Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Comparison of Memory Impairment and Oxidative Stress Following Single or Repeated Doses Administration of Scopolamine in Rat Hippocampus
5
14
FA
Milad
Rahimzadegan
Department of Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Maliheh
Soodi
Department of Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Introduction: Scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, is widely used to induce memory impairment in experimental animals. The present study aims to compare memory impairment and oxidative stress following single and repeated doses administration of scopolamine.
Methods: A group of rats received a single shot of scopolamine in different doses (0.5, 1, or 3 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours after the passive avoidance training. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the injection. In the other experiment, rats received similar doses of scopolamine for 7 consecutive days, 24 hours after the training session. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the last injection. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in their hippocampus tissue, too.
Results: Scopolamine administered in repeated doses caused more impairment in memory function compared to single dose injection based on the evaluation 30 minutes after injection. Moreover, the memory impairment persisted for 7 days only in repeated doses treated groups. Increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in both groups was observed 30 minutes after scopolamine administration. These abnormal increases persisted for 7 days only in repeated doses treated groups. Increased AChE activity and lipid peroxidation was well correlated with behavioral deficit. Also AChE activity was well associated with lipid peroxidation.
Conclusion: The results of present study showed that repeated administration of scopolamine induced results in memory impairment. This effect can be due to long-lasting oxidative stress which may damage the hippocampus tissue.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Generating the Visual Biofeedback Signals Applicable to Reduction of Wrist Spasticity: A Pilot Study on Stroke Patients
15
26
EN
Afsane
Zadnia
Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
Hamid Reza
Kobravi
Research Center of Biomedical Engineering, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran.
Mania
Sheikh
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Hossein Asghar
Hosseini
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Introduction: Application of biofeedback techniques in rehabilitation has turned into an exciting research area during the recent decade. Providing an appropriate visual or auditory biofeedback signal is the most critical requirement of a biofeedback technique. In this regard, changes in Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signals during wrist movement can be used to generate an indictable visual biofeedback signal for wrist movement rehabilitation via SEMG biofeedback. This paper proposes a novel methodology for selecting the most appropriate features out of wrist muscle SEMG signals.
Methods: To this end, the surface EMG signals from flexor and extensor muscle groups during wrist joint movements were recorded and analyzed. Some linear and nonlinear features in frequency, time, and time-frequency domains were extracted from the recorded surface EMG signals of the flexor and extensor muscles. Experiments and analyses were performed on ten healthy subjects and four stroke patients with wrist muscle spasticity as the movement disorder subjects. Some heuristic feature selection measures were applied. The main motivation behind choosing applied heuristic feature selection measures was meeting. In the first step, the designed visual biofeedback signal should indicate a healthy wrist motion profile as its successful tracking by the patient guarantees rehabilitation. In addition, the visual biofeedback signal should be a smooth curve thus preventing the patient from discomfort while tracking it on a monitor during the biofeedback therapy.
Results: In this pilot study, after using the introduced feature selection measures, quantitative and qualitative analyses of the extracted features indicated that Shannon entropy is the most appropriate feature for generating a visual biofeedback signal as a healthy wrist motion profile to improve the ability of stroke patients in controlling wrist joint motion. In addition, it was shown that when the wrist joint moves between a flexed and rest position, the flexor muscle EMG signal should be used for generating a visual biofeedback signal. However when the wrist joint moves between a rest position and an extended position, the extensor muscle EMG signal is appropriate for providing a visual biofeedback signal. It is worth noting that the achieved pilot study results should be confirmed by the future studies with larger samples.
Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that among the analyzed features, the Shannon entropy was the most appropriate feature. It can be employed for generating a visual biofeedback signal for reduction of spasticity in patients with stroke.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Stereological Method for Assessing the Effect of Vitamin C Administration on the Reduction of Acrylamide-induced Neurotoxicity
27
34
EN
Hengameh
Dortaj
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
Maryam
Yadegari
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
Mohammad
Hosseini Sharif Abad
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
Abolghasem
Abbasi Sarcheshmeh
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
Morteza
Anvari
Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Yazd, Iran.
Introduction: Acrylamide (ACR) consumption is increasing all over the world. There are some evidence on the literature about its neurotoxic effect on mature animals, but the effects of ACR on postnatal development have been less studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ACR on development of cortical layer, white matter, and number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in rat newborns.
Methods: This study was carried out on 20 female Wistar rats (average weight: 180 g, aged: two months). The rats were divided into four groups. Pregnant rats were orally fed with ACR 10 mg/kg and vitamin C 200 mg/kg. In this study, 6 infants of each group (weighting 32-35 g) were randomly selected at day 21 after birth and placed under deep anesthesia and transcardial perfusion. Their cerebellums were fixed and histopathological changes were evaluated with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and cresyl violet method. The volume of cerebellar cortical layers and number of Purkinje cells were investigated by Cavalieri’s principle and physical dissector methods. The obtained data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and LSD test using SPSS. P<0.05 considered as statistically significant.
Results: The results showed that newborns of ACR-treated female rats have decreased cerebellar weight (P≤0.05) and lower than average number of Purkinje cells (P≤0.001). ACR also decreased the volume of granular and molecular layer and increased the volume of white matter. While the results showed decreased in white matter volume in vitamin C group (P≤0.001).
Conclusion: ACR induces structural changes in the development of the cerebellar cortical layers in rat newborns, but these changes may be prevented by vitamin C as an antioxidant.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Development, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Characteristics of the Persian Progressive Aphasia Language Scale in Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Pilot Study
35
42
EN
Salime
Jafari
Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Amin
Modarresszadeh
Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ahmad Reza
Khatoonabadi
Department of Speech Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
John
Hodges
Brain & Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Noureddin
Nakhostin Ansari
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Rehabilitation, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Cristian
Leyton
Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
Maryam
Noroozian
Memory and Behavioral Neurology Division, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Introduction: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurological condition characterized by progressive dissolution of language capabilities. The Progressive Aphasia Language Scale (PALS) is an easy-to-apply bedside clinical scale capable of capturing and grading the key language features essential for the classification of PPA. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate the Persian version of the PALS (PALS-P) as a clinical language assessment test.
Methods: In this cross-sectional study, PALS was translated and adapted into Persian according to the international guidelines. A total of 30 subjects (10 subjects with PPA and 20 control subjects without dementia) were recruited to evaluate the intra-rater reliability and discriminant validity of PALS-P.
Results: The intra-rater reliability of the PALS-P within a 14-day interval was excellent for each subtest (ICC agreement range=0.81-1.0). PALS-P results were statistically significant among groups, suggesting its discriminative validity.
Conclusion: This preliminary study indicates that PALS-P was successfully developed and translated. It seems to be a valid and reliable screening tool to assess language skills in Persian-speaking subjects with progressive aphasia.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Discordant Relationship Between Evaluation of Facial Expression and Subjective Pain Rating Due to the Low Pain Magnitude
43
50
EN
Kazuhiro
Hayashi
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
Tatsunori
Ikemoto
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
Takefumi
Ueno
National Hospital Organization, Hizen Psychiatric Center, Kyushu, Japan.
Young-Chang Park
Arai
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
Kazuhiro
Shimo
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
Makoto
Nishihara
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
Shigeyuki
Suzuki
Program in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan.
Takahiro
Ushida
Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan.
Introduction: Facial expression to pain is an important pain indicator; however, facial movements look unresponsive when perceiving mild pain. The present study investigates whether pain magnitude modulates the relationship between subjective pain rating and an observer’s evaluation of facial expression.
Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited to obtain 108 samples for pain rating with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Subjects underwent three different mechanical painful stimuli (monofilament forces of 100 g, 300 g, and 600 g) over three sessions and their facial expressions were videotaped throughout all sessions. Three observers independently evaluated facial expression of the subjects with a four-point categorical scale (no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, and severe pain). The correlations between subjective pain ratings and the evaluation of facial expression were analyzed in dichotomous group which was low pain ratings (VAS<30), or high pain rating (VAS≥30).
Results: Subjective pain ratings was significantly correlated with the evaluation of facial expression in high pain ratings, however no correlation was found between them in mild pain ratings. In mild pain ratings, most of the subjects (78%) were rated as no pain by observers, despite the fact that subjects reported pain.
Conclusion: The results suggest that the evaluation of facial expression of pain was difficult for the observer to detect pain severity when the subjects feel mild pain.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Low Frequency Stimulation Reverses the Kindling-Induced Impairment of Learning and Memory in the Rat Passive-avoidance Test
51
58
EN
Khadijeh
Esmaeilpour
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Vahid
Sheibani
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Mohammad
Shabani
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Javad
Mirnajafi-Zadeh
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
Zeinab
Akbarnejad
Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
Introduction: The life quality of patients with epileptic seizures is highly affected by cognitive deficits. Low Frequency Stimulation (LFS) is a novel approach for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The main goal of this research is investigating the possible effect of LFS on seizure-induced cognitive dysfunction.
Methods: To this end, the kindled animal were prepared via CA1 electrical stimulation in a semi-rapid way (12 stimulations/day). A group of animals were stimulated with LFS, 4 times at 30 s, 6 h, 24 h, and 30 h after the last kindling stimulation. Applied LFS was administered in 4 packages every 5 minutes. The packages were designed with 200 monophasic 200 monophasic square wave pulses of 0.1 ms duration at 1 Hz. The passive-avoidance test was conducted on all animals in order to measure the learning and memory behavior.
Results: Hippocampal kindled rats showed deficits in learning and memory when passive avoidance test was performed. Application of LFS reversed the impairment in learning and memory behavior in kindled rats. At the same time, LFS markedly diminished kindling-induced neuronal loss and atrophy in the hippocampus.
Conclusion: LFS may have some protection against seizure-induced cognitive damage in kindled rats.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
The Relationship Between Salivary Alpha Amylase Activity and Score of McGill Pain Questionnaire in Patients With Tension Type Headache
59
64
EN
Mohammad
Vahedi
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
Mehrdokht
Mazdeh
Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
Mehrdad
Hajilooi
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
Maryam
Farhadian
Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran.
Yasamin
Barakian
Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services, Qom, Iran.
Parastoo
Sadr
Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Introduction: Tension-type headache is the most common type of headache across the world. Saliva as a non-invasive medium is used to detect a wide range of diseases. Salivary Alpha-Amylase (SAA) levels has been suggested as a potential indirect marker for detecting Sympathoadrenal Medullary (SAM) activity, which is activated by pain. Significant correlation was found between SAA levels and pain scale in patients with chronic pain. The purpose of the present study was to measure SAA activity in Frequent Episodic Tension-Type Headache (FETTH). In addition to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), we intend to assess intensity and various aspects of pain by McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).
Methods: A total of 45 females with FETTH (case group) and 45 healthy voluntary females (control group) were enrolled in our case-control study. Unstimulated saliva by spitting method was taken from each participant.
Results: SAA levels were significantly higher in patients with FETTH (P<0.001) when compared with the control group. There was significant correlation between SAA activity and MPQ score (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This is the first study using MPQ as a subjective means of assessing quality and quantity of pain alongside the VAS as an objective tool for evaluating pain in patients with FETTH. SAA may be an appropriate marker for assessing of pain levels in patients with FETTH. MPQ versus the VAS may be a more accurate measurement tools along VAS.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
The Relationship Between Salivary Alpha Amylase Activity and Score of McGill Pain Questionnaire in Patients With Tension Type Headache
59
64
Yasamin
Barakian
Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Qom University of Medical Science and Health Services, Qom, Iran.
Parastoo
Sadr
Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Introduction: Tension-type headache is the most common type of headache across the world. Saliva as a non-invasive medium is used to detect a wide range of diseases. Salivary Alpha-Amylase (SAA) levels has been suggested as a potential indirect marker for detecting Sympathoadrenal Medullary (SAM) activity, which is activated by pain. Significant correlation was found between SAA levels and pain scale in patients with chronic pain. The purpose of the present study was to measure SAA activity in Frequent Episodic Tension-Type Headache (FETTH). In addition to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), we intend to assess intensity and various aspects of pain by McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).
Methods: A total of 45 females with FETTH (case group) and 45 healthy voluntary females (control group) were enrolled in our case-control study. Unstimulated saliva by spitting method was taken from each participant.
Results: SAA levels were significantly higher in patients with FETTH (P<0.001) when compared with the control group. There was significant correlation between SAA activity and MPQ score (P<0.001).
Conclusion: This is the first study using MPQ as a subjective means of assessing quality and quantity of pain alongside the VAS as an objective tool for evaluating pain in patients with FETTH. SAA may be an appropriate marker for assessing of pain levels in patients with FETTH. MPQ versus the VAS may be a more accurate measurement tools along VAS.
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
9
1
2018
1
1
Comparison Between Three-Dimensional Diffusion-Weighted PSIF Technique and Routine Imaging Sequences in Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves in Healthy People
65
71
EN
Mahsa
Zare
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Fariborz
Faeghi
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ashrafsadat
Hosseini
Department of Radiology, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Mohammad Sobhan
Ardekani
Department of Radiology, Shahid Sadoughi Hospital, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.
Mohammad Hossein
Heidari
Department of Basic Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Ehsan
Zarei
Department of Physical Education, School of Education & Psychology, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
Introduction: The present study aims to evaluate the Three-Dimensional Diffusion-Weighted reversed fast imaging with steady state free precession (3D DW-PSIF) sequence with respect to imaging of the peripheral nerves; the tibial, medial, and lateral plantar nerves in the lower extremity, ulnar and median nerve in the upper extremity, sciatic nerve, brachial plexus, and lumbosacral plexus, and also to compare its usefulness with the current two-dimensional sequences on a 1.5 T MR scanner.
Methods: A total of 25 healthy subjects underwent MR imaging of peripheral nerves, 5 subjects in each area. In each imaging sequence, including T2W SPAIR and 3D DW-PSIF, images were evaluated for ability to identify the nerves in the related area using a 3-score scale (0-2). Then, by summing up the conspicuity scores, a total certainty score was recorded for each sequence.
Results: With combining the results of all studies, the conspicuity mean (SD) score was 1.57(0.67) on the 3D DW-PSIF images, and 0.74(0.76) on the T2-weighted images (P<0.001). Regarding the lumbosacral plexus, the corresponding certainty mean (SD) scores were 1.80(0.40) and 1.07(0.74) (P<0.001) and with regard to the brachial plexus, they were 1.23(0.83) and 0.75(0.84), (P<0.001). Regarding the ankle/hind foot they were 1.87(0.35) and 0.40(0.50) (P<0.001) and in the wrist/proximal hand, 1.70(0.48) and 0.50(0.52) (P<0.001). Regarding the sciatic nerve, they were 1.80(0.44) and 0.20(0.44) (P=0.003).
Conclusion: 3D DW PSIF provides better manifestation of nerves compared to routine imaging sequences particularly fat saturated T2W images. This novel imaging technique can be used in MR neurography examination protocol for exact localization of the nerve and evaluation of the nerve pathology.