Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
The Association Between Fennel Extract, Serum Lipid Profile, and Leptin Receptor Expression
711
720
EN
Forogh
Zakernezhad
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
zakernezhad_forogh@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-5908-4398
Mahmood
Barati
Department of Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
mahmood.barati@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-9663-9313
Nima
Sanadgol
Department of Biology, School of Sciences, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
sanadgol.n@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-4509-5336
Monireh
Movahhedi
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
mon_movahedi@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-2868-2608
Ahmad
Majd
Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
ahmad_majd2005@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-3707-7581
Fereshteh
Golab
Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
fgolab520@gmail.com
Y
0000-0003-2829-7881
10.32598/bcn.2021.998.2
Introduction: Obesity is among the most severe challenges of our era, with significant health consequences and a high economic burden for health systems. Therefore, many countries have developed political agendas to cope with this ever-rising challenge. Along with chemical medications developed to manage obesity, researchers have focused on some natural ingredients and herbal extracts that are effective in reducing weight. The current study investigated the association between Foeniculum vulgar (fennel) extracts and body weight, lipid profile, and leptin.
Methods: In total, 35 adult male BALB/c mice were investigated in sham, fennel 50 mg/kg, fennel 100 mg/kg, and fennel 200 mg/kg (n=7) groups. The mice were administered fennel extracts for fourteen days while weighted at the intervention’s beginning and end. Then, their weight, lipid profile, serum leptin, and expression of leptin protein in the hypothalamus were measured.
Results: After providing the intervention, leptin receptor protein expression was increased in all groups, while serum leptin didn’t change significantly. Moreover, a significant decrease was observed in the cholesterol dose of 100 mg/kg/day, triglycerides in 100 and 200 mg/kg/day, and LDL in 50 and 100 mg/kg/day. Serum HDL was increased significantly in a dose of 100 mg/kg/day.
Conclusion: Fennel extract can decrease the lipid profile by changing the expression of the leptin receptor.
Fennel, Foeniculum vulgare, Lipid profile, Leptin, Hypothalamus, Obesity
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1542-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1542-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Modulatory Effects of Memantine on Neuronal Response Properties in Rat Barrel Cortex
721
728
EN
Mahin
Nasiri
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
nsp.mahin@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-2378-9732
Ayat
Kaeidi
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
a.kayedi@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-3292-2603
Iman
Fatemi
Research Center of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
imanfatemi@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-9666-9651
Mahdieh
Azin
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
mahdieh.azin@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-4111-7806
Mahboobeh
Bannazadeh
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
bannazadeh.m2@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-4779-578X
Mohammad
Allahtavakoli
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
mohammadatir@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-7593-7768
Ali
Roohbakhsh
Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
RoohbakhshA@mums.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-5032-4263
Ali
Shamsizadeh
Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Research Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
ashamsi@rums.ac.ir
Y
0000-0001-8329-9156
10.32598/bcn.2021.1156.2
Introduction: Memantine as N-Methyl-D-Aspartic Acid (NMDA) receptor antagonist is used in some neurological disorders. Moreover, memantine presents modulatory effects on the somatosensory information processing in healthy subjects. This study investigated the effects of memantine on electrophysiological properties of barrel cortex neurons in male rats.
Methods: Single unit recording was used to evaluate the electrophysiological properties of barrel cortex neurons. The neural responses to the Principal Whisker (PW), Adjacent Whisker (AW), and combined displacement of two whiskers [20 ms Inter-Stimulus Intervals (ISIs)] were recorded before and 2 hours after memantine gavage (10 mg/kg). A Condition Test Ratio (CTR) was calculated for assessing inhibitory interactions.
Results: Two hours after memantine gavage, neuronal ON and OFF responses to PW deflection were decreased. Furthermore, CTR for both ON and OFF responses was decreased following memantine administration.
Conclusion: The current study demonstrated that memantine modified neural response properties in the rat barrel cortex.
Memantine, Somatosensory cortex, Electrophysiology, Rat
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1504-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1504-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Clinical Significance of Diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging on Treatment Efficacy in MS Patients With Acute Attacks
729
736
EN
Faezeh
Asaadi
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
fa.asadi90@yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-6307-4435
Fariborz
Faeghi
Department of Radiology Technology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
f_faeghi@sbmu.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-5132-3577
Farzad
Ashrafi
Neurology Brain Mapping Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
farzad.ashrafi@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-5959-5462
Morteza
Sanei Taheri
Department of Radiology, Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital, Tehran, Iran.
Saneim@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-8881-9058
10.32598/bcn.2021.1560.1
Introduction: Despite various imaging methods, the accurate diagnosis of numerous neurodegenerative diseases remains controversial. Using advanced imaging techniques, like diffusion-weighted imaging, can help the early detection of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and evaluation of the treatment efficacy in these patients.
Methods: In total, 24 MS patients with acute attack and 30 healthy subjects were considered in our study. Region of Interest (ROI) was defined for acute and chronic plaques and Normal-Appearing White Matter (NAWM) in the patients’ group. In the normal group, ROI only was mapped in the white matter in the same regions of the patient. All MS patients were receiving Methylprednisolone for 3 to 5 days. The rate of clinical disability in these patients was also evaluated based on the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) index. Finally evaluate changes of ADC values of plaques and NAWM before and after treatment.
Results: The Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) values of acute plaques, the ADC values of NAWM, the number of enhancement in T1w, and EDSS values suggested a significant difference after treatment compared to before treatment. However, the ADC values of chronic plaques revealed no significant difference after treatment. There was a significant positive correlation between the difference in EDSS values before and after treatment.
Conclusion: The study results demonstrated that using diffusion technique and ADC values analysis is a proper non-invasive method for MS diagnosis and evaluating treatment efficacy in these patients.
Multiple Sclerosis, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Demyelinating diseases, Methylprednisolone
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1353-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1353-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
The Repression of Matrix Metalloproteinases and Cytokine Secretion in Glioblastoma by Targeting K+ Channel
737
744
EN
Farshid
Saadat
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
fsaadat@alumnus.tums.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-5457-4195
Zohreh
Zareighane
Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
zzareighane@gmail.com
N
Farnaz
Safavifar
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
fsafavifar@yahoo.com
N
Seyedeh Zohreh
Jalali
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
z_jalali@gums.ac.ir
N
0000-0002-5897-9982
Azar
Berahmeh
Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
aberahmeh@yahoo.com
N
Mohammad Reza
Khorramizadeh
Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
khoramza@tums.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-3295-535X
10.32598/bcn.2021.1693.1
Introduction: Glioblastoma is an aggressive human brain malignancy with poorly understood pathogenesis. Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels and Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are highly expressed in malignant tumors and involved in the progression and metastasis of glioblastoma. This study aimed to determine whether a voltage-dependent potassium channel blocker could modulate astrocytes as a cell involved in the immunopathogenesis of glioblastoma.
Methods: The cytotoxic effect of 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) at different doses in the cell model of glioblastoma was measured by MTT assay. The ELISA technique and gelatin zymography were used to assess cytokine levels and MMP-9 after 4-AP treatment.
Results: Cytotoxicity analysis data indicated that cell viability reduced by increasing 4-AP level and cell growth decreased gradually by removing 4-AP from the cell medium. 4-AP inhibits the secretion of IL-6 and IL-1 (P<0.05). MMP9 activity significantly inhibits with increased 4-AP dose, compared to non-treated cells.
Conclusion: The reduction of cell viability, IL-6 secretion, and MMP-9 activity in an in vitro model of glioblastoma might be assumed 4-AP as an agent for chemoprevention of cancer.
Glioblastoma, Interleukin-6, 4-Aminopyridine, Matrix metalloproteinases, Potassium channels, Voltage-gated
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1419-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1419-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Histological and Biochemical Alterations in the Superior Colliculus and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Juvenile Rats Following Prenatal Exposure to Marijuana Smoke
745
758
EN
Grace
Akingbade
Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
gtakingbade@futa.edu.ng
Y
0000-0002-7899-5138
Omamuyovwi
Ijomone
Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
ijomoneom@futa.edu.ng
N
Sunday
Adelakun
Department of Human Anatomy, School of Health and Health Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.
saadelakun@futa.edu.ng
N
Bernard
Enaibe
Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria.
benaibe@yahoo.com
N
10.32598/bcn.2021.1701.1
Introduction: Prenatal exposure to Marijuana (MJN) has been associated with various brain deficits. The main activity in marijuana, Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), crosses the placenta and affects fetal brain development. Despite this, marijuana remains a commonly abused substance among pregnant women. The current study examined the histological and biochemical changes in the Superior Colliculus (SC) and Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN) in rat brains prenatally exposed to marijuana.
Methods: Four groups of pregnant rats (n=5 rats/group) were exposed to the smoke of 10 g/kg marijuana at various days during their gestational period, with a group (control), i.e., not exposed. After parturition, the litters from each group were sacrificed by cervical dislocation on postnatal days 7, 14, and 21; the superior colliculi and lateral geniculate nuclei were excised. Tissue sections were prepared for histological studies using Haematoxylin and Eosin stains. Biochemical studies were performed on alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity levels. The histological and biochemical analyses of tissues were performed.
Results: Prenatal exposure to marijuana resulted in spontaneous abortion and affected neuronal morphology in the SC and LGN of the progeny. Furthermore, the levels of enzyme activities were altered following maternal exposure to MJN.
Conclusion: These data suggested that histological changes in the SC and LGN were associated with oxidative damage.
Marijuana, Superior colliculus, Lateral geniculate nucleus, Oxidative damage, Prenatal exposure
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1429-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1429-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
The Relationship Between Helmet Weight, Cognitive Performance, and Mental Workload
759
766
EN
Mojgan
Zoaktafi
Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
zoaktafi@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-9859-6417
Alireza
Choobineh
Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
alrchoobin@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-0866-0404
Matin
Rostami
Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
rostrami88@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-0787-3122
Reza
Kazemi
Department of Ergonomics, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
reza_kazemi2007@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0003-1361-7360
10.32598/bcn.2021.1773.1
Introduction: This study sought to examine the effects of helmet weight on cognitive performance and mental workload. Twenty participants were studied in 3 one-hour sessions.
Methods: The study participants were requested to read and work with computers under the following 3 conditions: wearing no helmets, wearing a helmet that weighed 800 g (A), and a helmet weighing 1500 g (B). “N-back” task and Continuous Performance Test (CPT) were employed to assess cognitive performance. At the same time, NASA-TLX and Thermal Comfort and Fatigue Perception Scale were used to evaluate mental workload and comfort. At the end of the intervention sessions, perceived mental workload, thermal comfort, and fatigue in the head were measured. Moreover, the research participants’ cognitive performance was gauged before and after the sessions.
Results: The present study findings revealed that helmet weight significantly impacted cognitive performance (P<0.001). However, no significant difference was detected in the participants’ mental workload before and after the intervention.
Conclusion: Helmet weight could affect cognitive performance. Therefore, in designing helmets, the helmet’s weight should be considered an essential factor.
Helmet, Cognition, Ergonomics, Workload, Mental fatigue
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1469-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1469-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
The Influence of Striatal Astrocyte Dysfunction on Locomotor Activity in Dopamine-depleted Rats
767
776
EN
Dmitry
Voronkov
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
voronkov@neurology.ru
Y
0000-0001-5222-5322
Alla
Stavrovskaya
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
alla_stav@mail.ru
N
0000-0002-8689-0934
Artyom
Olshanskiy
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
N
0000-0002-5696-8032
Anastasia
Guschina
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
N
0000-0003-3026-0279
Rudolf
Khudoerkov
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
N
0000-0002-6951-3918
Sergey
Illarioshkin
Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia.
N
0000-0002-2704-6282
10.32598/bcn.2021.1923.1
Introduction: Astrocyte dysfunction is the common pathology failing astrocyte-neuron interaction in neurological diseases, including Parkinson’s Disease (PD). The present study aimed to evaluate the impacts of astrocytic dysfunction caused by striatal injections of selective glial toxin L-Aminoadipic Acid (L-AA) on the rats’ locomotor activity in normal conditions and under alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine depletion of catecholamines synthesis.
Methods: Thirty-three male Wistar rats were used in the experiments. Intrastriatal L-AA injections (100 µg) were performed into the right striatum. Alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (a-MT, 100 mg/kg, inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase) was intraperitoneally injected for catecholamine depletion. The animals were divided into 5 groups, as follows: 1. L-AA treated (n=7), 2. L-AA+a-MT treated (n=5), 3. Sham-operated (n=7), 4. Sham+a-MT treated (n=5), 5. Intact control (n=9). For assessing motor function, open field and beam walking tests were used on the third day after the operation. Neuronal and astrocyte markers (glial fibrillary acidic protein, glutamine synthetase, tyrosine hydroxylase, & neuronal nuclear antigen) were examined in the striatum by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Administrating L-AA led to astrocytic degeneration in the striatum. No neuronal death and disruption of dopaminergic terminals were detected. L-AA and a-MT-treated animals’ distance traveled was significantly (P=0.047) shorter than the Sham-operated group injected with a-MT. In the walking beam test, the number of unilateral paw slippings was significantly (P<0.01) higher in the L-AA-treated group than Sham-operated animals. Administrating a-MT alone and L-AA did not change rats’ performance in walking beam tests.
Conclusion: Astrocyte ablation in dopamine depleted striatum resulted in reduced motor activity and asymmetrical gait disturbances. These findings demonstrated the role of astroglia in motor function regulation in the nigrostriatal system and suggest the possible association of glial dysfunction with motor dysfunction in PD.
Astrocyte, 2-Aminoadipic Acid, Alpha-methyltyrosine, Corpus striatum, Motor activity
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1551-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1551-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Minocycline Enhance the Restorative Ability of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells by the Upregulation of BDNF and GDNF Expression After Spinal Cord Injury
777
788
EN
Soheila
Pourkhodadad
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
s.porkhodadad@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0003-1550-0350
Shahrbanoo
Oryan
Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.
shahrbanoo_o@yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-5259-9156
Mohammad Mehdi
Hadipour
Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
mm_ hadipour_yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-7441-2292
Gholamreza
Kaka
Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
gh_kaka@yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-8599-6123
Seyed Homayoon
Sadraie
Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
sh_ sadraei@yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-6955-8035
10.32598/bcn.2021.1727.1
Introduction: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a global public health issue that results in extensive neuronal degeneration, axonal and myelin loss, and severe functional deficits. Neurotrophic factors are a potential treatment for reducing secondary damage, promoting axon growth; they are responsible for inducing myelination after injury. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells (OECs) and minocycline have promoted locomotor function after SCI. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of combined treatment with minocycline and OECs on spinal cord injury related to Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and Glial Derived Neurotrophic Factor (GDNF) expressions after SCI.
Methods: Adult female rats were used to experimental SCI by weight compression method. Rats received an intraperitoneal minocycline injection (90 mg/kg) immediately after SCI and 24 h after injury. OECs were transplanted one week after the injury. The hindlimb function was assessed using Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) locomotor rating scale and Electromyography (EMG). After 5 weeks, the spinal cord segment centered at the injury site was removed for histopathological analysis. Immunohistological and western blot assays were performed to observe the expression of NeuN, BDNF, GDNF, and Myelin Basic Protein (MBP).
Results: SCI induced the loss of locomotor function with decreased BDNF and GDNF expressions in the injury site. Minocycline+OECs increased the score of the BBB locomotor scale and increased spared tissue in the injury site. Immunohistochemical results suggested that NeuN expression significantly increased in the minocycline+OECs group than other groups. Moreover, electromyography amplitude in treated rats was increased compared to the control group. BDNF, GDNF, and MBP expressions and the number of ventral motor neurons increased further by minocycline+OECs in SCI rats.
Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that minocycline may facilitate recovery of locomotor function by OECs by increasing BDNF and GDNF expressions following SCI.
Olfactory ensheathing cells, Minocycline, Spinal cord injury, Myelin basic protein, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Glial derived neurotrophic factor, Electromyography
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1448-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1448-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Ischemic Postconditioning Attenuates Bilateral Renal Ischemia-induced Cognitive Impairments
789
804
EN
Mahshid
Tahamtan
Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Mahshidtahamtan@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-6299-6902
Abbas
Nazari
Department of Biology, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran.
abbasnazari83@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-0411-7041
Iraj
Aghaei
Neuroscience Research Center, Poursina Hospital, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
iraj_8383@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-9656-3654
Mohammad
Shabani
Neuroscience Research Center, Neuropharmacology Institute, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
shabanimoh@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0002-2082-5849
10.32598/bcn.2021.1941.1
Introduction: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a frequent complication of kidney failure with high mortality, leading to brain dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the possible protective effect of Ischemic Postconditioning (IPo) against brain dysfunction induced by Bilateral Renal Ischemia (BRI).
Methods: Male Wistar rats underwent BRI, sham, or IPo surgery 24h and 1w after reperfusion. The rats’ explorative behaviors and motor function were evaluated by an open field, rotarod, and wire grip tests. The cognitive function was assessed by passive avoidance learning and Morris water maze tests. Western blotting was performed to evaluate hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) expression.
Results: The impairment of balance function induced by BRI was not reversed; however, passive avoidance learning impairment was reversed by postconditioning 24h after reperfusion. IPo increased muscle strength compared to the BRI group; however, explorative behaviors and balance function had no difference 1w after reperfusion. BRI significantly decreased the BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus, and postconditioning increased 24h after reperfusion.
Conclusion: The obtained results demonstrated the deleterious effect of BRI on cognitive and balance function 24h after reperfusion. IPo indicated a curative effect against cognitive dysfunction probably by enhancing BDNF protein expression in the hippocampus.
Cognitive impairments, Acute kidney injury, Postconditioning, Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor, Bilateral renal ischemia
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1559-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1559-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Attenuates the Severity of Status Epilepticus in Kainic Acid-induced Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy by Targeting Apoptosis and Astrogliosis
805
816
EN
Sobhan
Haghani
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Sobhan461370@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-5993-0742
Nida
Jamali-Raeufy
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
jamali_nida@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0003-2416-0335
Motahareh
Zeinivand
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
N
0000-0002-0556-9525
Soraya
Mehrabi
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
0000-0001-8555-726X
Leila
Aryan
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
0000-0003-3795-0520
Javad
Fahanik-Babaei
Electrophysiology Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
N
0000-0001-6707-132X
10.32598/bcn.12.5.1944.1
Introduction: Although pharmacotherapy is the most common treatment for epilepsy, proper seizure control is not achieved with current medications. This study evaluated the protective effects of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF) in a rat model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) and explored possible molecular mechanisms.
Methods: A TLE rat model was determined using an intra-hippocampal kainic acid injection (4 μg). Intra-cerebrovascular injection of HGF (6 μg) was performed 30 min before kainic acid injection. Learning and memory impairment were investigated by behavioral tests. The Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent (ELISA) was used to determine astrogliosis and DNA fragmentation. Changes in neuronal density and mossy fiber sprouting were evaluated by Nissl and Timm staining, respectively.
Results: Behavioral assessments indicated that kainate-treated rats presented spontaneous seizures. Moreover, their alternation percentage scores in the Y-Maze test were lower (P<0.001). Likewise, the passive avoidance test confirmed learning disability in Kainate-treated rats (P<0.001). HGF administration reduced the number of spontaneous seizures, alternation percentage score (P<0.001), and cognitive disturbances (P<0.001). The histopathological results also showed that a protected HGF administration contributed to the reduction of neuronal loss in the CA3 subregion of the hippocampus and inhibited the formation of aberrant Mossy Fiber Sprouting (MFS) (P<0.01). Furthermore, the ELISA data indicated a significant decrease in GFAP (P<0.01) and DNA fragmentation (P<0.05) following HGF administration.
Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated the validity of HGF in protection against the progression of the kainate-induced TLE in rats. This measure improved learning, cognitive disturbances and inhibited apoptosis and astrogliosis.
Hepatocyte growth factor, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Astrogliosis, Apoptosis, Memory impairment
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1562-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1562-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Mental Arithmetic Task Recognition Using Effective Connectivity and Hierarchical Feature Selection From EEG Signals
817
826
EN
Arash
Maghsoudi
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
N
0000-0002-1883-0753
Ahmad
Shalbaf
Department of Biomedical Engineering and Medical Physics, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
shalbaf@sbmu.ac.ir
Y
0000-0002-1595-7281
10.32598/bcn.2021.2034.1
Introduction: Mental arithmetic analysis based on Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals can help understand disorders, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity, dyscalculia, or autism spectrum disorder where the difficulty in learning or understanding the arithmetic exists. Most mental arithmetic recognition systems rely on features of a single channel of EEG; however, the relationships between EEG channels in the form of effective brain connectivity analysis can contain valuable information. This study aims to find distinctive, effective brain connectivity features and create a hierarchical feature selection for effectively classifying mental arithmetic and baseline tasks.
Methods: We estimated effective connectivity using Directed Transfer Function (DTF), direct DTF (dDTF) and Generalized Partial Directed Coherence (GPDC) methods. These measures determine the causal relationship between different brain areas. A hierarchical feature subset selection method selects the most significant effective connectivity features. Initially, Kruskal–Wallis test was performed. Consequently, five feature selection algorithms, namely, Support Vector Machine (SVM) method based on Recursive Feature Elimination, Fisher score, mutual information, minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (RMR), and concave minimization and SVM are used to select the best discriminative features. Finally, the SVM method was used for classification.
Results: The obtained results indicated that the best EEG classification performance in 29 participants and 60 trials is obtained using GPDC and feature selection via concave minimization method in Beta2 (15-22Hz) frequency band with 89% accuracy.
Conclusion: This new hierarchical automated system could be helpful in the discrimination of mental arithmetic and baseline tasks from EEG signals effectively.
Electroencephalogram (EEG), Mental arithmetic, Effective connectivity, Feature selection
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1610-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1610-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Paired-pulse Inhibition and Disinhibition of the Dentate Gyrus Following Orexin Receptors Inactivation in the Basolateral Amygdala
827
836
EN
Esmaeil
Akbari
Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
akbari_esmaeil@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-4161-0000
Narges
Hosseinmardi
Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
nargeshosseinmardi@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-1349-3900
Motahareh
Rouhi Ardeshiri
Immunogenetics Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
s.rouhi89@gmail.com
Y
0000-0002-6049-3471
10.32598/bcn.12.6.1460.1
Introduction: The Basolateral Amygdala (BLA) substantially affects neuronal transmission and synaptic plasticity processes through the dentate gyrus. Orexin neuropeptides play different roles in the sleep/wakefulness cycle, feeding, learning, and memory. The present study aimed to investigate the function of the orexin receptors of the BLA in the hippocampal local interneuron circuits.
Methods: For this, the region’s paired-pulse responses from the Dentate Gyrus (DG) were recorded. Within the procedure, SB-334867-A (12μg/0.5μL) and TCS-OX2-29 (10μg/0.5μL (orexin 1 & 2 receptors antagonists, respectively), were administered into both sides of the BLA areas of the rat brain. Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) was used as the solvent in the control animals with a volume of 0.5μL.
Results: Our data indicated that the Paired-pulse (PP) responses were not affected by the inactivation of the orexin receptors of the BLA.
Conclusion: Due to not observing any significant changes in the short form of synaptic plasticity, after inactivation of the orexin system of the BLA, we hypothesize that the orexinergic fibers to the basolateral part of the amygdala influence the long-term synaptic efficacy; however, the primary processing of information in short-term plasticity model is not affected by the same system. The elementary processing of the data by the amygdala might happen through the action of other neurotransmitter systems.
Basolateral amygdala, Orexin receptors, Learning, Local circuits
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1303-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1303-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
The Development and Validation of a Scale for the Activities of Daily Living in Iranian Children
837
848
EN
Hossein
Soltaninejad
Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
soltaninejad56@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-4813-4924
Mehdi
Alizadeh Zarei
Department of Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
mehdii.alizadeh@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0002-2760-6657
Malahat
Akbarfahimi
Department of Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
fahresident@gmail.com
N
0000-0001-9966-3143
Akram
Azad
Department of Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation Research Center, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
azad.a@iums.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-7544-4878
Farzad
Rabiei
Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Rehabilitation, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
rabiei.farzad12@gmail.com
N
0000-0001-6945-2847
10.32598/bcn.2021.2732.1
Introduction: Activities of Daily Living (ADL), as an ultimate goal of rehabilitation, rely on cultural and environmental factors. This study aimed to develop a questionnaire based on the occupational therapy practice frame to accurately evaluate Iranian children’s occupational performance.
Methods: This scale was developed in two phases of planning and construction. The planning phase involved a literature review and a collection of the available evaluation tools in the area. The advice of two expert panels was used to develop a preliminary 87-item questionnaire. In the construction phase, 40 parents were surveyed to assess the popularity of the activities in Iran. After a face to content validation, the final version of the questionnaire was prepared with 93 items.
Results: The final 93-item questionnaire was used to assess the ADL of 3-6-year-old children. The 93 items, selected according to criteria found in the literature and the panel of experts, were categorized into six ranges of occupational therapy practice framework (bathing/washing/personal hygiene, toileting, dressing, eating/feeding, functional mobility, and others).
Conclusion: The ADL in Iranian children is a practical and culturally relevant tool for measuring the occupational performance of Iranian children. It can be used in clinical and population-based research.
Scale development, Activities of daily living, Children, Outcome measure
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1855-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1855-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
Comparing the Effects of Long-term Exposure to Extremely Low-frequency Electromagnetic Fields With Different Values on Learning, Memory, Anxiety, and β-amyloid Deposition in Adult Rats
849
860
EN
Nafiseh
Faraji
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
faraji114114@gmail.com
N
0000-0002-1894-4646
Iraj
Salehi
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
irsalehi@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-7996-013X
Akram
Alizadeh
Nervous System Stem Cells Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran.
alizadehbio@gmail.com
N
Arash
Pourgholaminejad
Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.
pourgholaminejad@gums.ac.ir
N
0000-0001-6786-3386
Alireza
Komaki
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
alirezakomaki@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-3865-9583
Masoumeh
Taheri Azandaryani
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Masoomehtahery@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-2719-5648
Reihaneh
Sadeghian
Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran.
N
0000-0002-0777-002X
Zoleikha
Golipoor
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
zoliekhagolipoor@gums.ac.ir
Y
0000-0001-9661-0636
10.32598/bcn.2021.1204.2
Introduction: Extremely Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (ELF-EMFs) have gathered significant consideration for their possible pathogenicity. However, their effects on the nervous system’s functions were not fully clarified. This study aimed to assay the impact of ELF-EMFs with different intensities on memory, anxiety, antioxidant activity, β-amyloid (Aβ) deposition, and microglia population in rats.
Methods: Fifty male adult rats were randomly separated into 5 groups; 4 were exposed to a flux density of 1, 100, 500, and 2000 microtesla (µT), 50 Hz frequency for one h/day for two months, and one group as a control group. The control group was without ELF-EMF stimulation. After 8 weeks, passive avoidance and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) tests were performed to assess memory formation and anxiety-like behavior, respectively. Total free thiol groups and the index of lipid peroxidation were evaluated. Additionally, for detection of Aβ deposition and stained microglia in the brain, anti-β-amyloid and anti-Iba1 antibodies were used.
Results: The step-through latency in the retention test in ELF-EMF exposure groups (100500 & 2000 µT) was significantly greater than the control group (P<0.05). Furthermore, the frequency of the entries into the open arms in ELF-EMF exposure groups (especially 2000 µT) decreased than the control group (P<0.05). No Aβ depositions were detected in the hippocampus of different groups. An increase in microglia numbers in the 100, 500, and 2000 µT groups was observed compared to the control and one µT group.
Conclusion: Exposure to ELF-EMF had an anxiogenic effect on rats, promoted memory, and induced oxidative stress. No Aβ depositions were detected in the brain. Moreover, the positive impact of ELF-EMF was observed on the microglia population in the brain.
Memory, Anxiety, Oxidative stress, β-amyloid, Microglial cell, Magnetic field
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1740-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1740-en.pdf
Iran University of Medical Sciences
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
2008-126X
2228-7442
12
6
2021
11
1
The Anti-nociceptive Effect of Ellagic Acid in Streptozotocin-induced Hyperglycemic Rats by Oxidative Stress Involvement
861
872
EN
Siamak
Shahidi
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Siamakshahidi@yahoo.com
N
0000-0001-8196-5223
Alireza
Komaki
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
Alirezakomaki@gmail.com
N
0000-0003-3865-9583
Safoura
Raoufi
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
safooraraufi@yahoo.com
Y
0000-0002-4278-550X
Iraj
Salehi
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
irsalehi@yahoo.com
N
0000-0002-7996-013X
Mohammad
Zarei
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
mmmzarei@yahoo.com
N
0000-0003-4034-3043
Mohamadreza
Mahdian
Neurophysiology Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran.
mohamadrezamahdian@yahoo.com
N
10.32598/bcn.2021.2413.1
Introduction: Hyperalgesia is among the current complications of diabetes mellitus; oxidative stress and inflammation were influential in its development. As an herbal component, Ellagic Acid (EA) has some biological activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was designed to evaluate the possible beneficial effect of EA on hypernociception in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced hyperglycemic rats.
Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into the control (receiving vehicle), hyperglycemic, EA (25 mg/kg)-treated control, EA (50 mg/kg)-treated control, EA (25 mg/kg)-treated hyperglycemic, and EA (50 mg/kg)-treated hyperglycemic groups. Hyperglycemia was induced by a single Intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (60 mg/Kg). EA was administered daily by oral gavage for four weeks. The nociceptive response was assessed using Tail-Flick (TF) and Hot-Plate (HP) tests. Also, oxidative stress markers, including Malondialdehyde (MDA), Total Oxidant Status (TOS), and Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC) in the serum, were evaluated.
Results: Hyperglycemic animals were found with significant changes, including a reduction in TF and HP latencies, an elevation in serum MDA level and TOS, and a decrease in serum TAC compared with controls. The treatment of hyperglycemic rats with EA facilitated the reduction of TF latency at the dose of 25 mg/kg and HP latency at 50 mg/kg. Furthermore, EA significantly increased TAC and decreased MDA level at a 50 mg/kg dose and reduced TOS at both doses in the serum of hyperglycemic animals. No significant alterations were found in the parameters studied in EA-treated normal rats.
Conclusion: These results displayed the antinociceptive effect of EA in hyperglycemic rats via attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, EA appears to be a promising agent for managing. Hyperglycemic hypernociception.
Diabetes mellitus, Ellagic acid, Hyperalgesia, Rat, Oxidative stress
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.html
http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1709-en.pdf