hemorrhage. However, they disregarded evaluating the relationship between bleeding and baseline indices, like a history of hypertension. Moreover, Murph et al. (2013) found that preoperative MR-elastography can help determine the tumor’s stiffness and bleeding during meningioma surgery. Hoover et al. mentioned that preoperative MRI could predict the tumor’s stiffness and its bleeding probability in 90% of cases (Hoover, Morris & Meyer, 2011). As previously mentioned, the cause of bleeding in meningeal tumors, either prematurely due to the nature of the tumor or during its therapeutic operation, can be attributed to the weakening of the nerve and ductile vessels, intratumoral angiogenesis, vascular wall invasion, blood dyscrasia, and simultaneous anticoagulation. However, the surgeon’s experience should also be considered as the main cause of bleeding or its control (Lü, 2013).
Other studies investigated the association between tumor volume and hemorrhage during surgery, especially in the T2 sequence. In this study, we attempted to apply other imaging factors, i.e. less studied on them. However, the limitations of this study consisted of the lack of considering further factors in imaging in assessing the volume of bleeding. The other research limitation was the small sample size. We hope that in the future, these deficits will be compensated for achieving better results.
5. Conclusion
Bleeding in various volumes could be a common finding in intracranial meningioma surgery. In total, tumor size, the duration of surgery, a history of hypertension, and distance to the nearest sinuses were the main determinants for the severity of hemorrhage in patients undergoing meningioma surgery.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information; Moreover, They were allowed to leave the study whenever they wish, and if desired, the results of the research would be available to them; also this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Code: 1396.9211255005).
Funding
The present study was extracted from the residency thesis of Ahmad Alagha at Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.
Authors' contributions
All authors were equally contributed in preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to appreciate all study participants as well as their families and hospital staff who contributed to the present research.
References
Toh, C. H., Castillo, M., Wong, A. C., Wei, K. C., Wong, H. F., & Ng, S. H., et al. (2008). Differentiation between classic and atypical meningiomas with use of diffusion tensor imaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29(9), 1630-5. [DOI:10.3174/ajnr.A1170] [PMID]
Whittle, I. R., Smith, C., Navoo, P., & Collie, D. (2004). Meningiomas. The Lancet, 363(9420),1535-43. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16153-9]
O'leary, S., Adams, W. M., Parrish, R. W., & Mukonoweshuro, W. (2007). Atypical imaging appearances of intracranial meningiomas. Clinical Radiology, 62(1), 10-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.crad.2006.09.009] [PMID]
Nagar, V. A., Ye, J. R., Ng, W. H., Chan, Y. H., Hui, F., & Lee, C. K., et al. (2008). Diffusion-weighted MR imaging: Diagnosing atypical or malignant meningiomas and detecting tumor dedifferentiation. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29(6), 1147-52. [DOI:10.3174/ajnr.A0996] [PMID]
Buetow, M. P., Buetow, P. C., & Smirniotopoulos, J. G. (1991). Typical, atypical, and misleading features in meningioma. Radiographics, 11(6), 1087-06. [DOI:10.1148/radiographics.11.6.1749851] [PMID]
Tokgoz, N., Oner, Y. A., Kaymaz, M., Ucar, M., Yilmaz, G., & Tali, T. E. (2005). Primary intraosseous meningioma: CT and MRI appearance. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 26(8), 2053-6. http://www.ajnr.org/content/ajnr/26/8/2053.full.pdf
Paek, S. H., Kim, S. H., Chang, K. H., Park, C. K., Kim, J. E., & Kim, D. G., et al. (2005). Microcystic meningiomas: Radiological characteristics of 16 cases. Acta Neurochirurgica (Wien), 147(9), 965-72. [DOI:10.1007/s00701-005-0578-3] [PMID]
Hakyemez, B., Yildirim, N., Erdoðan, C., Kocaeli, H., Korfali, E., & Parlak, M. (2006). Meningiomas with conventional MRI findings resembling intraaxial tumors: زan perfusion-weighted MRI be helpful in differentiation? Neuroradiology, 48(10), 695-702. [DOI:10.1007/s00234-006-0115-y] [PMID]
Elder, J. B., Atkinson, R., Zee, C. S., & Chen, T. C. (2007). Primary intraosseous meningioma. Neurosurgical Focus, 23(4), 1-9. [DOI:10.3171/FOC-07/10/E13] [PMID]
Komotar, R. J., Keswani, S. C., & Wityk, R. J. (2003). Meningioma presenting as stroke: report of two cases and estimation of incidence. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 74(1), 136-7. https://jnnp.bmj.com/content/74/1/136.short
Heye, S., Maleux, G., Van Loon, J., & Wilms, G. (2006). Symptomatic stenosis of the cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery due to an irresectable medial sphenoid wing meningioma: treatment by endovascular stent placement. American journal of neuroradiology, 27(7), 1532-4. http://www.ajnr.org/content/27/7/1532.short
Yue, Q., Isobe, T., Shibata, Y., Anno, I., Kawamura, H., & Yamamoto, Y., et al. (2008). New observations concerning the interpretation of magnetic resonance spectroscopy of meningioma. European Radiology, 18(12), 2901. [DOI:10.1007/s00330-008-1079-6] [PMID]
Chen, T. Y., Lai, P. H., Ho, J. T., Wang, J. S., Chen, W. L., & Pan, H. B., et al. (2004). Magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion-weighted images of cystic meningioma: Correlating with histopathology. Clinical Imaging, 28(1), 10-19. [DOI:10.1016/S0899-7071(03)00032-9]
Bitzer, M., Opitz, H., Popp, J., Morgalla, M., Gruber, A., Heiss, E., & Voigt, K. (1998). Angiogenesis and brain oedema in intracranial meningiomas: influence of vascular endothelial growth factor. Acta Neurochirurgica, 140(4), 333-40. [DOI:10.1007/s007010050106] [PMID]
Nakano, T., Asano, K., Miura, H., Itoh, S., & Suzuki, S. (2002). Meningiomas with brain edema: radiological characteristics on MRI and review of the literature. Clinical Imaging, 26(4), 243-9. [DOI:10.1016/S0899-7071(02)00433-3]
Lü, J. (2013). Correlation between preoperative imaging features and intraoperative blood loss of meningioma: a new scoring system for predicting intraoperative blood loss. Journal of Neurosurgical Sciences, 57(2), 153-61. https://europepmc.org/article/med/23676863
Hoover, J. M., Morris, J. M., & Meyer, F. B. (2011). Use of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging T1 and T2 sequences to determine intraoperative meningioma consistency. Surgical Neurology International, 2, 142. [DOI:10.4103/2152-7806.85983] [PMID] [PMCID]
Full-Text:
1. Introduction
eningioma is the most prevalent tumor in the central nervous system; it accounts for between 16% and 20% of the total intracranial tumors (Toh et al., 2008). The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique is a selective modality for assessing meningioma. MIR not only presents the tumor’s position with high contrast and can evaluate intra- and extra-axial lesions (Whittle, Smith, Navoo & Collie, 2004; O’Leary, Adams, Parrish & Mukonoweshuro, 2007; Nagar et al., 2008; Buetow, Buetow & Smirniotopoulos;1991). In addition to MRI, Computed Tomography (CT) scan also plays an essential role in detecting calcification, as well as lesions associated with calvarium changes (Tokgoz et al., 2005). However, typical meningioma has well-known visual characteristics; there are also various atypical and unusual types that in addition to creating a diagnostic challenge for meningioma, have questioned the diagnostic accuracy of imaging techniques (Paek et al., 2005; Hakyemez et al., 2006). A radiologist must achieve a complete understanding of the atypical features of the disease in the images provided to present the correct diagnosis (Elder, Atkinson, Zee & Chen, 2007; Komotar, Keswani, Wityk, 2003).
In MRI, meningioma appears in the form of signal strength characteristics, including isointensity to mild hyperintensity, relative to gray matter, on the T2 sequence (Heye, Maleux, Van Loon & Wilms, 2006). After applying contrast, meningioma appeared in the form of homogenous enhancement (Yue et al., 2008). However, the lesions occasionally exhibited necrosis or calcification, which in this case lacked enhancement. Calcification is visualized better in the CT scan view (Chen et al., 2004). On MRI view, especially on T2 sequences, calcification can be detected in the form of low-intensity signals (Bitzer et al., 1998). Contrast is also well-suited for detecting plaque-shaped meningioma, i.e. appeared as asymmetrical thickness on dura (Nakano, Nakano, Miura, Itoh & Suzuki, 2002).
The primary and definitive diagnosis of meningioma is based on histological assessment. However, implementing imaging methods, like MRI has a special place in this field. Such approaches not only detect the nature of the tumor but also help detect local invasion, especially on T2-weighted images. Therefore, concerning non-invasive nature, imaging techniques could be beneficial in preoperative diagnostic evaluations in patients undergoing surgical management of meningioma. These modalities could provide desirable diagnostic performance to predict the operation risk, as well as the odds of procedural complications, like brain hemorrhage. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of imaging techniques, like MRI on the rate of hemorrhage during meningioma surgery.
2. Materials and Methods
This was an observational study, i.e. performed as a cross-sectional retrospective analytical study. Besides, the eligible patients were those with meningioma and totally removed lesion. The study exclusion criteria were contraindications for imaging with different methods, like MRI, and significant bony involvement by tumor. A total of 40 patients with meningioma admitted to Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran City, Iran from 2015 to 2016 were selected and assessed in this research.
The demographic characteristics of the patients, including age, gender, preoperative laboratory examinations, a history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and anti-platelets use were collected from the patients’ medical records. The operation time and total intraoperative blood loss were recorded from the patients’ anesthesia file. The most frequent manifestation in the outcome analysis was a headache, followed by blurred vision, and limb weakness.
The preoperative data of the brain were received from MRI data. MRI examinations were obtained on a 1.5 T scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Ingenia). Imaging protocols in the T1 sequence were performed with contrast (slice thickness: 2 mm). The location of the tumors was classified as parasagittal, parallax, convexity, and skull base (anterior, posterior, & middle).
The tumor volume was measured and calculated using the ellipsoid formula,where A. The largest diameter of the tumor in the axial view; b. The tumor diameter in the same cut of the axial view perpendicular to A; and C. The tumor height using the number of cut counts that the tumor is observed in. Additionally, parameters, such as maximum connection to the dura, tumor size, and distance to nearest sinuses were measured.
The tumor size represents its diameter. The axial, coronal, and sagittal views were examined; the largest diameter of the tumor was specified in each.
Brain edema was determined as mild, moderate, and severe according to its volume respecting tumor volume (less, equal, and more in size, respectively). The preoperative imaging findings were recorded, then volume blood loss was evaluated during surgery. The frequency of hemorrhage cases was finally determined based on the imaging data.
The collected results were presented as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD) for quantitative variables. The study findings were summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The normality of the data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test or Fisher’s Exact test when >20% of the cells with an expected count of <5 were observed. The quantitative variables were also compared with the t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. The correlation between the quantitative parameters was examined by Pearson’s correlation test. For the statistical analysis, SPSS was used. P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3. Results
Totally, 40 patients with meningioma who underwent total surgical removal were assessed. Besides, the mean±SD age of patients was 54.90±12.66 years, with a range of 28 to 77 years. In total, 72.5% of the study participants were female. Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, 30.0% were hypertensive, 12.5% were diabetic, 7.5% reported a history of coronary disease, and 7.5% had a history of anti-platelets use. The most prevalent manifestation was headache (67.5%), followed by blurred vision (30.0%), and limb weakness (25.0%). In imaging assessment, mild, moderate, and severe brain edema were revealed in 45.0%, 37.5%, and 17.5% of the cases, respectively. Regarding the site of tumor, 25.0% was located in convexity, 45.0% in skull base (72.2% in anterior & 27.7% in posterior sites), and 30.0% in parasagittal regions. The Mean±SD size of meningioma was 41.72±19.42 mm with the Mean±SD volume of 49.36±61.90mm3 (Table 1). Concerning the subtypes of meningioma, meningothelial type was detected in 35.0%, transitional in 30.0%, atypical in 10.0%, cystic meningioma in 5.0%, non-specified grade 1 in 5.0%, angiomatosis in 5.0%, psammomatous in 2.5%, and microcystic in 5.0%. The Mean±SD volume of hemorrhage was 925.64±756.19mL, and the Mean±SD operation time equaled 7.15±2.03h. With regard to tumor distance to the nearest sinus, the proximity was found as 50.0%, 15%, and 35% for superior sagittal, transverse, and cavernous sinuses, respectively.
eningioma is the most prevalent tumor in the central nervous system; it accounts for between 16% and 20% of the total intracranial tumors (Toh et al., 2008). The Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) technique is a selective modality for assessing meningioma. MIR not only presents the tumor’s position with high contrast and can evaluate intra- and extra-axial lesions (Whittle, Smith, Navoo & Collie, 2004; O’Leary, Adams, Parrish & Mukonoweshuro, 2007; Nagar et al., 2008; Buetow, Buetow & Smirniotopoulos;1991). In addition to MRI, Computed Tomography (CT) scan also plays an essential role in detecting calcification, as well as lesions associated with calvarium changes (Tokgoz et al., 2005). However, typical meningioma has well-known visual characteristics; there are also various atypical and unusual types that in addition to creating a diagnostic challenge for meningioma, have questioned the diagnostic accuracy of imaging techniques (Paek et al., 2005; Hakyemez et al., 2006). A radiologist must achieve a complete understanding of the atypical features of the disease in the images provided to present the correct diagnosis (Elder, Atkinson, Zee & Chen, 2007; Komotar, Keswani, Wityk, 2003).
In MRI, meningioma appears in the form of signal strength characteristics, including isointensity to mild hyperintensity, relative to gray matter, on the T2 sequence (Heye, Maleux, Van Loon & Wilms, 2006). After applying contrast, meningioma appeared in the form of homogenous enhancement (Yue et al., 2008). However, the lesions occasionally exhibited necrosis or calcification, which in this case lacked enhancement. Calcification is visualized better in the CT scan view (Chen et al., 2004). On MRI view, especially on T2 sequences, calcification can be detected in the form of low-intensity signals (Bitzer et al., 1998). Contrast is also well-suited for detecting plaque-shaped meningioma, i.e. appeared as asymmetrical thickness on dura (Nakano, Nakano, Miura, Itoh & Suzuki, 2002).
The primary and definitive diagnosis of meningioma is based on histological assessment. However, implementing imaging methods, like MRI has a special place in this field. Such approaches not only detect the nature of the tumor but also help detect local invasion, especially on T2-weighted images. Therefore, concerning non-invasive nature, imaging techniques could be beneficial in preoperative diagnostic evaluations in patients undergoing surgical management of meningioma. These modalities could provide desirable diagnostic performance to predict the operation risk, as well as the odds of procedural complications, like brain hemorrhage. Accordingly, we investigated the effect of imaging techniques, like MRI on the rate of hemorrhage during meningioma surgery.
2. Materials and Methods
This was an observational study, i.e. performed as a cross-sectional retrospective analytical study. Besides, the eligible patients were those with meningioma and totally removed lesion. The study exclusion criteria were contraindications for imaging with different methods, like MRI, and significant bony involvement by tumor. A total of 40 patients with meningioma admitted to Rasoul-e-Akram Hospital in Tehran City, Iran from 2015 to 2016 were selected and assessed in this research.
The demographic characteristics of the patients, including age, gender, preoperative laboratory examinations, a history of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and anti-platelets use were collected from the patients’ medical records. The operation time and total intraoperative blood loss were recorded from the patients’ anesthesia file. The most frequent manifestation in the outcome analysis was a headache, followed by blurred vision, and limb weakness.
The preoperative data of the brain were received from MRI data. MRI examinations were obtained on a 1.5 T scanner (Philips Medical Systems, Ingenia). Imaging protocols in the T1 sequence were performed with contrast (slice thickness: 2 mm). The location of the tumors was classified as parasagittal, parallax, convexity, and skull base (anterior, posterior, & middle).
The tumor volume was measured and calculated using the ellipsoid formula,where A. The largest diameter of the tumor in the axial view; b. The tumor diameter in the same cut of the axial view perpendicular to A; and C. The tumor height using the number of cut counts that the tumor is observed in. Additionally, parameters, such as maximum connection to the dura, tumor size, and distance to nearest sinuses were measured.
The tumor size represents its diameter. The axial, coronal, and sagittal views were examined; the largest diameter of the tumor was specified in each.
Brain edema was determined as mild, moderate, and severe according to its volume respecting tumor volume (less, equal, and more in size, respectively). The preoperative imaging findings were recorded, then volume blood loss was evaluated during surgery. The frequency of hemorrhage cases was finally determined based on the imaging data.
The collected results were presented as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD) for quantitative variables. The study findings were summarized by absolute frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. The normality of the data was analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff test. Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-squared test or Fisher’s Exact test when >20% of the cells with an expected count of <5 were observed. The quantitative variables were also compared with the t-test or Mann–Whitney U test. The correlation between the quantitative parameters was examined by Pearson’s correlation test. For the statistical analysis, SPSS was used. P≤0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
3. Results
Totally, 40 patients with meningioma who underwent total surgical removal were assessed. Besides, the mean±SD age of patients was 54.90±12.66 years, with a range of 28 to 77 years. In total, 72.5% of the study participants were female. Regarding cardiovascular risk factors, 30.0% were hypertensive, 12.5% were diabetic, 7.5% reported a history of coronary disease, and 7.5% had a history of anti-platelets use. The most prevalent manifestation was headache (67.5%), followed by blurred vision (30.0%), and limb weakness (25.0%). In imaging assessment, mild, moderate, and severe brain edema were revealed in 45.0%, 37.5%, and 17.5% of the cases, respectively. Regarding the site of tumor, 25.0% was located in convexity, 45.0% in skull base (72.2% in anterior & 27.7% in posterior sites), and 30.0% in parasagittal regions. The Mean±SD size of meningioma was 41.72±19.42 mm with the Mean±SD volume of 49.36±61.90mm3 (Table 1). Concerning the subtypes of meningioma, meningothelial type was detected in 35.0%, transitional in 30.0%, atypical in 10.0%, cystic meningioma in 5.0%, non-specified grade 1 in 5.0%, angiomatosis in 5.0%, psammomatous in 2.5%, and microcystic in 5.0%. The Mean±SD volume of hemorrhage was 925.64±756.19mL, and the Mean±SD operation time equaled 7.15±2.03h. With regard to tumor distance to the nearest sinus, the proximity was found as 50.0%, 15%, and 35% for superior sagittal, transverse, and cavernous sinuses, respectively.
A reverse association was observed between the degree of proximity and the volume of bleeding (P=0.06).
Furthermore, the mass size was positively correlated with estimated blood loss volume (P=0.003); however, there was no significant correlation between the volume of bleeding and other parameters, including the degree of edema, the volume of mass, the site of the tumor in the brain, the type of tumor, and maximum connection to the dura (Table 2).
The mean time of operation was strongly correlated with the rate of bleeding. (P=0.001). We detected no relationship between the rate of hemorrhage, and gender, age, a history of diabetes, a history of coronary disease, a history of antiplatelet use, as well as the mean level of serum hemoglobin, WBC, and platelet counts. However, the rate of bleeding was more expected in hypertensive, compared to normotensive patients (Table 3).
4. Discussion
Hemorrhage following brain tumor surgery adversely affects the treatment outcome of such tumors. Accordingly, the volume of massive hemorrhage and the high need for transfusion during and after surgery is essential predictors of adverse outcomes in the treatment of these patients. Therefore, predicting this volume of surgical bleeding can improve the patient’s treatment outcomes and affect their long-term survival. Meningioma-induced Hemorrhage as well as bleeding from the surgical site are relatively common phenomena. Therefore, given its significant impact on the treatment outcome, its prediction is vital. The non-invasive evaluation of these patients before and after surgery by imaging, especially with MRI, is essential for assessing tumor progression and the favorable advancement of treatment; pre-surgical MRI indexes can be used to predict bleeding during surgery.
The main purpose of the current project was to describe the imaging characteristics of meningioma by MRI and aided to reduce intraoperative blood loss. In addition, we found that three of the indexes were related to the primary indicators of patients (history of hypertension), surgery (operation time), and the lesion’s characteristics (tumor size); i.e. closely related to the volume of bleeding during the operation. In other words, in hypertensive patients or patients with large size of the meningioma, as well as a longer duration of surgery, this can increase the odds of bleeding during surgery. There was no significant correlation between the volume of bleeding and tumor volume. The reason for this finding cannot be easily evaluated. Perhaps, the largest tumor diameters are a better benchmark for presenting the depth of its penetration into the brain. For example, in two tumors of equal volume, in elliptical and spherical form, in the elliptical tumor, the shape of the penetration of the lesion is larger in the brain; thus, it takes more time to rescue such patients. Of course, this argument cannot be presented without a closer examination, and further studies are recommended in this area.
Therefore, all measures should be taken to prevent bleeding and transfusion during surgery in hypertensive patients, as well as those with large meningioma.
It can be concluded that the closer tumor to the sinuses, the more blood volume will be lost during operation.
Data on the relationship between underlying characteristics and MRI and the prediction of bleeding during surgery are scarce. In a study (Lü, 2013), the related factors influencing bleeding severity were the origin of the tumor, tumor volume, bleeding vessel or venous sinus involvement, and the tumor size; these data were consistent with our study findings. They also argued that calcification, invasive behavior, dural tail symptoms, peripheral edema, and adjacent bone involvement did not affect hemorrhage. However, they disregarded evaluating the relationship between bleeding and baseline indices, like a history of hypertension. Moreover, Murph et al. (2013) found that preoperative MR-elastography can help determine the tumor’s stiffness and bleeding during meningioma surgery. Hoover et al. mentioned that preoperative MRI could predict the tumor’s stiffness and its bleeding probability in 90% of cases (Hoover, Morris & Meyer, 2011). As previously mentioned, the cause of bleeding in meningeal tumors, either prematurely due to the nature of the tumor or during its therapeutic operation, can be attributed to the weakening of the nerve and ductile vessels, intratumoral angiogenesis, vascular wall invasion, blood dyscrasia, and simultaneous anticoagulation. However, the surgeon’s experience should also be considered as the main cause of bleeding or its control (Lü, 2013).
Other studies investigated the association between tumor volume and hemorrhage during surgery, especially in the T2 sequence. In this study, we attempted to apply other imaging factors, i.e. less studied on them. However, the limitations of this study consisted of the lack of considering further factors in imaging in assessing the volume of bleeding. The other research limitation was the small sample size. We hope that in the future, these deficits will be compensated for achieving better results.
5. Conclusion
Bleeding in various volumes could be a common finding in intracranial meningioma surgery. In total, tumor size, the duration of surgery, a history of hypertension, and distance to the nearest sinuses were the main determinants for the severity of hemorrhage in patients undergoing meningioma surgery.
Ethical Considerations
Compliance with ethical guidelines
All ethical principles were considered in this article. The participants were informed about the purpose of the research and its implementation stages; they were also assured about the confidentiality of their information; Moreover, They were allowed to leave the study whenever they wish, and if desired, the results of the research would be available to them; also this study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Code: 1396.9211255005).
Funding
The present study was extracted from the residency thesis of Ahmad Alagha at Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran.
Authors' contributions
All authors were equally contributed in preparing this article.
Conflict of interest
The authors declared no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to appreciate all study participants as well as their families and hospital staff who contributed to the present research.
References
Toh, C. H., Castillo, M., Wong, A. C., Wei, K. C., Wong, H. F., & Ng, S. H., et al. (2008). Differentiation between classic and atypical meningiomas with use of diffusion tensor imaging. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29(9), 1630-5. [DOI:10.3174/ajnr.A1170] [PMID]
Whittle, I. R., Smith, C., Navoo, P., & Collie, D. (2004). Meningiomas. The Lancet, 363(9420),1535-43. [DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16153-9]
O'leary, S., Adams, W. M., Parrish, R. W., & Mukonoweshuro, W. (2007). Atypical imaging appearances of intracranial meningiomas. Clinical Radiology, 62(1), 10-17. [DOI:10.1016/j.crad.2006.09.009] [PMID]
Nagar, V. A., Ye, J. R., Ng, W. H., Chan, Y. H., Hui, F., & Lee, C. K., et al. (2008). Diffusion-weighted MR imaging: Diagnosing atypical or malignant meningiomas and detecting tumor dedifferentiation. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 29(6), 1147-52. [DOI:10.3174/ajnr.A0996] [PMID]
Buetow, M. P., Buetow, P. C., & Smirniotopoulos, J. G. (1991). Typical, atypical, and misleading features in meningioma. Radiographics, 11(6), 1087-06. [DOI:10.1148/radiographics.11.6.1749851] [PMID]
Tokgoz, N., Oner, Y. A., Kaymaz, M., Ucar, M., Yilmaz, G., & Tali, T. E. (2005). Primary intraosseous meningioma: CT and MRI appearance. American Journal of Neuroradiology, 26(8), 2053-6. http://www.ajnr.org/content/ajnr/26/8/2053.full.pdf
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Type of Study: Original |
Subject:
Clinical Neuroscience
Received: 2019/06/9 | Accepted: 2019/11/26 | Published: 2020/09/1
Received: 2019/06/9 | Accepted: 2019/11/26 | Published: 2020/09/1
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