137 2008-126X Iran University of Medical Sciences 527 Computational Neuroscience Affective Visual Stimuli: Characterization of the Picture Sequences Impacts by Means of Nonlinear Approaches Goshvarpour Ateke b Abbasi Ataollah c Goshvarpour Atefeh d b Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran c Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Sahand, Tabriz, Iran. d Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz, Iran 1 10 2015 6 4 209 222 09 12 2014 11 05 2015 Introduction: The main objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of preceding pictorial stimulus on the emotional autonomic responses of the subsequent one. Methods: To this effect, physiological signals, including Electrocardiogram (ECG), Pulse Rate (PR), and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) were collected. As these signals have random and chaotic nature, nonlinear dynamics of these physiological signals were evaluated with the methods of nonlinear system theory. Considering the hypothesis that emotional responses are usually associated with previous experiences of a subject, the subjective ratings of 4 emotional states were also evaluated. Four nonlinear characteristics (including Detrended Fluctuation Analysis (DFA), based parameters, Lyapunov exponent, and approximate entropy) were implemented. Nine standard features (including mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, median, mode, the second, third, and fourth moment) were also extracted. Results: To evaluate the ability of features in discriminating different types of emotions, some classification approaches were appraised, of them, Probabilistic Neural Network (PNN) led to the best classification rate of 100%. The results show that considering the emotional sequences, GSR is the best candidate for the representation of the physiological changes. Discussion: Lower discrimination was attained when the sequence occurred in the diagonal line of valence-arousal coordinates (for instance, positive valence and positive arousal versus negative valence and negative arousal). By employing self-assessment ranks, no obvious improvement was achieved.
533 Cognitive Neuroscience Evaluation of Attention Bias in Morphine and Methamphetamine Abusers towards Emotional Scenes during Early Abstinence: An Eye-Tracking Study Soleimannejad Maryam e Tehrani-Doost Mehdi f Khorrami Anahita g Joghataei Mohammad Taghi h Pishyareh Ebrahim i e neuroscience department.Iran University of Medical Sciences f Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Roozbeh Psychiatry Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. g Institute for Cognitive science Study h neuroscience department.Iran University of Medical Sciences i University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation 1 10 2015 6 4 223 230 12 02 2015 07 08 2015 Introduction: We hypothesized that inappropriate attention during the period of abstinence in individuals with substance use disorder can result in an inadequate perception of emotion and unsuitable reaction to emotional scenes. The main aim of this research was to evaluate the attentional bias towards emotional images in former substance abusers and compare it to healthy adults. Methods: Paired images of general scenes consisting of pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral images were presented to subjects for 3 s while their attentional bias and eye movements were measured by eye tracking. The participants were 72 male adults consisting of 23 healthy control, 24 morphine former abusers, and 25 methamphetamine former abusers. The former abusers were recruited from a private addiction quitting center and addiction rehabilitation campus. The healthy individuals were selected from general population. Number and duration of first fixation, duration of first gaze, and sustained attention towards emotional scenes were measured as the main variables and the data were analyzed using the repeated measures ANOVA. Results: A significant difference was observed between former morphine abusers and healthy control in terms of number and duration of first fixations and first gaze duration towards pleasant images. Discussion: Individuals with morphine use disorder have more problems with attending to emotional images compared to methamphetamine abusers and healthy people. 575 Clinical Neuroscience Motor Learning and Movement Performance: Older versus Younger Adults Ehsani Fatemeh j Abdollahi Iraj k Mohseni Bandpei Mohammad Ali l Zahiri Nahid m Jaberzadeh Shapour n j PhD candidate, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Lecturer, School of rehabilitation, nouromuscular Rehabilitation Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. k PhD, PT,Assistant Professor, Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. l Professor, Iranian Research Centre on Aging, Department of Physiotherapy, university of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Evin, Tehran, Iran. AND Visiting Professor, University Institute of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan. m Department of Physiotherapy, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran n Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia. PO Box: 527, Frankston, VIC 3199 1 10 2015 6 4 231 238 10 01 2015 18 08 2015 Introduction: Motor skills play an important role during life span, and older adults need to learn or relearn these skills. The purpose of this study was to investigate how aging affects induction of improved movement performance by motor training. Methods: Serial Reaction Time Test (SRTT) was used to assess movement performance during 8 blocks of motor training. Participants were tested in two separate dates, 48 hours apart. First session included 8 blocks of training (blocks 1-8) and second session comprised 2 blocks (blocks 9, 10). Results: Analyses of data showed that reaction times in both online and offline learning were significantly shorter in older adults compared to younger adults (P<0.001). Young adults demonstrated both online and offline learning (P<0.001), but older adults only showed online learning (P<0.001) without offline learning (P=0.24). Discussion: The result of the current study provides evidence that the healthy older adults are able to improve their performance with practice and learn motor skill successfully in the form of online learning. 628 Clinical Neuroscience Effects of Memantine, an NMDA Antagonist, on Metabolic Syndromes in Female NMRI Mice Osanloo Naser o Sarahian Nahid p Zardooz Homeira Sahraei Hedayat Sahraei Mohammad Sadeghi Bahareh o Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. p Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Niavaran, Araj St., P.O. Box: 19395-6558, Tehran, Iran. Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 1 10 2015 6 4 239 252 06 03 2015 03 07 2015 Introduction: The brain glutamate neurotransmitter system and its NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens play an important role in the incidence of the phenomena of sensitivity and addiction. The present study examined the inhibitory effect of glutamate NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens in response to chronic stress. Methods: After the unilateral and bilateral cannula placement in the nucleus accumbens, one group of the animals received different intra-accumbens doses of memantine (0.1, 0.5 and 1 µg/mouse) 5 minutes before receiving the electric shock stress at their soles (using a Communication Box) and the other group received intraperitoneal doses of memantine (0.1, 0.5 and 1mg/kg) 30 minutes before receiving the same shock. Chronic stress increased the animals' plasma corticosterone, food and water intake and weight and reduced their defecation rates and eating latency.  Results: The intraperitoneal administration of memantine increased plasma corticosterone, water intake, fecal weight and eating latency, but had no effect on food intake or weight. The dose and site-dependent intra-accumbens administration of memantine either exacerbated the effects of stress on plasma corticosterone levels and water and food intake, or else had no effect on these parameters. Furthermore, the administration of memantine had no effect on animal’s weight and inhibited the effects of stress on fecal weight and eating latency. Discussion: The inhibition of glutamate NMDA receptors in the nucleus accumbens can inhibit and/or exacerbate the dose and site-dependent effects of chronic stress, with gender playing a significant role in producing this effect. 637 Clinical Neuroscience Successful Reconstruction of Nerve Defects Using Distraction Neurogenesis with a New Experimental Device Yousef Mohamed Abdelhamid Ali Dionigi Paolo Marconi Stefania Calligaro Alberto Cornaglia Antonia Icaro Alfonsi Enrico Auricchio Ferdinando Experimental Surgery and Microsurgery Research Unit, Department of General Surgery, University of Pavia, V.le Golgi 19, 27100, Pavia, Italy. Organization Organization Organization Organization Organization Organization 1 10 2015 6 4 253 264 21 02 2015 14 06 2015 Introduction: Repair of peripheral nerve injuries is an intensive area of challenge and research in modern reconstructive microsurgery. Intensive research is being carried out to develop effective alternatives to the standard nerve autografting, avoiding its drawbacks. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a newly designed mechanical device for the reconstruction of the sciatic nerve in rats in comparison to nerve autografting and to assess the pain during the period of distraction neurogenesis. Methods: Fourteen Sprague Dawley rats were used and randomly assigned into 2 groups with 7 rats in each group group A (Nerve Autografting group) in which a 10-mm segment of the sciatic nerve was resected and rotated 180 degrees, then primary end-to-end neurorrhaphy was performed in the reverse direction group B (Nerve Lengthening group) in which the mechanical device was inserted after surgical resection of 10 mm of the sciatic nerve, then secondary endto- end neurorrhaphy was performed after completing the nerve lengthening. Thirteen weeks later, assessment of the functional sciatic nerve recovery using static sciatic index (SSI) was performed. Furthermore, fourteen weeks after the nerve resection, assessment of the nerve regeneration with electrophysiological study and histological analysis were performed. Also, gastrocnemius wet weight was measured. For pain assessment in group B, Rat Grimace Scale (RGS) score was used. Results: Significantly better functional recovery rate (using the SSI) was reported in the nerve lengthening group in comparison to autografting group. Also, a statistically significant higher nerve conduction velocity was detected in the nerve lengthening group. On histological analysis of the distal nerve section at 3 mm distal to the nerve repair site, significant myelin sheath thickness was detected in the nerve lengthening group. Discussion: Distraction neurogenesis with the new experimental device is a reliable therapeutic method for the reconstruction of nerve defects. 528 Cognitive Neuroscience An fMRI Study of Risky Decision Making: The Role of Mental Preparation and Conflict Sohrabi Ahmad M. Smith Andra L. West Robert Cameron Ian Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. University of Ottawa, Ottawa Carleton University, Ottawa University of Ottawa, Ottawa 1 10 2015 6 4 265 270 21 05 2015 18 08 2015 Introduction: The current study aimed to elucidate the role of preparatory cognitive control in decision making and its neural correlates using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). To this effect, by employing a series of new cognitive tasks, we assessed the role of preparatory cognitive control in monetary (risky) decision making. Methods: The participants had to decide between a risky and a safe gamble based on their chance of winning (high or low). In the 2-phase gambling task (similar to Cambridge gambling task), the chance and the gamble were presented at the same time (i.e. in a single phase), but in a new 3-phase gambling task, the chance is presented before the gamble. The tasks ended with a feedback phase. Results: In the 3-phase task, holding the chance in memory to guide their decision enabled the participants to have more control on their risk taking behaviors as shown by activation in a network of brain areas involved in the control and conflict, including dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex (dACC), indexed by faster reaction times and better performance in the gambling task, and the temporal lobe, which has a role in holding contextual information. Discussion: Holding information in memory to guide decision presumably enables the participants to have more control on their risk taking behaviors. The conflict and uncertainty resulting from this risky decision was indexed by the activation of dACC, known to be activated in conflict and cognitive control. 662 Cognitive Neuroscience Exploring Neural Correlates of Different Dimensions in Drug Craving Self-Reports among Heroin Dependents Hassani-Abharian Peyman Ganjgahi Habib Tabatabaei-Jafari Hosein Oghabian Mohammad Ali Mokri Azarakhsh Ekhtiari Hamed 1. Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 2. Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Sciences Studies, Tehran, Iran. 3. Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Centre for research on Ageing, Health and Wellbeing, The Australian National University, ACT, Australia. Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.-Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Tehran,Iran. Clinical Department, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Neuroimaging and Analysis Group (NIAG), Research Center for Molecular and Cellular Imaging, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Keshavarz Blv, Tehran, Iran. 1 10 2015 6 4 271 284 15 04 2015 07 08 2015 Introduction: Drug craving could be described as a motivational state which drives drug dependents towards drug seeking and use. Different types of self-reports such as craving feeling, desire and intention, wanting and need, imagery of use, and negative affect have been attributed to this motivational state. By using subjective self-reports for different correlates of drug craving along with functional neuroimaging with cue exposure paradigm, we investigated the brain regions that could correspond to different dimensions of subjective reports for heroin craving. Methods: A total of 25 crystalline-heroin smokers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), while viewing heroin-related and neutral cues presented in a block-design task. During trial intervals, subjects verbally reported their subjective feeling of cue induced craving (CIC). After fMRI procedure, participants reported the intensity of their “need for drug use” and “drug use imagination” on a 0-100 visual analog scale (VAS). Afterwards, they completed positive and negative affect scale (PANAS) and desire for drug questionnaire (DDQ) with 3 components of “desire and intention to drug use,” “negative reinforcement,” and “loss of control.” Results: The study showed significant correlation between “subjective feeling of craving” and activation of the left and right anterior cingulate cortex, as well as right medial frontal gyrus. Furthermore, the “desire and intention to drug use” was correlated with activation of the left precentral gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, and left middle frontal gyrus. Subjects also exhibited significant correlation between the “need for drug use” and activation of the right inferior temporal gyrus, right middle temporal gyrus, and right parahippocampal gyrus. Correlation between subjective report of “heroin use imagination” and activation of the cerebellar vermis was also observed. Another significant correlation was between the “negative affect” and activation of the left precuneus, right putamen, and right middle temporal gyrus. Discussion: This preliminary study proposes different neural correlates for various dimensions of subjective craving self-reports. It could reflect multidimensionality of cognitive functions corresponding with drug craving. These cognitive functions could represent their motivational and affective outcomes in a single item “subjective craving feeling” or in self-reports with multiple dissociable items, such as intention, need, imagination, or negative feeling. The new psychological models of drug craving for covering various dimensions of subjective craving self-reports based on their neurocognitive correspondence could potentially modify craving assessments in addiction medicine. 589 Behavioral Neuroscience The Antinociceptive Effects of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Borago Officinalis Flower in Male Rats Using Formalin Test Shahraki Mohammad Reza Ahmadimoghadm Mahdieh Shahraki Ahmad Reza Associate professor of physiology, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Zahedan, Iran. Local Studies & Specialty Services of Jahad-e-Daneshgahi, Sistan and Baluchistan Branch, Zahedan, Iran. surgical unit, Emam Ali Hospital 1 10 2015 6 4 285 290 12 02 2015 07 07 2015 Introduction: Borago officinalis flower (borage) is a known sedative in herbal medicine the aim of the present study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effect of borage hydroalcoholic extract in formalin test male rats. Methods: Fifty-six adult male albino Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups: Control groups of A (intact), B (saline), and C (Positive control) plus test groups of D, E, F, and G (n=8). The groups D, E , and F received 6.25, 12.5, and 25 mg/kg, Borago officinalis flower hydroalcholic extract before the test, respectively but group G received 25 mg/kg borage extract and aspirin before the test. A biphasic pain was induced by injection of formalin 1%. The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software ver. 17 employing statistical tests of Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney. The results were expressed as mean±SD. Statistical differences were considered significant at P<0.05. Results: The results revealed that the acute and chronic pain behavior score in test groups of D, E, F, and G significantly decreased compared to groups A and B, but this score did not show any difference compared to group C. Moreover, chronic pain behavior score in group G was significantly lower than all other groups. Discussion: The results indicated that Borago officinalis hydroalcoholic extract affects the acute and chronic pain behavior response in formaline test male rats. 664 Cognitive Neuroscience NEuro COgnitive REhabilitation for Disease of Addiction (NECOREDA) Program: From Development to Trial Rezapour Tara Hatami Javad Farhoudian Ali Sofuoglu Mehmet Noroozi Alireza Daneshmand Reza Samiei Ahmadreza Ekhtiari Hamed Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, CT, USA. Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies (INCAS), Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran Substance Abuse and Dependence Research Center University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. 1 10 2015 6 4 291 298 12 05 2015 07 09 2015 Despite extensive evidence for cognitive deficits associated with drug use and multiple publications supporting the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation treatment (CRT) services for drug addictions, there are a few well-structured tools and organized programs to improve cognitive abilities in substance users. Most published studies on cognitive rehabilitation for drug dependent patients used rehabilitation tools, which have been previously designed for other types of brain injuries such as schizophrenia or traumatic brain injuries and not specifically designed for drug dependent patients. These studies also suffer from small sample size, lack of follow-up period assessments and or comprehensive treatment outcome measures. To address these limitations, we decided to develop and investigate the efficacy of a paper and pencil cognitive rehabilitation package called NECOREDA (Neurocognitive Rehabilitation for Disease of Addiction) to improve neurocognitive deficits associated with drug dependence particularly caused by stimulants (e.g. amphetamine type stimulants and cocaine) and opiates. To evaluate the feasibility of NECOREDA program, we conducted a pilot study with 10 opiate and methamphetamine dependent patients for 3 months in outpatient setting. NECOREDA was revised based on qualitative comments received from clients and treatment providers. Final version of NECOREDA is composed of brain training exercises called “Brain Gym” and psychoeducational modules called “Brain Treasures” which is implemented in 16 training sessions interleaved with 16 review and practice sessions. NECOREDA will be evaluated as an add-on intervention to methadone maintenance treatment in a randomized clinical trial among opiate dependent patients starting from August 2015. We discuss methodological features of NECOREDA development and evaluation in this article. 556 Cellular and molecular Neuroscience Case Report: Combination Therapy with Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor in a Case of Spinal Cord Injury Derakhshanrad Nazi Saberi Hooshang Tayebi Meybodi Keyvan Taghvaei Mohammad Arjmand Babak Aghayan Hamid Reza Kohan Amir Hassan Haghpanahi Mohammad Rahmani Shahrokh Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center (BASIR), Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, Iran. Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Neurosurgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Brain and Spinal cord Injury Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran Department of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran 1 10 2015 6 4 299 305 22 06 2015 23 09 2015 Introduction: Various neuroregenerative procedures have been recently employed along with neurorehabilitation programs to promote neurological function after Spinal Cord Injury (SCI), and recently most of them have focused on the acute stage of spinal cord injury. In this report, we present a case of acute SCI treated with neuroprotective treatments in conjunction with conventional rehabilitation program. Methods: A case of acute penetrative SCI (gunshot wound), 40 years old, was treated with intrathecal bone marrow derived stem cells and parenteral Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) along with rehabilitation program. The neurological outcomes as well as safety issues have been reported. Results: Assessment with American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA), showed neurological improvement, meanwhile he reported neuropathic pain, which was amenable to oral medication. Discussion: In the acute setting, combination therapy of G-CSF and intrathecal Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) was safe in our case as an adjunct to conventional rehabilitation programs. Further controlled studies are needed to find possible side effects, and establish net efficacy.