2024-03-28T13:58:18+04:30
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?mag_id=31&slc_lang=en&sid=1
31-668
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Protective Effects of Proline–Rich Peptide in a Rat Model of Alzheimer Disease: An Electrophysiological Study
Naser
Khalaji
khalaji.naser@gmail.com
John
Sarkissian
jsarkissyan@neuroscience.am
Vergine
Chavushyan
verginechavushyan@gmail.com
Vaghinak
Sarkisian
vsargsyan@neuroscience.am
Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly that slowly destroys memory and cognitive functions. The disease has no cure and leads to significant structural and functional brain abnormalities. To facilitate the treatment of this disease, we aimed to investigate proline-rich peptide (PRP-1) action of hypothalamus on hippocampal (HP) neurons and dynamics of their recovery, after intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of amyloid-β (Aβ).
Methods: Experiments were carried out on 24 adult, male Albino rats (average weight: 230±30 g). The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups (control, Aβ, and Aβ plus PRP-1). Electrophysiological patterns of hippocampal neurons in response to stimulation of entorhinal cortex (EC) with high frequency stimulation (50 Hz) were studied.
Results: It was found that Aβ (25-35) suppresses the electrical activity of hippocampal neurons. The PRP-1 would return this activity to normal levels.
Conclusion: In general, PRP-1 has protective effect against AD-related alterations induced byamyloid peptides. This protective effect is probably due to stimulation of the immune and glia system.
Hypothalamic Proline–Rich Peptide (PRP-1)
Alzheimer disease
Amyloid-β
Hippocampus
2017
1
01
5
12
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-668-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080101
31-711
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Diffusion Tensor Imaging for Glioma Grading: Analysis of Fiber Density Index
Fariba
Davanian
f.davanian@gmail.com
Fariborz
Faeghi
f_faeghi@sbmu.ac.ir
Sohrab
Shahzadi
Zahra
Farshifar
Introduction: The most common primary tumors of brain are gliomas and tumor grading is essential for designing proper treatment strategies. The gold standard choice to determine grade of glial tumor is biopsy which is an invasive method. The purpose of this study was to investigatethe role of fiber density index (FDi) by means of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (as a noninvasive method) in glial tumor grading.
Methods: A group of 20 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of gliomas wereevaluated in this study. We used a 1.5 Tesla MR system (AVANTO; Siemens, Germany) with a standard head coil for scanning. Multidirectional diffusion weighted imaging (measured in 12 noncollinear directions), and T1 weighted nonenhanced were performed for all patients. We defined two regions of interest (ROIs); 1) White matter fibers near the tumor and 2) Similar fibers in the contralateral hemisphere.
Results: FDi of the low-grade gliomas was higher than those of high-grade gliomas, which was significant (P=0.017). FDi ratio (ratio of fiber density in vicinity of the tumor to homologous fiber tracts in the contralateral hemisphere) is higher in low-grade than high-grade tumors, (P=0.05). In addition, we performed ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve and the area under
curve (AUC) was 0.813(P=0.013).
Conclusion: Our findings prove significant difference in FDi near by low-grade and high-grade gliomas. Therefore, FDi values and ratios are helpful in glial tumor grading.
Diffusion tensor imaging
Neoplasm grading
Glioma
Fiber density index
2017
1
01
13
18
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-711-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080102
31-682
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Neural Imaging Using Single-Photon Avalanche Diodes
Mohammad Azim
Karami
karami@iust.ac.ir
Misagh
Ansarian
azimkarami@gmail.com
Introduction: This paper analyses the ability of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) for neural imaging. The current trend in the production of SPADs moves toward the minimumdark count rate (DCR) and maximum photon detection probability (PDP). Moreover, the jitter response which is the main measurement characteristic for the timing uncertainty is progressing.
Methods: The neural imaging process using SPADs can be performed by means of florescence lifetime imaging (FLIM), time correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC), positron emission tomography (PET), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
Results: This trend will result in more precise neural imaging cameras. While achieving low DCR SPADs is difficult in deep submicron technologies because of using higher doping profiles, higher PDPs are reported in green and blue part of light. Furthermore, the number of pixels integrated in the same chip is increasing with the technology progress which can result in the higher resolution of imaging.
Conclusion: This study proposes implemented SPADs in Deep-submicron technologies to be used in neural imaging cameras, due to the small size pixels and higher timing accuracies.
Neuroimaging
Medical imaging
2017
1
01
19
26
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-682-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080103
31-717
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Event-Related Potentials of Bottom-Up and Top-Down Processing of Emotional Faces
Afsane
Moradi
moradi.afsane@gmail.com
Seyed Abolghasem
Mehrinejad
ab_mehrinejad@yahoo.com
Mohammad
Ghadiri
ghadiri_mohamad@yahoo.com
Farzin
Rezaei
frrezaie@yahoo.com
Introduction: Emotional stimulus is processed automatically in a bottom-up way or can be processed voluntarily in a top-down way. Imaging studies have indicated that bottom-up and top-down processing are mediated through different neural systems. However, temporal differentiation of top-down versus bottom-up processing of facial emotional expressions has remained to be clarified. The present study aimed to explore the time course of these processes as indexed by the emotion-specific P100 and late positive potential (LPP) event-related potential (ERP) components in a group of healthy women.
Methods: Fourteen female students of Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran aged 18–30 years, voluntarily participated in the study. The subjects completed 2 overt and covert emotional tasks during ERP acquisition.
Results: The results indicated that fearful expressions significantly produced greater P100 amplitude compared to other expressions. Moreover, the P100 findings showed an interaction between emotion and processing conditions. Further analysis indicated that within the overt condition, fearful expressions elicited more P100 amplitude compared to other emotional expressions. Also, overt conditions created significantly more LPP latencies and amplitudes compared to covert conditions.
Conclusion: Based on the results, early perceptual processing of fearful face expressions is enhanced in top-down way compared to bottom-up way. It also suggests that P100 may reflect an attentional bias toward fearful emotions. However, no such differentiation was observed within later processing stages of face expressions, as indexed by the ERP LPP component, in a topdown versus bottom-up way. Overall, this study provides a basis for further exploring of bottomup and top-down processes underlying emotion and may be typically helpful for investigating the temporal characteristics associated with impaired emotional processing in psychiatric disorders.
Top-down processing
Bottom-up processing
Emotional faces
Eventrelated potential
P100
Late positive potential
2017
1
01
27
36
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-717-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080104
31-531
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Characterization of Nociceptive Behaviors Induced by Formalin in the Glabrous and Hairy Skin of Rats
Elaheh
Erami
Hassan
Azhdari-Zarmehri
azhdarih1@thums.ac.ir
Keiji
Imoto
Hidemasa
Furue
Introduction: Glabrous skin and hairy skin are innervated by different types of noxious fibers. However, the different nociceptive behaviors induced by formalin, a commonly used model of acute inflammatory pain, have not yet been systematically examined in the glabrous and hairy skin.
Methods: In this study, we compared nociceptive behaviors induced by formalin injections (2%, 4%, and 8%) into either glabrous skin (plantar surface) of the hind paw or hairy skin of the hin limb in adult rats.
Results: A typical biphasic nociceptive response was seen after formalin injection into the plantar surface of the hind paw. A brief interphase separates the first and second phases where nociceptive behaviors were barely spotted. However, following subcutaneous injection into the hairy skin nociceptive behaviors were only seen after 10 minutes of formalin injection, which correlates in time with the second phase of the formalin response. First phase nociceptive behaviors were
never seen with hairy skin injection, even following multiple injections of formalin.
Conclusion: These data suggest that nociceptive behaviors and spinal responses induced by formalin injections to glabrous and hairy skin areas are different, and that the first and second phases may be mediated through different noxious afferent fibers.
Formalin test
Hairy skin
Glabrous skin
Tonic pain
Nociception
2017
1
01
37
42
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-531-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080105
31-697
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Reliability of Motor Evoked Potentials Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation: The Effects of Initial Motor Evoked Potentials Removal
Fahimeh
Hashemirad
fahimeh.hashemirad@monash.edu
Maryam
Zoghi
Paul B
Fitzgerald
Shapour
Jaberzadeh
Introduction: Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a useful tool for assessment of corticospinal excitability (CSE) changes in both healthy individuals and patients with brain disorders. The usefulness of TMS-elicited motor evoked potentials (MEPs) for the assessment of CSE in a clinical context depends on their intra-and inter-session reliability. This study aimed to evaluate if removal of initial MEPs elicited by using two types of TMS techniques influences the reliability scores and whether this effect is different in blocks with variable number of MEPs.
Methods: Twenty-three healthy participants were recruited in this study. The stimulus intensity was set at 120% of resting motor threshold (RMT) for one group while the stimulus intensity was adjusted to record MEPs up to 1 mV for the other group. Twenty MEPs were recorded at 3 time points on 2 separate days. An intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) reliability with absolute agreement and analysis of variance model were used to assess reliability of the MEP amplitudes for blocks with variable number of MEPs.
Results: A decrease in ICC values was observed with removal of 3 or 5 MEPs in both techniques when compared to all MEP responses in any given block. Therefore, removal of the first 3 or 5 MEPs failed to further increase the reliability of MEP responses.
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that a greater number of trials involving averaged MEPs can influence TMS reliability more than removal of the first trials.
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Reliability
Evoked response variability
First dorsal interosseous muscles
2017
1
01
43
50
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-697-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080106
31-657
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Analgesic Effect of 17β-Estradiol on Nucleus Paragigantocellularis Lateralis of Male Rats Mediated Via GABAA Receptors
Roghaieh
Khakpay
rkhakpai@gmail.com
Maryam
Azaddar
maryam.azaddar@yahoo.com
Fatemeh
Khakpay
khakpai@gmail.com
Homeira
Hatami Nemati
homeirahatami@yahoo.com
Introduction: Beside its autonomic functions, the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis (LPGi) is involved in the descending pain modulation. 17β-Estradiol is a neuroactive steroid found in several brain areas such as LPGi. Intra-LPGi microinjection of 17β-estradiol can elicit the analgesic responses. 17β-Estradiol modulates nociception by binding to estrogenic receptors as well as allosteric interaction with other membrane-bound receptors like GABAA receptors. This study aimed to examine the role of GABAA receptors in the pain modulating effect of intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol.
Methods: To study the antinociceptive effects of 17β-estradiol, cannulation into the LPGi nucleus of male Wistar rats was performed. About 500 nL of drug was administered 15 minutes prior to formalin injection (50 μL of 4%). Then, formalin-induced flexing and licking behaviors were recorded for 60 minutes. For evaluating the role of GABAA receptors in the estradiol-induced pain modulation, 17β-estradiol was administered into the LPGi nucleus 15 minutes after the injection of 25 ng/μL bicuculline (the GABAA receptor antagonist). Then, the formalin-induced responses were recorded.
Results: The results of the current study showed that intra-LPGi injection of 17β-estradiol decreased the flexing duration in both phases of formalin test (P<0.001); but it only attenuated the second phase of licking behavior (P<0.001). 17β-estradiol attenuated the second phase of formalin test of both behaviors (P<0.001). Bicuculline prevented the antinociceptive effect
of intra-LPGi 17β-estradiol in both first and second phases of formalin-induced responses (P<0.001).
Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the analgesic effect of intra-LPGi 17β-estradiol on the formalin-induced inflammatory pain might be mediated via GABAA receptors.
17β-Estradiol
GABAA receptor
Pain
Analgesia
2017
1
01
51
60
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-657-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080107
31-709
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Power Spectral Density Analysis of Purkinje Cell Tonic and Burst Firing Patterns From a Rat Model of Ataxia and Riluzole Treated
Samira
Abbasi
samira.abbasi@gmail.com
Ataollah
Abbasi
ata.abbasi@gmail.com
Yashar
Sarbaz
yashar22c@yahoo.com
Mahyar
Janahmadi
Janahmadi@sbmu.ac.ir
Introduction: Purkinje Cell (PC) output displays a complex firing pattern consisting of high frequency sodium spikes and low frequency calcium spikes, and disruption in this firing behavior may contribute to cerebellar ataxia. Riluzole, neuroprotective agent, has been demonstrated to have neuroprotective effects in cerebellar ataxia. Here, the spectral analysis of PCs firing in control, 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP), neurotoxin agent, treated alone and riluzole plus 3-AP treated were investigated to determine changes in the firing properties. Difference in the power spectra of tonic and burst firing was assessed. Furthermore, the role of calcium-activated potassium channels in the power spectra was evaluated.
Methods: Analysis was performed using Matlab. Power spectral density (PSD) of PCs output were obtained. Peak frequencies were extracted from the spectrum and statistical comparisons were done. In addition, a multi-compartment computational model of a Purkinje cell was used. This computational stimulation allowed us to study the changes in the power spectral density of the PC output as a result of alteration in ion channels.
Results: Spectral analysis showed that in the spectrum of tonic and burst firing pattern only high sodium frequency and low calcium frequency was seen, respectively. In addition, there was a significant difference between the frequency components of PCs firing obtained from normal, ataxia and riluzole treated rats. Results indicated that sodium firing frequency of normal, ataxic and treated PCs occurred in approximate frequency of 22.53±5.49, 6.46±0.23, and 31.34±4.07 Hz, respectively; and calcium frequency occurred in frequency of 4.22±2.02, 1.52±1.19, and 3.88±1.37 Hz, respectively. The simulation results demonstrated that blockade of calciumactivated potassium channels in the PC model changed the PSD of the PC model firing activity. This change was similar to PSD changes in ataxia condition.
Conclusion: These alterations in the spectrum of PC output may be a basis for developing possible new treatment strategies to improve cerebellar ataxia.
Cerebellar ataxias
Purkinje cells
Calcium spike
Sodium spike
Signal processing
2017
1
01
61
68
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-709-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080108
31-701
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
The Effect of Group-Based Occupational Therapy on Performance and Satisfaction of Stroke Survivors: Pilot Trail, Neuro-Occupational View
Maryam
Mehdizadeh
maryam.mehdizadeh_22@yahoo.com
Afsoon
Hassani Mehraban
mehraban.a@iums.ac.ir
Roohollah
Zahediyannasab
roohollah1991@yahoo.com
Introduction: Stroke imposes limitations on performing activities of daily living (ADL) and their level. Different therapeutic approaches are used for improving the level of performance after a stroke. This study was performed with the aim of evaluating the effect of group-based occupational therapy on improving the performance of ADL and satisfaction of its performance in patients with chronic strokes.
Methods: Fourteen chronic stroke patients with the mean age of 52 years participated in the study. The participants were assigned into two groups (control and treatment). The level of performance of ADL, level of stroke disability, and participation were respectively evaluated by Barthel index (BI), modified Rankin scale (MRS), and Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM). Six sessions of group therapy tasks were scheduled with an emphasis on three main activities, including mobility exercises, craft, and cooking.
Results: The COPM changes in the ‘performance’ and ‘satisfaction’ scores in the treatment group and the ‘performance’ scores in the control group were significant. The MRS scale in the two groups revealed no change in the level of stroke disability. However, the changes in the ADL performance in BI were significant.
Conclusion: The current study indicated that doing daily, craft, and mobility activities in the groups can affect the ‘performance’ and ‘satisfaction’ levels in stroke patients.
Stroke
Performance and satisfaction
Neurooccupational
2017
1
01
69
76
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-701-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080109
31-698
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Neuroprotective Effects of Exercise on Brain Edema and Neurological Movement Disorders Following the Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion in Rats
Nabi
Shamsaei
shamsaeinabi@gmail.com
Soheila
Erfani
sohailaerfani@gmail.com
Masoud
Fereidoni
fereidoni@um.ac.ir
Ali
Shahbazi
shahbazial@yahoo.com
Introduction: Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion causes physiological and biochemical changes in the neuronal cells that will eventually lead to cell damage. Evidence indicates that exercise reduces the ischemia and reperfusion-induced brain damages in animal models of stroke. In the present study, the effect of exercise preconditioning on brain edema and neurological movement disorders following the cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats was investigated.
Methods: Twenty-one adult male wistar rats (weighing 260-300 g) were randomly divided into three groups: sham operated, exercise plus ischemia, and ischemia group (7 rats per group). The rats in exercise group were trained to run on a treadmill 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Transient focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 23 hours. After 24 hours ischemia, movement disorders were tested by a special neurological examination. Also, cerebral edema was assessed by determining the brain water content.
Results: The results showed that pre-ischemic exercise significantly reduced brain edema (P<0.05). In addition, exercise preconditioning decreased the neurological movement disorders caused by brain ischemia and reperfusion (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Preconditioning by exercise had neuroprotective effects against brain ischemia and reperfusion-induced edema and movement disorders. Thus, it could be considered as a usefulstrategy for prevention of ischemic injuries, especially in people at risk.
Exercise
Preconditioning
Edema
Movement disorders
Ischemia and reperfusion
2017
1
01
77
84
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-698-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080110
31-658
2024-03-28
10.1002
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
BCN
2008-126X
2228-7442
10.32598/bcn
2017
8
1
Commentary: Comment on the Effect of Endocannabinoid System on Rat Behavior
Ali
Roohbakhsh
roohbakhsha@mums.ac.ir
I read the recently published article in Vol 6 (3) of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience entitled “Study the Effect of Endocannabinoid System on Rat Behavior in Elevated Plus- Maze” by Komaki et al. (2015). In this valuable article, the authors uncovered the effects of AM251 as a CB1 receptor antagonist on anxiety-like behaviors of rats using elevated plus-maze
Endocannabinoid System
2017
1
01
85
86
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-658-en.pdf
10.15412/J.BCN.03080111