OTHERS_CITABLE Cardiovascular Effect of Cuneiform Nucleus During Hemorrhagic Hypotension Introduction: The underlying mechanism responsible for the cardiovascular response to hemorrhage (HEM) is still unknown; however, several brain areas, such as the cuneiform nucleus (CnF) have shown to be involved. In this study, the cardiovascular effect of the CnF during HEM was evaluated. Methods: The animals were divided into the following groups: 1. Vehicle; 2. HEM; 3. Cobalt chloride (CoCl2); 4. CoCl2+saline; and 5. CoCl2+HEM. Catheterization of the left and right femoral artery was performed to record blood pressure and blood withdrawal, respectively. Saline and CoCl2 were microinjected into the CnF nucleus, and then blood withdrawal was done for HEM induction. Cardiovascular regulation throughout the experiments was recorded and changes (∆) in the Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP) and Heart Rate (HR) were calculated over time and compared with those treated with saline and HEM, using repeated-measures ANOVA.  Results: HEM significantly reduced ∆SBP and ∆MAP and augmented ∆HR than the vehicle group. CoCl2 did not significantly affect basic ∆SBP, ∆MAP, and ∆HR compared with the vehicle group. However, injection of CoCl2 into the CnF before HEM (CoCl2+HEM group) significantly decreased ∆SBP, ∆MAP, and tachycardia, induced by HEM.  Conclusion: Our results indicated that blockade of the CnF by CoCl2 significantly reduced the hypotension and tachycardia, induced by HEM indicating the involvement of CnF in cardiovascular regulation during HEM.  http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1304-en.pdf 2020-05-01 251 260 10.32598/bcn.11.2.84.4 Hemorrhage Cobalt chloride Cuneiform nucleus Midbrain Reticular formation Heart Rate Blood pressure Reza Mohebbati mohebbatir931@mums.ac.ir 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1645-7094 Mahmoud Hosseini hoseinim@mums.ac.ir 2 Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6425-5123 Majid Khazaei khazaeim@mums.ac.ir 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3150-5883 Mohammad Naser Shafei shafeimn@mums.ac.ir 4 Neurogenic Inflammation Research Centre, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5148-9895
OTHERS_CITABLE Intra-cerebroventricular Administration of Crocin Attenuates Sleep Deprivation-induced Hyperalgesia in Rats Introduction: Sleep deprivation can cause hyperalgesia and interfere with analgesic treatments. The aim of the present study was to establish an obligatory sleep-abstinence model and also evaluate the effects of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of crocin on pain perception in Wistar rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 35 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=7). The intra-ventricular cannulation was done for all rats before sleep deprivation. Sleep deprivation was performed by placing animals on a chamber equipped with an automatic animated conveyor (5 s with an interval of 3 min) for 72 h. Subsequently, the sleep-deprived animals received ICV injection of saline (MOD), Morphine 10 µg (MOR), Crocin 10 ug (Cr10), and Crocin40 µg (Cr40) using a microsyringe. Besides, a non-sleep-deprived group was allocated as a Control Group (NC) and only received an ICV injection of saline. Fifteen minutes after the ICV injections, pain perception was evaluated by the hot plate test (54±0.4◦C).  Results: Compared with the NC group, latency significantly decreased in the MOD group (6.28±0.48 vs. 4.28± 0.48, p<0.0001). In comparison with the MOD group, both morphine (8.42±1.53) and crocin (7.60±1.45 for Cr10 and 8.14±0.89 for Cr40) could significantly increase latency in the sleep-deprived animals (p<0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the Cr10 and Cr40 (p=0.42), Cr10, and MOR (p=0.059) and Cr40 with MOR (p=0.86) groups. Conclusion: Our results indicated that crocin could attenuate hyperalgesia induced by sleep deprivation in rats.  http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1210-en.pdf 2020-07-14 261 268 10.32598/bcn.11.2.144.3 Secondary insomnia Pain Crocin Analgesic Faezeh Rezaei f.rezaei2088@gmail.com 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4618-2255 Mohammad Reza Saebipour saebipour@gmail.com 2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1752-6442 Kazem Ghaemi kazemghaemi@yahoo.com 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3083-0123 Mohammad Mehdi Hassanzadeh-Taheri mmhtahery35@gmail.com 4 Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/00-0002-9193-0056 Mohsen Foadoddini foadmohsen@yahoo.com 5 Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9498-085X Mehran Hosseini mehranhosseiny@yahoo.co.in 6 Department of Anatomy, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6793-2035
OTHERS_CITABLE Behavioral Changes in Combination Therapy of Ethanol and Modafinil on rats Focal Cerebral Ischemia Introduction: Ethanol is considered as an effective agent in reducing brain stroke injury. In this study, we assessed the effects of modafinil along with ethanol as a combination therapy on behavioral function in Wistar rats. Methods: The right Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) was performed and the rats were divided into nine groups (n=8 per group). The animal groups in this study were as follows: 1. MCAO control group (ischemia without treatment); 2. vehicle group; 3. modafinil group that was randomly subdivided into three groups receiving different doses of modafinil (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before MCAO; 4. ethanol group receiving 1.5 g/kg ethanol at the time of reperfusion; 5. modafinil + ethanol group that was further subdivided into three groups receiving modafinil at different doses (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) for 7 days before MCAO and ethanol at the time of reperfusion. The motor behavior was measured using the Garcia test 24, 48, and 72 h after the ischemia, and the elevated body swing test was performed 48 and 72 h after the ischemia. The anxiety and locomotor activity were analyzed by open field test 48 and 72 h post-ischemia. Results: The results showed that the neurological deficit score, locomotor activity, and unexpected thigmotaxis (anxiety) in the ethanol, modafinil (in a dose-dependent manner), and ethanol+modafinil treatment groups were significantly higher than the MCAO control group.  Conclusion: It seems that the combination therapy of modafinil (100 mg/kg) and ethanol (1.5 g/kg) significantly enhanced neuroprotection via an improvement in locomotor activity and neurological functions. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1336-en.pdf 2020-05-01 269 278 10.32598/bcn.11.3.269 Middle cerebral artery Ethanol Neuroprotection Locomotion Anxiety Yusef Abbasi yusef6542@gmail.com 1 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8197-6336 Kazem Mousavizadeh mousavik@gmail.com 2 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9695-2337 Ronak Shabani shabani.r@iums.ac.ir 3 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3075-6071 Majid Katebi majid.katebi@gmail.com 4 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-9941 Mehdi Mehdizadeh mehdizadeh.m@iums.ac.ir 5 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. & Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9268-7318
OTHERS_CITABLE Changes in Cognitive Functions Following Violent and Football Video Games in Young Male Volunteers by Studying Brain Waves Introduction: This research investigated the effects of violent and football video games on cognitive functions, cortisol levels, and brain waves. Methods: A total of 64 participants competed in a single-elimination tournament. Saliva samples of all players were obtained before and after the games for the assessment of cortisol levels. The cognitive performances of the players were also assessed by paced auditory serial addition test. Moreover, the electroencephalogram recording was conducted during the games.  Results: The results showed that salivary cortisol levels significantly decreased after playing both games. Also, playing the football game increased reaction time, whereas decreased sustained attention and mental fatigue.  Conclusion: Conversely, following playing a violent game, the reaction time decreased, and sustained attention and mental fatigue increased. Furthermore, the results of the EEG recording revealed that playing a violent game engaged more brain regions than the football game. In conclusion, playing violent game more effectively improved cognitive performances in the players than the football game. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1287-en.pdf 2020-05-01 279 288 10.32598/bcn.9.10.335 Cognitive Cortisol PASAT Football game EEG Violent game Hamed Aliyari hamedaliyary@gmail.com 1 Faculty of Electrical, Biomedical and Mechatronics Engineering, Qazvin Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qazvin, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4559-8961 Hedayat Sahraei hsahraei1343@gmail.com 2 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9235-0013 Marjan Erfani erfan1983@gmail.com 3 Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1649-256X Mohammad Mohammadi m.mohammadi5@ut.ac.ir 4 Human Motion Control and Computational Neuroscience Laboratory, School of ECE, College of Engineering, University of Tehran,Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0688-3759 Masoomeh Kazemi mkazemih@yahoo.com 5 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4781-1444 Mohammad Reza Daliri daliri@iust.ac.ir 6 Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9241-8751 Behrouz Minaei-Bidgol bminaei@gmail.com 7 School of Computer Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4581-3879 Hassan Agaei sayyedagha313@gmail.com 8 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/000-0003-1933-007X Mohammad Sahraei sahraei@bmsu.ac.ir 9 Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9391-7058 Seyed Mohammad Ali Seyed Hosseini mohammad@direc.ir 10 Department of Social Sciences, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/000-0001-7214-7675 Elaheh Tekieh elahehtekieh@yahoo.com 11 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7968-5991 Maryam Salehi maryamsaleh60@gmail.com 12 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/000-0002-8940-7207 Fereshteh Farajdokht ffarajdokh@yahoo.com 13 Department of Physiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5349-6028
OTHERS_CITABLE Protective Effect of Curcumin on Hippocampal and Behavior Changes in Rats Exposed to Fluoride During Pre- and Post-natal Period Introduction: Curcumin, a yellow-pigment, found in the popular Indian spice turmeric (Curcuma longa), poses pharmaceutical applications due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and chemoprotective properties. Excessive fluoride causes fluorosis leading to neurodegeneration and associated behavioral deficits, particularly in children. This study aimed at investigating the neuroprotective ability of curcumin on sodium fluoride (NaF)-related alterations of acetylcholine, catecholamines, histological changes in hippocampus and behavior of rats exposed to NaF during pre- and post-natal period.  Methods: Pregnant albino Wistar rats were chosen and divided into four groups. The experimental period lasted 53 days (i.e. the gestational period of 23 days and post-gestational period of 30 days), at which the control group received normal tap water, the experimental group received NaF (20 ppm/kg bw) through drinking water, and the protective groups received curcumin (10 mg and 20mg/kg bw) by gavage and NaF (20 ppm/kg bw) through drinking water. Behavioral study (open field test) was done using postnatal pups aged 21 and 30 days. The brains of postnatal pups aged 1, 7, 14, 21, and 30 days were collected and used for biochemical analysis and those of pups aged 14, 21, and 30 days were used for histopathological analysis.  Results: NaF-exposed rats showed a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight, brain weight, and behavioral activities, which were significantly reversed with curcumin treatment. The levels of epinephrine significantly (p<0.05) increased, whereas norepinephrine, dopamine and acetylcholine levels declined in NaF-treated group compared with the control group, which were significantly (p<0.05) reversed after treatment by curcumin (10 mg/kg bw and 20 mg/kg bw) along with NaF. The histological alterations, including shrinkage of neurons and nissal substances were observed in the hippocampus of NaF-treated pups that the control pups, whereas co-treatment with curcumin and NaF showed ameliorative effects and controlled the histological alterations. Conclusion: The results showed the neuroprotective effect of curcumin on behavior, neurotransmitter levels, and histological changes in the hippocampus against NaF-induced neurotoxicity in developing rat pups. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1002-en.pdf 2020-05-01 289 300 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1189.1 Curcumin Sodium fluoride Neurotransmitters Hippocampus Behavior Nagapuri Kiran Kumar pratapkreddyou@gmail.com 1 Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6834-6460 Mesram Nageshwar nagapurikiran40@gmail.com 2 Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/000-0003-0493-0742 Karnati Pratap Reddy pratapkreddyou@gmail.com 3 Department of Zoology, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0086-6210
OTHERS_CITABLE Direct and Indirect Timing Functions in Unilateral Hemispheric Lesion Introduction: The neural substrates of temporal processing are not still fully known. The majority of interval timing studies have dealt with this subject in the context of “Explicit timing” (computing the time intervals explicitly). The hypothesis “Implicit timing” (implicitly using temporal processing to improve function) has also proposed. This lesion study addressed explicit and implicit timing paradigms simultaneously using identical experimental tasks. Methods: In this case-control study, 15 patients with Right Hemisphere Damage (RHD) and 15 patients with Left Hemisphere Damage (LHD) and 15 age-matched normal subjects were included. Participants performed a temporal reproduction task (assessing explicit timing) and a temporal prediction task (assessing implicit timing) in two sub- and supra-second intervals. Results: Our results showed that RHD can lead to significantly lower accuracy in the temporal reproduction task in sub-second (p=0.005) and supra-second (p=0.001) intervals, compared with the normal subjects. Also, LHD led to perturbation in temporal prediction task by an increase in reaction time (lower accuracy) in sub- (p=0.011) and supra-second (p=0.006) time intervals than the normal subjects.  Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggested that there is a right hemispheric bias in the neural substrate of explicit timing, in both sub- and supra-second intervals. Furthermore, for the first time in a lesion study, we showed the evidence of left-hemispheric bias in neural substrates of implicit timing. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1125-en.pdf 2020-05-01 301 312 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1324.2 Lesion study Interval timing Explicit timing Implicit timing Ali Hosseini 1 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, Universiteitsplein, Antwerp, Belgium. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6839-0410 Sajjad Rezaei 2 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran. AUTHOR Alia Saberi alia.saberi.1@gmail.com 3 eurosciences Research Center, Neurology Department, Pouursina Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7842-7328
OTHERS_CITABLE The Relationship Between Antioxidants and Inflammation in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Introduction: Recent studies have identified Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) as an inflammatory condition associated with immunological and oxidative responses. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these processes in these patients. The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between the dietary intake of antioxidants, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) activity, and the serum levels of inflammatory factors in ADHD students. Methods: This retrospective case-control study was conducted on 64 ADHD children aged 6 - 13 years. The demographic questionnaire, Food Frequency Questionnaire, and Baecke Physical Activity Questionnaire were used for data collection. SOD activity and the serum level of inflammatory factors (homocysteine, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP)) were measured in all patients. According to the CRP values, 32 patients were included in the case group (CRP≥1 mg/L) and 32 patients in the control group (0≤CRP<1 mg/L). Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in age, sex, weight, height, and body mass index. In the case group, the mean SOD activity (P=0.034), the physical activity (P=0.04), zinc intake (P=0.02), and homocysteine levels were higher than the control group (P=0.001). Of all studied variables, the best predictors were homocysteine (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.082-1.670, P=0.029) and physical activity (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.761-0.952, P=0.022) respectively, whereas other variables were not significant predictors. Conclusion: The present study showed that the level of inflammatory factors in the case group was significantly higher than the control group. Homocysteine and physical activity can predict the inflammation status induced by CRP. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1335-en.pdf 2020-05-01 313 322 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1489.1 Antioxidants Inflammation C-Reactive protein Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity Child Iman Namjoo inamjoo91@gmail.com 1 Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1889-2866 Amirmansour Alavi Naeini am.alavi@nutr.mui.ac.ir 2 Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-9795 Mostafa Najafi najafimostafa@med.mui.ac.ir 3 Department of Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1297-8746 Mohammad Reza Aghaye Ghazvini mr-ghazvini@farabi.tums.ac.ir 4 Isfahan Center of Health Research, National Institute of Health Research, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8841-3912 Akbar Hasanzadeh hassanzadeh@hlth.mui.ac.ir 5 Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4555-0992
OTHERS_CITABLE Hydroalcoholic Extract of Anchusa Italica Protects Global Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Via a Nitrergic Mechanism Introduction: In stroke models, Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) expression initiates cellular toxicity due to excessive Nitric Oxide (NO) generation. Anchusa italica is a medicinal herb with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This study evaluated the antioxidant activity and NOS mRNA expression of the Hydroalcoholic Extract Of Anchusa Italica (HEAI) in an experimental stroke model in rats.  Methods: The stroke model was induced by bilateral occlusion of both common carotid arteries for 60 min. Twenty-four hours after surgery, HEAI (50 and 100 mg/kg i.p.) was injected daily for 10 consecutive days. mRNA expression levels of NOS subtypes and hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) were studied using real-time PCR. Besides, hippocampal tissue plus serum concentrations of NO and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Results: HEAI decreased MDA in both serum and hippocampal tissue and also reduced serum NO levels. Additionally, in the HEAI-treated groups, a down-regulation of iNOS mRNA expression, and an up-regulation of BDNF mRNA expression were observed. Conclusion: The results indicated that the administration of HEAI even after the onset of ischemia protects the brain from free radical injury and inflammation via a down-regulation of iNOS expression inhibiting NO production and an up-regulation of BDNF mRNA. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1425-en.pdf 2020-05-01 323 332 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1665.2 Anchusa italica Ischemia-reperfusion Nitric oxide Stroke Samira Asgharzade Samira@yahoo.com 1 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5603-4280 Robert D. E. Sewell Sewell@gmail.com 2 Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3NB. Wales, U.K. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1702-5100 Zahra Rabiei zRabiei@gmail.com 3 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. AUTHOR Fatemeh Forouzanfar forouzanfarff@gmail.com 4 Neuroscience Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0023-6470 Sedigheh Kazemi Sheikhshabani Kazemis@gmail.com 5 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1026-0370 Mahmoud Rafieian-Kopaei rafieian@yahoo.com 6 Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-5823
OTHERS_CITABLE Low-frequency Stimulation Decreases Hyperexcitability Through Adenosine A1 Receptors in the Hippocampus of Kindled Rats Introduction: In this study, the role of A1 adenosine receptors in improving the effect of Low-Frequency Electrical Stimulation (LFS) on seizure-induced hyperexcitability of hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons was investigated. Methods: A semi-rapid hippocampal kindling model was used to induce seizures in male Wistar rats. Examination of the electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus using whole-cell patch-clamp recording 48 h after the last kindling stimulation revealed that the application of LFS as two packages of stimulations at a time interval of 6 h for two consecutive days could significantly restore the excitability CA1 pyramidal neurons evidenced by a decreased in the of the number of evoked action potentials and enhancement of amplitude, maximum rise slope and decay slope of the first evoked action potential, rheobase, utilization time, adaptation index, first-spike latency, and post-AHP amplitude. Selective locked of A1 receptors by the administration of 8-Cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (1 μM, 1 μl, i.c.v.) before applying each LFS package, significantly reduced LFS effectiveness in recovering these parameters.  Results: On the other hand, selective activation of A1 receptors by an injection of N6-cyclohexyladenosine (10 μM, 1 μl, i.c.v.), instead of LFS application, could imitate LFS function in improving these parameters.  Conclusion: It is suggested that LFS exerts its efficacy on reducing the neuronal excitability, partially by activating the adenosine system and activating its A1 receptors. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1435-en.pdf 2020-05-01 333 348 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1713.1 Seizure Kindling Low-frequency stimulation Electrophysiological Properties Adenosine A1 Receptors Amir Shojaee amshoja@gmail.com 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2510-3255 Parvin Zareian zareianj2011@yahoo.com 2 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/000-0001-5952-507X Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh mirnajaf@modares.ac.ir 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3946-9052
OTHERS_CITABLE The Association Between Circulating Klotho and Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Activity and Inflammatory Cytokines in Elderly Patients With Alzheimer Disease Introduction: Klotho and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP4) are two proteins that modulate inflammatory pathways. We investigated the association between circulating klotho and DPP4 activity and their relationship with inflammatory cytokines, miR-29a, and miR-195 in Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: This study was conducted on 16 AD patients and 16 healthy age-matched controls. Plasma levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β, interleukin-6 (IL-6), klotho, and DPP4 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Plasma expression of miR-29a and miR-195 were also measured and compared by a real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was a significant increase in TNF-α (p=0.006), IL-1β (p=0.012), and IL-6 (p=0.012) levels in the AD subjects compared with controls. Also, we found a decrease in plasma levels of klotho and an increase in plasma levels of DPP4 in the AD group that was not significant compared with the controls. Lower expression of miR-29a (P=0.009) and higher expression of miR-195 (P=0.003) were observed in the AD group that was significant than controls. Further analysis showed a negative correlation between klotho and plasma levels of IL-6 (r=-0.58, p=0.01). Also, there was a positive correlation between plasma DPP4 activity and TNF-α levels (r=0.50, P=0.04) and IL-1β (r=0.62, P=0.01). Likewise, plasma klotho concentration showed a negative correlation with the age of AD subjects (r=-0.56, P=0.02). Conclusion: TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 are involved in AD pathophysiology, and dysregulation of DPP4 and klotho may be associated with the inflammatory response of AD. Down-regulation of miR-29a and up-regulation of miR‑195 indicated the role of miRNAs in the AD process. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1459-en.pdf 2020-07-14 349 358 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1747.1 Alzheimer Disease (AD) Klotho Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inflammatory cytokines MicroRNAs Mohsen Sedighi sedighi.mo@tak.iums.ac.ir 1 Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0608-7840 Tourandokht Baluchnejadmojarad tmojarad@yahoo.com 2 Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2703-728X Soudabeh Fallah s.fallah@iums.ac.ir 3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7377-6577 Nariman Moradi nariman8463@yahoo.com 4 Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7760-4804 Siamak Afshin-Majd safshinmajd@yahoo.com 5 Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3530-4632 Mehrdad Roghani mehjour@yahoo.com 6 Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9209-8484
OTHERS_CITABLE Discrimination of ADHD Subtypes Using Decision Tree on Behavioral, Neuropsychological, and Neural Markers Introduction: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a well-known neurodevelopmental disorder. Diagnosis and treatment of ADHD can often lead to a developmental trajectory toward positive results. The present study aimed at implementing the decision tree method to recognize children with and without ADHD, as well as ADHD subtypes.  Methods: In the present study, the subjects included 61 children with ADHD (subdivided into ADHD-I (n=25), ADHD-H (n=14), and ADHD-C (n=22) groups) and 43 typically developing controls matched by IQ and age. The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Integrated Visual And Auditory (IVA) test, and quantitative EEG during eyes-closed resting-state were utilized to evaluate the level of behavioral, neuropsychology, and electrophysiology markers using a decision tree algorithm, respectively. Results: Based on the results, excellent classification accuracy (100%) was obtained to discriminate children with ADHD from the control group. Also, the ADHD subtypes, including combined, inattention, and hyperactive/impulsive subtypes were recognized from others with an accuracy of 80.41%, 84.17%, and 71.46%, respectively.  Conclusion: Our results showed that children with ADHD can be recognized from the healthy controls based on the neuropsychological data (sensory-motor parameters of IVA). Also, subtypes of ADHD can be distinguished from each other using behavioral, neuropsychiatric and electrophysiological parameters. The findings suggested that the decision tree method may present an efficient and accurate diagnostic tool for the clinicians. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1509-en.pdf 2020-05-01 359 368 10.32598/bcn.9.10.115 ADHD subtypes Behavior Neuropsychology Electrophysiology Decision tree Mohammad Rostami psy.rostami@gmail.com 1 Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1050-5515 Sajjad Farashi sajjad_farashi@yahoo.com 2 Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5082-6391 Reza Khosrowabadi r_khosroabadi@sbu.ac.ir 3 Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6282-9389 Hamidreza Pouretemad r_khosroabadi@sbu.ac.ir 4 Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Anticonvulsant Effect of Alcea aucheri on Pentylenetetrazole and Maximal Electroshock Seizures in Mice Introduction: This study was designed to investigate the possible anticonvulsant effect of acute administration of an aqueous extract of flowers of Alcea aucheri (EFA) in two in vivo seizure models. Methods: Seizures were induced in male adult Swiss mice by administration of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) or Maximal Electroshock (MES). Mice were randomly subjected to receive saline, EFA (8.75-175 mg.kg-1), or diazepam intraperitoneally (i.p.) 15 or 30 min before PTZ injection. In another experiment, mice were treated (i.p.) with saline, EFA (8.75-350 mg.kg-1), or phenytoin 15 or 30 min before the MES test. Diazepam and phenytoin were used as reference drugs. Results: EFA (175 mg.kg-1) significantly increased the PTZ-induced seizure threshold compared with the saline control group 15 min after its administration. In the MES test, the extract (35 mg.kg-1) increased the latency to onset of tonic Hind Limb Extension (HLE) (seizure activity) compared with the saline group 15 min after treatment. Also, 30 min after treatment, EFA (35, 70, and 175 mg.kg-1) increased the latency to onset of the seizure, decreased the duration of the seizure (70 mg.kg-1), and decreased seizure occurrence (350 mg.kg-1) compared with those of the saline group. At both time points, the extract at all doses significantly reduced the mortality rate compared with the saline group. Conclusion: These findings provide evidence of a possible anticonvulsant effect of A. aucheri in PTZ and MES seizure models in mice http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1605-en.pdf 2020-05-01 369 378 10.32598/bcn.11.2.2064.1 Alcea aucheri Pentylenetetrazole Seizure threshold Maximal electroshock seizure Mice Tajmah Mombeini mombeini@shahed.ac.ir 1 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6590-7533 Babak Asadpour Behzadi Babak.asadpour@sbmu.ac.ir 2 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7486-3990 Ramtin Ejtemaei Rantin.ir.edjtamaee@gmail.com 3 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2644-4382 Freidoun Tahmasbi frdnpilote@yahoo.com 4 School of Paramedics, Tehran Medical Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2751-4912 Mohammad Kamalinejad mkamalinejad@yahoo.com 5 School of Pharmacy, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5946-4913 Ahmad Reza Dehpour dehpoura@Sina.tums.ac.ir 6 Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8001-5565
OTHERS_CITABLE Stroke in MELAS is a Vasogenic Edema and not Ischemic We read with interest the article by Almasi et al. on a 48 years old female patient with Mitochondrial Encephalomyopathy, Lactic Acidosis, And Stroke-like episodes (MELAS), diagnosed based on the clinical presentation, blood test results, and imaging and muscle biopsy findings . We have the following comments and concerns. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1084-en.pdf 2020-07-14 379 380 10.32598/bcn.11.2.1271.1 Josef Finsterer fifigs1@yahoo.de 1 Neurological Department, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftung, Messerli Institute, Vienna, Austria. AUTHOR https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2839-7305 Sinda Zarrouk-Mahjoub sinda.z.m@gmail.com 2 University of Tunis El Manar and Genomics Platform, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia. AUTHOR