OTHERS_CITABLE Editorial : Sustainable Development of Cognitive Science and Technology Ecosystem an Overview to the “Human Brain Project” as a Functioning Sample http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-461-en.pdf 2014-03-01 4 10 Ecosystem H Farrokhi 1 Cognitive Sciences & Technologies Council (CSTC) of Iran. AUTHOR I GhodratiToostani 2 Fanavaran Gostaresh Salamat Cooperative (FGSco) of Iran. AUTHOR M Farasatkhah 3 Cognitive Sciences & Technologies Council (CSTC) of Iran. AUTHOR H Ekhtiari 4 ognitive Sciences & Technologies Council (CSTC) of Iran AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Antidepressant Activity of Methanolic Extract of Amaranthus Spinosus Introduction: Depressive disorder is a prevalent psychiatric disorder, which affects 21% of the world population. The presently using drugs can impose a variety of side-effects including cardiac toxicity, hypopiesia, sexual dysfunction, body weight gain, and sleep disorder. During the last decade, there is a growing interest in the therapeutic effects of natural products on mental disorders. Amaranthus spinosus was investigation for antidepressant activity.  Methods: Antidepressant activity of methanolic extract of Amaranthus spinosus (MEAS) was investigated by using Forced swimming test (FST) and Tail suspension test (TST) models. Escitalopram and Imipramine were used as reference standards.  Results: It has been observed from our study that both the MEAS at higher concentration showed significant (p<0.01) reduction in immobility in tail suspension and forced swim model of depression comparable to Escitalopram and Imipramine.  Discussion: However further study is needed to understand mechanism of action and to identify active component responsible for antidepressant like activity. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-462-en.pdf 2014-01-01 11 17 Antidepressant Activity Amaranthus Spinosus Escitalopram Imipramine B.S Ashok Kumar 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri K.V.College of Pharmacy, Chickballapur, Karnataka,India. AUTHOR K Lakshman 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, PES College of Pharamcy, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. AUTHOR C Velmurugan 3 Department of Pharmacology, Sree Krishna Chaitanya College of Pharmacy, Madanapalle, Andhrapradesh, India. AUTHOR S.M Sridhar 4 Department of Pharmacology, Sree Krishna Chaitanya College of Pharmacy, Madanapalle, Andhrapradesh, India. AUTHOR Saran Gopisetty 5 Department of Pharmacology, Sri K.V.College of Pharmacy, Chickballapur, Karnataka, India. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Mu Opioid Receptor Gene: New Point Mutations in Opioid Addicts Introduction: Association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in mu opioid receptor gene and drug addiction has been shown in various studies. Here, we have evaluated the existence of polymorphisms in exon 3 of this gene in Iranian population and investigated the possible association between these mutations and opioid addiction.  Methods: 79 opioid-dependent subjects (55 males, 24 females) and 134 non-addict or control individuals (74 males, 60 females) participated in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from volunteers’ peripheral blood and exon 3 of the mu opioid receptor gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) whose products were then sequenced.  Results: Three different heterozygote polymorphisms were observed in 3 male individuals: 759T>C and 877G>A mutations were found in 2 control volunteers and 1043G>C substitution was observed in an opioid-addicted subject. Association between genotype and opioid addiction for each mutation was not statistically significant.  Discussion: It seems that the sample size used in our study is not enough to confirm or reject any association between 759T>C, 877G>A and 1043G>C substitutions in exon 3 of the mu opioid receptor gene and opioid addiction susceptibility in Iranian population. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-463-en.pdf 2014-01-01 18 21 Addiction OPRM1 Gene Polymorphism. Amin Dinarvand 1 Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ali Goodarzi 2 Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Nasim Vousooghi 3 Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mehrdad Hashemi 4 Department of Genetics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Rasoul Dinarvand 5 Department of Pharmacoeconomics and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Fahimeh Ostadzadeh 6 Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ahad Khoshzaban 7 Eye Research Center, Farabi Eye Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad-Reza Zarrindast 8 Iranian National Center for Addiction Studies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Real Time Driver’s Drowsiness Detection by Processing the EEG Signals Stimulated with External Flickering Light The objective of this study is development of driver’s sleepiness using Visually Evoked Potentials (VEP). VEP computed from EEG signals from the visual cortex. We use the Steady State VEPs (SSVEPs) that are one of the most important EEG signals used in human computer interface systems. SSVEP is a response to visual stimuli presented. We present a classification method to discriminate between closed eyes and opened eyes. Fourier transforms and power spectrum density features extracted from signals and Multilayer perceptron and radial basis function neural networks used for classification. The experimental results show an accuracy of 97% for test data. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-464-en.pdf 2014-01-01 22 27 EEG Signals Amjad Hashemi 1 Institute for Advanced Medical Technologies (IAMT), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Valiallah Saba 2 AJA University of Medical sciences, Tehran, Iran AUTHOR Seyed Navid Resalat 3 Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment can be considered as an intermediate clinical state between normal cognitive aging and mild dementia. Elderly people with this impairment represent an at-risk group for the development of dementia. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of cognitive impairment in community-dwelling older adults by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and its relationship with socio-demographic variables.  Methods: In this analytical-descriptive study, 212 subjects admitted to Hamadan’s day care centers were selected through simple random sampling method. To gather the data, MMSE was used as well as a questionnaire containing demographic variables. Data analysis was completed through SPSS-16.  Results: The sample consisted of 17.9% male, 59.4% of whom were married. According to the results, 96 cases (45.3%) suffered from mild (MMSE;ge22), 110 cases (51.9%) from moderate (11;leMMSE;le21) and 6 cases (2.8%) from severe cognitive disorder (MMSE;le10). As findings revealed, factors such as age (Pv = 0.005, r = -0.491) and schooling (Pv < 0.001) are of significant relationship with MMSE score. Discussion: Prevalence of cognitive decline in community-dwelling older adults was of normal range. Hence, familial relations and social support can decrease mental status disorder. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-465-en.pdf 2014-01-01 28 30 Elders Cognitive Impairment Community-Dwelling Vahid Rashedi 1 Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Rezaei 2 Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences & Health Services, Hamadan, Iran. AUTHOR Masoud Gharib 3 Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare & Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE The Effect of Acute Intra Locus Coeruleus (LC) Microinfusion of Bupropion on Formalin-Induced Pain Behavior in Rat Introduction: Inflammatory pain is a common sign of chronic diseases. Some brain regions such as locus coeruleus (LC) of the brainstem nor-epinephrine (NE) system have a key role in The mechanisms of the pain modulation and dependence. Bupropion synthesized as an antidepressant, but it is using for smoke cessation. It can change morphine withdrawal signs such as pain related behaviors. This study tested the acute effect of intra-LC microinfusion of bupropion on the formalin-induced pain behavior in rats.  Methods: Wistar male rats were divided into 6 groups (control-naïve, control-operated, shamoperated, and 3 treated groups with 10-2, 10-3, 10-4 mol/;mul intra-LC of bupropion). The injection guide cannulae were implanted into LC nuclei bilaterally by stereotaxic coordinated surgery under sterile condition. The sham group received normal saline as drug vehicle but control groups had no intra-LC injections. Formalin (50 ;mul, 2.5%) was injected subcutaneously in plantar region of the right hindpaw in all animals (30 min after drug administration in treated animals). Nociceptive signs were observed continuously and registered on-line each minute. Common pain scoring was used for pain assessment.  Results: The analysis of data by one-way ANOVA showed that bupropion can reduce pain behavior scores significantly. Bupropion reduced total pain score in the phase 01 (60%) and phase 02 (52%) of maximal behavior compared to the sham group, dose dependently and significantly. The pain scores of controls and sham groups had no significant difference.  Discussion: The results showed that bupropion has analgesic effects on LC neurons and can alter the neurochemical involvement of LC in pain process. Bupropion has different and significant effect on early and late phases of formalin test. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-466-en.pdf 2014-01-01 31 41 Bupropion Locus Coeruleus Formalin test Pain Analgesia Antidepressant Rat Marzieh Jahanbani 1 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Sima Nasri 2 Department of Biology, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Firouz Ghaderi Pakdel 3 Neurophysiology Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. AUTHOR Ulker Cankurt 4 Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Dokuz EyluL University (DEU). AUTHOR Parviz Shahabi 5 Neuroscience Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. AUTHOR Sanaz Amirabadi 6 Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran AUTHOR Somayyeh Naderi 7 Pakdel Research Lab, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. AUTHOR Mostafa Ashrafi Osalou 8 Department of Histology & Embryology, School of Medicine, Dokuz EyluL University (DEU). AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Naloxone Induces Frequent Jumping after Chronic Morphine and Methamphetamine Co-Administration in Rats Combined use of an opioid with a psychostimulant is popular among drug abusers. Such “polydrug use” may increase drug effects or attenuate adverse effects of either drug alone. We proposed that a combination of methamphetamine (meth) and morphine may change physical opioid withdrawal symptoms. Adult male rats were chronically injected with cumulative subcutaneous (s.c.) doses of morphine, meth or a combination of both drugs within five days. On day six, a challenge dose of the same drug was injected. Two hours later, precipitated withdrawal symptoms were scored within 30 minutes after naloxone (1mg/kg, i.p.) injection. Both frequency and incidence of jumping significantly increased in combined treated animals (P<0.05). The sole emergent symptom in combined treated animals was digging which we consider as another escaping behavior in addition to jumping. Our findings imply that combined use of meth and morphine may exacerbate averseness of morphine withdrawal which may cause more intense opioid dependence http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-467-en.pdf 2014-01-01 42 47 Polydrug Use Morphine Meth Naloxone Withdrawal Syndrome Rat Gholamreza Kaka 1 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Ramin Rahmanzade 2 Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Farzin Safee 3 Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Abbas Haghparast 4 Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Termination of Nociceptive Bahaviour at the End of Phase 2 of Formalin Test is Attributable to Endogenous Inhibitory Mechanisms, but not by Opioid Receptors Activation Introduction: Formalin injection induces nociceptive bahaviour in phase I and II, with a quiescent phase between them. While active inhibitory mechanisms are proposed to be responsible for initiation of interphase, the exact mechanisms which lead to termination of nociceptive response in phase II are not clear yet. Phase II is a consequence of peripheral and central sensitization processes, which can lead to termination of the noxious stimuli responses 45-60 minutes after formalin injection via possible recruitment of active inhibitory mechanisms which we have investigated in this study.  Methods: To test our hypothesis, in the first set of experiments, we evaluated nociceptive response after two consecutive injection of formalin (50;muL, 2%), with intervals of 5 or 60 minutes. In the next set, formalin tests were carried out in companion with injection of Naloxone Hydrochloride, a non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors, pre-formalin injection and 30 and 45 minutes post formalin injection.  Results: While normal nociceptive behaviour was observed in the group receiving one injection of formalin, a diminished response was observed in phases I and II of those receiving consequent injection of formalin, 60 minute after first injection. While second injection of formalin, 5 minute after first injection, had no effect. Administration of naloxone (1mg/kg) decreased nociception in phase 2A but had no effect on delayed termination of formalin test.  Discussion: The results of this study suggest the existence of an active inhibitory mechanism, other than the endogenous opioids, that is responsible for termination of nociceptive behaviour at the end of formalin test. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-468-en.pdf 2014-01-20 48 54 Formalin Test Nociception Naloxone Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri 1 Department of Basic Sciences, Torbat heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat heydariyeh, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Mohammad-Zadeh 2 Department of Physiology & Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Sabzevar University Of medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran. AUTHOR Masoud Feridoni 3 Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran. AUTHOR Masoud Nazeri 4 Medical Students Research Committee, Kerman Medical University, Kerman, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Using Eye Movement Analysis to Study Auditory Effects on Visual Memory Recall Recent studies in affective computing are focused on sensing human cognitive context using biosignals. In this study, electrooculography (EOG) was utilized to investigate memory recall accessibility via eye movement patterns. 12 subjects were participated in our experiment wherein pictures from four categories were presented. Each category contained nine pictures of which three were presented twice and the rest were presented once only. Each picture presentation took five seconds with an adjoining three seconds interval. Similarly, this task was performed with new pictures together with related sounds. The task was free viewing and participants were not informed about the task’s purpose. Using pattern recognition techniques, participants’ EOG signals in response to repeated and non-repeated pictures were classified for with and without sound stages. The method was validated with eight different participants. Recognition rate in “with sound” stage was significantly reduced as compared with “without sound” stage. The result demonstrated that the familiarity of visual-auditory stimuli can be detected from EOG signals and the auditory input potentially improves the visual recall process. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-469-en.pdf 2014-01-01 55 65 Memory Recall Eye Movement Analysis Cognitive Context Auditory effect Electrooculography (EOG) Ramtin Zargari Marandi 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Seyed Hojjat Sabzpoushan 2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Narmak, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Unilateral Hypothalamus Inactivation Prevents PTZ Kindling Development through Hippocampal Orexin Receptor 1 Modulation Introduction: Epilepsy is a neural disorder in which abnormal plastic changes during short and long term periods lead to increased excitability of brain tissue. Kindling is an animal model of epileptogenesis which results in changes of synaptic plasticity due to repetitive electrical or chemical sub-convulsive stimulations of the brain. Lateral hypothalamus, as the main niche of orexin neurons with extensive projections, is involved in sleep and wakefulness and so it affects the excitability of the brain. Therefore, we investigated whether lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) inactivation or orexin-A receptor blocking could change convulsive behavior of acute and kindled PTZ treated animals and if glutamate has a role in this regard.  Methods: Kindling was induced by 40 mg/kg PTZ, every 48 hours up to 13 injections to each rat. Three consecutive stages 4 or 5 of convulsive behavior were used to ensure kindling. Lidocaine was injected stereotaxically to inactivate LHA, unilaterally. SB334867 used for orexin receptor 1 (OX1R) blocking administered in CSF.  Results: We demonstrated that LHA inactivation prevented PTZ kindling and hence, excitability evolution. Hippocampal glutamate content was decreased due to LHA inactivation, OX1R antagonist infusion, lidocaine injection and kindled groups. In accordance, OX1R antagonist (SB334867) and lidocaine injection decreased PTZ single dose induced convulsive behavior. While orexin-A i.c.v. infusion increased hippocampal glutamate content, it did not change PTZ induced convulsive intensity.  Discussion: It is concluded that LHA inactivation prevented kindling development probably through orexin receptor antagonism. CSF orexin probably acts as an inhibitory step on convulsive intensity through another unknown process. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-470-en.pdf 2014-01-01 66 73 Pentylenetetrazol Kindling Development Epileptogenesis Orexinergic System Convulsion Nasibe Akbari 1 School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. AUTHOR Mahmoud Elahdadi Salmani 2 School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran. AUTHOR Mahdi Goudarzvand 3 Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran. AUTHOR Taghi LashkarBoluki 4 School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran AUTHOR Iran Goudarzi 5 School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran AUTHOR Kataneh Abrari 6 School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Fluoxetin Upregulates Connexin 43 Expression in Astrocyte Introduction: Recent studies have shown that astrocytes play major roles in normal and disease condition of the central nervous system including multiple sclerosis (MS). Molecular target therapy studies in MS have revealed that connexin-43 (Cx43) and Aquaporin-4 (AQP4) contents of astrocytes undergo expression alteration. Fluoxetine had some effects in MS patients unrelated to its known antidepressant effects. Some of fluoxetine effects were attributed to its capability of cAMP signaling pathway stimulation. This study aimed to investigate possible acute effects of fluoxetine on Cx43 and AQP4 expression in astrocyte.  Methods: Astrocytoma cells were treated for 24 hours with fluoxetine (10 and 20 ;mug/ml) with or without adenyl cyclase (AC) and protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition. Cx43 expression at both mRNA and protein levels and AQP4 expression at mRNA level were evaluated.  Results: Acquired results showed that fluoxetine with and without AC and PKA inhibition resulted in Cx43 up-regulation both in mRNA and protein levels, whereas AQP4 expression have not changed.  Discussion: In conclusion, data showed that fluoxetine alone and in the absence of serotonin acutely up-regulated Cx43 expression in astrocytes that can be assumed in molecular target therapy of MS patients. It seems that cAMP involvement in fluoxetine effects need more researches. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-471-en.pdf 2014-01-01 74 79 Astrocyte Fluoxetine cAMP Connexin-43 Aquaporin-4. Hossein Mostafavi 1 Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mojtaba Khaksarian 2 Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mohammad Taghi Joghataei 3 Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Gholamreza Hassanzadeh 4 Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Masoud Soleimani 5 Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Sanaz Eftekhari 6 Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mansooreh Soleimani 7 Department of Hematology, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Kazem Mousavizadeh 8 Division of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Mahmoud Reza Hadjighassem 9 Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Medical Technologies, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Interaction between Analgesic Effect of Nano and Conventional size of Zinc Oxide and Opioidergic System Activity in Animal Model of Acute Pain Introduction: Today Nano-medicine tries to produce new drugs to reduce the dosage and side effects of their conventional forms. According to the interaction between zinc and opioidergic system activity, this study has investigated the effect of new kind of zinc supplement, nano zinc oxide (nZnO), in compared to its conventional form (cZnO), in presence and absence of opioidergic system activity on acute pain.  Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (weighting 200±20gr) divided into groups: control (receiving saline %0.9), nZnO (1, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg), cZnO (1, 5, 10, 20 mg/kg), naloxone 1mg/kg, morphine 6 mg/kg, and co- injected groups of morphine and/or naloxone with nZnO (5mg/kg) and/or cZnO 10 mg/kg. Hot plate assay was used to evaluation of nociception and post injected latencies were recorded every 30 min for 90 min after I.P. injections of drugs. In co-injected groups latency time recorded after 60 minutes.  Results: Data indicated that both of ZnO supplements reduced latency time in dose and time dependent on the effect of nZnO was higher than cZnO. Also these components could improve anti-nociception effect of morphine and naloxone could not change the effect of these supplements.  Discussion: It seems that nZnO has more efficacy than its conventional form to showing analgesic effect that probably is related to the physicochemical properties of nZnO. Also may be these supplements have interaction with opioideric system in body. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-472-en.pdf 2014-01-01 80 87 Nano ZnO Pain Hot Plate Opioid System Mahnaz Kesmati 1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran Univercity , Ahvaz,Iran. AUTHOR Mozhgan Torabi 2 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran Univercity , Ahvaz,Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Detection of Interleukin-19 mRNA in C57BL/6 Mice Astroglial Cells and Brain Cortex Introduction: Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cell type. In addition to their neurological roles, astrocytes also have immune functions. They have been involved in antigen presentation in the central nervous system (CNS). Activated astrocytes express adhesion molecules, chemokines and release several inflammatory mediators, pro-inflammatory cytokines, neurotrophic and neuroprotective factors, thus these cells have a dual role within the CNS: neuroinflammation and repair processes. IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24, IL-26, IL-28A, IL-28B, and IL-29 are members of the IL-10 family of cytokines. These cytokines have different biological functions in spite of partial amino acid sequences homology. Signal transduction of the IL-10 family of cytokines is through R1-type and R2-type receptors. Methods: No information has been available about the expression and regulation of IL-19 in mice astrocytes and brain. To investigate the expression of IL-19, we examined its expression in C57BL/6 mice astroglial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), using reversetranscription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.  Results: We provide for the first time, evidence that astrocytes can express IL-19 mRNA following LPS stimulation. Furthermore, we have found the expression of IL-19 mRNA in the cortex of adult C57BL/6 mice following intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of LPS.  Discussion: This finding will contribute to current knowledge on the function and behavior of cells and mediators during inflammatory conditions in the brain http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-473-en.pdf 2014-01-01 88 95 IL-19 Mice Astroglial Cells brain Cortex Lipopolysaccharide. Bahareh Abd Nikfarjam 1 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Massoumeh Ebtekar 2 Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Farzaneh Sabouni 3 National Institutes of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Zahra Pourpak 4 Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR Maryam Kheirandish 5 Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, Iran. AUTHOR
OTHERS_CITABLE Commentary: New View on Treatment of Drug Dependence In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtained in drug addiction treatment. It seems that more brain systems other than brain reward system must be considered in this regard. http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-474-en.pdf 2014-01-01 96 97 Addiction Reward System Stress System Mina Ranjbaran 1 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * Corresponding Author: Hedayat Sahraei1, PhD. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21- 26127286 E-mail: h.sahraei@bmsu.ac.ir In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtained in drug addiction treatment. It seems that more brain systems other than brain reward system must be considered in this regard. Article info: AUTHOR Hedayat Sahraei 2 Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. * Corresponding Author: Hedayat Sahraei1, PhD. Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah (a.s.) University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21- 26127286 E-mail: h.sahraei@bmsu.ac.ir In the 1960s, discovery of pleasure system (defined as reward system) in the brain that may underlie drug reward and addiction encouraged many scientists to investigate the mechanisms by which drug abuse affects central nervous system function. In this regard, investigators developed several drugs targeting the brain reward system for drug dependence therapy. However, no positive results obtained in drug addiction treatment. It seems that more brain systems other than brain reward system must be considered in this regard. Article info: AUTHOR