OTHERS_CITABLE Editorial: New Generation of Psychotherapies Inspired by Cognitive Neuroscience Development: Emergence of Neurocognitive Therapies http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-789-en.pdf 2016-07-01 179 184 10.15412/J.BCN.03070301 Psychotherapies Borzooyeh Naji 1 Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hamed Ekhtiari h_ekhtiari@razi.tums.ac.ir 2 Neurocognitive Laboratory, Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Letter to Editor: Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Deep Brain Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Movement Disorders http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-676-en.pdf 2016-07-01 185 186 10.15412/J.BCN.03070302 Neuropsychiatric Seyed Kazem Malakouti Malakouti.K@IUMS.ac.ir 1 Tehran Psychiatric Institute, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Reza Mahdavi Reza.Mahdavi@gmail.com 2 Tehran Psychiatric Institute, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Borzooyeh Naji naji.b@iums.ac.ir 3 Tehran Psychiatric Institute, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mina Asadi Drasadi@yahoo.com 4 Tehran Psychiatric Institute, School of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Shamsoddin Kahani sh.kahani@yahoo.com 5 Department of Psychiatry, Rasoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Review Paper: A Review on Brain Stimulation Using Low Intensity Focused Ultrasound Brain stimulation techniques are important in both basic and clinical studies. Majority of well-known brain stimulating techniques have low spatial resolution or entail invasive processes. Low intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU) seems to be a proper candidate for dealing with such deficiencies. This review recapitulates studies which explored the effects of LIFU on brain structures and its function, in both research and clinical areas. Although the mechanism of LIFU action is still unclear, its different effects from molecular level up to behavioral level can be explored in animal and human brain. It can also be coupled with brain imaging assessments in future research. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-489-en.pdf 2016-07-01 187 194 10.15412/J.BCN.03070303 Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) Non invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) Neuromodulation Neuroimaging Ehsan Rezayat erezayat.er@gmail.com 1 Ultrasound Brain Stimulation Lab, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Iman Ghodrati Toostani iman.ghodrati@gmail.com 2 Interunidades Bioengenharia (EESC/FMRP/IQSC), Neurocognitive Engineering Lab, Universidade de São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Papaver Rhoeas L. Hydroalcoholic Extract Exacerbates Forced Swimming Test-Induced Depression in Mice Introduction: Depression is one of the most frequent psychiatric disorders in the world with occurs with higher incidence in women. In the present study, the effect of water-alcoholic extract of Papaver rhoeas L. on forced swimming test (FST) in Swiss-Webster mice were examined. Methods: We used Swiss-Webster mice (20-25 g) to execute FST on them. The plant extract (1, 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg) was injected to the animals 30 minutes before each session. Fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) was used as standard antidepressant drug. In another group of animals, 30 minutes after extract administration, blood samples were taken from retro-orbital sinus for corticosterone assay. Yet in third group, the drugs were injected to the animals and 30 minutes later, their activities were tested in an open field apparatus. Results: Our experiments showed that the extract efficiently reduced FST time both in male and female mice dose-dependently. This effect was comparable with fluoxetine. In addition, corticosterone assay indicated that plasma corticosterone in animals which received extract was higher than those amounts in fluoxetine and saline controls. Moreover, the animals did not show any motor activity deficit in all doses of the extract and fluoxetine compared to saline control. Conclusion: The extract of Papaver rhoeas can reduce immobility time which is comparable to the effect of fluoxetine. Also the effect of the extract is contrary to its effects on plasma corticosterone level and or animals’ activity. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-299-en.pdf 2016-07-01 195 202 10.15412/J.BCN.03070304 Papaver rhoeas Fluoxetine Corticosterone Locomotion Stress Naser Osanloo 1 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Akram Najafi-Abedi 2 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Fatemeh Jafari 3 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Farshid Javid 4 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohsen Pirpiran 5 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad-Reza Memar-Jafari 6 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Ali Mousavi-Khosravi 7 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Rahimzadeh-Behzadi 8 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mina Ranjbaran minaranjbaran@rocketmail.com 9 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Hedayat Sahraei hsahraei1343@gmail.com 10 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Age-Related Differences in Neuropathic Pain Behavior and Spinal Microglial Activity after L5 Spinal Nerve Ligation in Male Rats Introduction: Several studies have reported the involvement of age-related changes in the development of neuropathic pain behaviors. However, limited data are available on the role of age in establishing and maintaining chronic neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury. Methods: In the present study, we examined age-related neuropathic behavior among rats in 4 age groups: pups (4 weeks old; weight, 60–80 g), juvenile rats (6 weeks old; weight, 120–140 g), and mature rats (10–12 weeks old; weight, 200–250 g). Because the exact contribution of spinal microglia and its association with the development of neuropathic pain remains unknown, we also evaluated the expression of spinal Iba1, a microglial marker, by using western blotting before and 5 days after spinal nerve ligation (SNL) as well as after the daily IP administration of minocycline (30 mg/kg). Results: Our results showed that SNL-induced mechanical allodynia but not thermal hyperalgesia in mature rats but not in pups (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The expression of spinal Iba1 in the juvenile rats was significantly lower than that in pups and mature rats (P<0.01). Moreover, administration of minocycline decreased the expression of spinal Iba1 in the pup rats more than in juvenile rats (P<0.001) and in the juvenile rats more than in the mature rats (P<0.05). Conclusion: These data suggest that the development of neuropathic behaviors and microglial activation after SNL could be age dependent. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-581-en.pdf 2016-07-01 203 212 10.15412/J.BCN.03070305 Age- related Hyperalgesia Allodynia Iba1 Hossien Zeinali hzeinali53@gmail.com 1 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Homa Manaheji manahejih@sbmu.ac.ir 2 Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Jalal Zaringhalam Jzaringhalam@yahoo.com 3 Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Zahra Bahari bahari_441@yahoo.com 4 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Samad Nazemi samadnazami@gmail.com 5 Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. AUTHOR Mehdi Sadeghi sadeghi_mehdi@yahoo.com 6 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Boushehr University of Medical Sciences, Boushehr, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Effects of Dimethyl Sulfoxide on Neuronal Response Characteristics in Deep Layers of Rat Barrel Cortex Introduction: Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a chemical often used as a solvent for waterinsoluble drugs. In this study, we evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of DMSO on neural response characteristics (in 1200–1500 μm depth) of the rat barrel cortex. Methods: DMSO solution was prepared in 10% v/v concentration and injected into the lateral ventricle of rats. Neuronal spontaneous activity and neuronal responses to deflection of the principal whisker (PW) and adjacent whisker (AW) were recorded in barrel cortex. A condition test ratio (CTR) was used to measure inhibitory receptive fields in barrel cortex. Results: The results showed that both PW and AW evoked ON and OFF responses, neuronal spontaneous activity and inhibitory receptive fields did not change following ICV administration of DMSO. Conclusion: Results of this study suggest that acute ICV administration of 10% DMSO did not modulate the electrophysiological characteristics of neurons in the l deep ayers of rat barrel cortex. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-644-en.pdf 2016-07-01 213 220 10.15412/J.BCN.03070306 DMSO Electrophysiology Somatosensory cortex Rats Narjes Soltani hasti_javan@yahoo.com 1 Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. AUTHOR Elham Mohammadi emohammadi91@gmail.com 2 Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Allahtavakoli mohammadatir@yahoo.com 3 Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Shamsizadeh alishamsy@gmail.com 4 Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Roohbakhsh aroohbakhsh@yahoo.com 5 Pharmaceutical Research Center, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR Abbas Haghparast haghparast@yahoo.com 6 Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Neural Correlates of Craving in Methamphetamine Abuse Introduction: Methamphetamine is a powerful psychostimulant that causes significant neurological impairments with long-lasting effects and has provoked serious international concerns about public health. Denial of drug abuse and drug craving are two important factors that make the diagnosis and treatment extremely challenging. Here, we present a novel and rapid noninvasive method with potential application for differentiation and monitoring methamphetamine abuse. Methods: Visual stimuli comprised a series of images with neutral and methamphetamine-related content. A total of 10 methamphetamine abusers and 10 age-gender matched controls participated in the experiments. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded and compared using a time window analysis method. The ERPs were divided into 19 time windows of 100 ms with 50 ms overlaps. The area of positive sections below each window was calculated to measure the differences between the two groups. Results: Significant differences between two groups were observed from 250 to 500 ms (P300) in response to methamphetamine-related visual stimuli and 600 to 800 ms in response to neutral stimuli. Conclusion: This study presented a novel and noninvasive method based on neural correlates to discriminate healthy individuals from methamphetamine drug abusers. This method can be employed in treatment and monitoring of the methamphetamine abuse. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-561-en.pdf 2016-07-01 221 230 10.15412/J.BCN.03070307 Event-related potential Brain Methamphetamine Craving Fanak Shahmohammadi Fanak.shahmohammadi@gmail.com 1 Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mehrshad Golesorkhi Mehrshad.golesorkhi@gmail.com 2 Translational Neuroscience Program, Institute for Cognitive Science Studies, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Mansour Riahi Kashani M_Riahi_Kashani@iau-tnb.ac.ir 3 Department of Computer Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran North Branch, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mehrdad Sangi 4 Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand. AUTHOR Ahmad Yoonessi ayoonessi@gmail.com 5 McGill Vision Research, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. AUTHOR Ali Yoonessi a-yoonessi@tums.ac.ir 6 Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE The Role of C Fibers in Spinal Microglia Induction and Possible Relation with TRPV3 Expression During Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis in Rats Introduction: Stimulation of peptidergic fibers activates microglia in the dorsal horn. Microglia activation causes fractalkine (FKN) release, a neuron-glia signal, which enhances pain. The transient vanilloid receptor 1 (TRPV1) mediates the release of neuropeptides, which can subsequently activate glia. TRPV1 and TRPV2 are generally expressed on C and Aδ fibers, respectively. Expression of both proteins is upregulated during inflammation, but expression of TRPV3 after induction of inflammation is unclear. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were used in all experiments. Arthritis was induced in them by single subcutaneous injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) in their right hindpaws. Resiniferatoxin (RTX) was used to eliminate peptidergic fibers. We examined the relation between FKN and TRPV3 expression by administration of anti-FKN antibody. Results: Our study findings indicated that 1) spinal TRPV3 was mostly expressed on nonpeptidergic fibers, 2) expression of spinal TRPV3 increased following inflammation, 3) elimination of peptidergic fibers decreased spinal TRPV3 expression, 4) alteration of hyperalgesia was compatible with TRPV3 changes in RTX-treated rat, and 5) anti-FKN antibody reduced spinal TRPV3 expression. Conclusion: It seems that the hyperalgesia variation during different phases of CFA-induced arthritis correlates with spinal TRPV3 expression variation on peptidergic fibers. Moreover, spinal microglial activation during CFA inflammation is involved in TRPV3 expression changes via FKN signaling. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-650-en.pdf 2016-07-01 231 240 10.15412/J.BCN.03070308 Hyperalgesia TRPV3 Microglia Fractalkine Sasan Gazerani s_gazerani@hotmail.com 1 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Jalal Zaringhalam jzaringhalam@yahoo.com 2 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences AUTHOR Homa Manaheji hshardimanaheji@yahoo.com 3 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Sahar Golabi sgolabister@gmail.com 4 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Morphine-Induced Analgesic Tolerance Effect on Gene Expression of the NMDA Receptor Subunit 1 in Rat Striatum and Prefrontal Cortex Introduction: Morphine is a potent analgesic but its continual use results in analgesic tolerance. Mechanisms of this tolerance remain to be clarified. However, changes in the functions of μ-opioid and N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors have been proposed in morphine tolerance. We examined changes in gene expression of the NMDA receptor subunit 1 (NR1) at mRNA levels in rat striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) after induction of morphine tolerance. Methods: Morphine (10 mg/kg, IP) was injected in male Wistar rats for 7 consecutive days (intervention group), but control rats received just normal saline (1 mL/kg, IP). We used a hotplate test of analgesia to assess induction of tolerance to analgesic effects of morphine on days 1 and 8 of injections. Later, two groups of rats were sacrificed one day after 7 days of injections, their whole brains removed, and the striatum and PFC immediately dissected. Then, the NR1 gene expression was examined with a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. Results: The results showed that long-term morphine a administration induces tolerance to analgesic effect of the opioid, as revealed by a significant decrease in morphine-induced analgesia on day 8 compared to day 1 of the injections (P<0.001). The results also showed that the NR1 gene expression at mRNA level in rats tolerant to morphine was significantly increased in the striatum (P<0.01) but decreased in the PFC (P<0.001). Conclusion: Therefore, changes in the NR1 gene expression in rat striatum and PFC have a region-specific association with morphine-induced analgesic tolerance. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-540-en.pdf 2016-07-01 241 248 10.15412/J.BCN.03070309 Morphine Gene expression Prefrontal cortex Corpus striatum Shamseddin Ahmadi sh.ahmadi@uok.ac.ir 1 Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. AUTHOR Fatemeh Rafieenia f.rafieenia@uok.ac.ir 2 Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. AUTHOR Jalal Rostamzadeh j.rostamzadeh@uok.ac.ir 3 Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE 5-HT2A Serotonin Receptor Density in Adult Male Rats’ Hippocampus after Morphine-based Conditioned Place Preference Introduction: A close interaction exists between the brain opioid and serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter systems. Brain neurotransmitter 5-HT plays an important role in the regulation of reward-related processing. However, a few studies have investigated the potential role of 5-HT2A receptors in this behavior. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the influence of morphine and Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) on the density of 5-HT2A receptor in neurons of rat hippocampal formation. Methods: Morphine (10 mg/kg, IP) was injected in male Wistar rats for 7 consecutive days (intervention group), but control rats received just normal saline (1 mL/kg, IP). We used a hotplate test of analgesia to assess induction of tolerance to analgesic effects of morphine on days 1 and 8 of injections. Later, two groups of rats were sacrificed one day after 7 days of injections, their whole brains removed, and the striatum and PFC immediately dissected. Then, the NR1 gene expression was examined with a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method. Results: Our data showed that the maximum response was obtained with 2.5 mg/kg of morphine. The density of 5-HT2A receptor in different areas of the hippocampus increased significantly at sham-morphine and CPP groups (P<0.05). On the other hand, the CPP groups had more 5-HT2A receptors than sham-morphine groups and also the sham-morphine groups had more 5-HT2A receptors than the control groups. Conclusion: We concluded that the phenomenon of conditioned place preference induced by morphine can cause a significant increase in the number of serotonin 5-HT2A receptors in neurons of all areas of hippocampus. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-521-en.pdf 2016-07-01 249 258 10.15412/J.BCN.03070310 Conditioned place preference Morphine 5-HT2A receptors Hippocampus Rats Rabie Mohammadi 1 Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. AUTHOR Mehrdad Jahanshahi mejahanshahi@yahoo.com 2 Department of Anatomy, Neuroscience Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Behnamedin Jameie 3 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE The Effects of Inflammatory Tooth Pain on Anxiety in Adult Male Rats Introduction: This study aimed to examine the effects of induced inflammatory tooth pain on anxiety level in adult male rats. Methods: The mandibular incisors of 56 adult male rats were cut off and prefabricated crowns were fixed on the teeth. Formalin and capsaicin were injected intradentally to induce inflammatory tooth pain. Diazepam treated group received diazepam 30 minutes before intradental injection. The anxietyrelated behavior was evaluated with elevated plus maze test. Results: Intradental application of chemical noxious stimuli, capsaicin and formalin, significantly affected nociceptive behaviors (P<0.001). Capsaicin (P<0.001) and formalin (P<0.01) significantly increased the anxiety levels in rats by decrease in the duration of time spent in open arm and increase in the duration of time spent in closed arm. Rats that received capsaicin made fewer open arm entries compared to the control animals (P<0.05). Capsaicin (P<0.001) and formalin (P<0.01) treated rats showed more stretch attend postures compared to the control and sham operated animals. In diazepampretreated rats, capsaicin induced algesic effect was prevented (P<0.001). Conclusion: Inflammatory pulpal pain has anxiogenic effect on rats, whereas diazepam premedication showed both anxiolytic and pain reducing effects. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-641-en.pdf 2016-07-01 259 268 10.15412/J.BCN.03070311 Odontalgia Capsaicin Formalin Diazepam Anxiety Elevated plus maze Maryam Raoof Maryam.raoof@gmail.com 1 Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR Hamed Ebrahimnejad raoofm56@yahoo.com 2 Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR Mehdi Abbasnejad Aeen9@yahoo.com 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR Ladan Amirkhosravi lamirkhosravi@yahoo.com 4 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR Ramin Raoof Raoof_Ramin@yahoo.com 5 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR Saeed Esmaeili Mahani Semahani@yahoo.com 6 Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR Mohsen Ramazani m.ramazani@mazums.ac.ir 7 Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Mazandaran, Iran. AUTHOR Noushin Shokouhinejad Shokouhinejad@yahoo.com 8 Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mehrfam Khoshkhounejad mehr_nejad@yahoo.com 9 Dental Research Center, Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Repetitive Arm Movements During Sleep: A Polysomnographic Assessment Sleep-related movement disorders should be differentiated from parasomnias, sleep-associated behavioral disorders, and epilepsy. Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard in evaluating such disorders. Periodic leg movement disorder during sleep (PLMS), hypnic jerks, bruxism, rhythmic movement disorder, restless legs syndrome, and nocturnal leg cramps have broadly been discussed in the literature. However, periodic arm movement disorder in sleep (PAMS) is a less-appreciated entity perhaps because arm surface electromyography is not an integral part of the standard polysomnography. Results from our PSG study in a case suspected for PAMS prompted us to herewith discuss this problem. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-683-en.pdf 2016-07-01 269 275 10.15412/J.BCN.03070312 Polysomnography Periodic arm movements during sleep Sleep disorders Mohammad Torabi-Nami torabinami@sums.ac.ir 1 Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. AUTHOR Samrad Mehrabi mehrabis@sums.ac.ir 2 Sleep Disorders Laboratory, Namazi Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. AUTHOR Sabri Derman drsabriderman@gmail.com 3 Sleep Disorders Unit, American Hospital, Koç Foundation, Istanbul, Turkey AUTHOR