@article{ author = {Rahimzadegan, Milad and Soodi, Maliheh}, title = {Comparison of Memory Impairment and Oxidative Stress Following Single or Repeated Doses Administration of Scopolamine in Rat Hippocampus}, abstract ={Introduction: Scopolamine, a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist, is widely used to induce memory impairment in experimental animals. The present study aims to compare memory impairment and oxidative stress following single and repeated doses administration of scopolamine. Methods: A group of rats received a single shot of scopolamine in different doses (0.5, 1, or 3 mg/kg, IP) 24 hours after the passive avoidance training. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the injection. In the other experiment, rats received similar doses of scopolamine for 7 consecutive days, 24 hours after the training session. Then the memory retrieval test was performed 30 minutes and 7 days after the last injection. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and lipid peroxidation were measured in their hippocampus tissue, too. Results: Scopolamine administered in repeated doses caused more impairment in memory function compared to single dose injection based on the evaluation 30 minutes after injection. Moreover, the memory impairment persisted for 7 days only in repeated doses treated groups. Increase in acetylcholinesterase activity and lipid peroxidation in both groups was observed 30 minutes after scopolamine administration. These abnormal increases persisted for 7 days only in repeated doses treated groups. Increased AChE activity and lipid peroxidation was well correlated with behavioral deficit. Also AChE activity was well associated with lipid peroxidation.  Conclusion: The results of present study showed that repeated administration of scopolamine induced results in memory impairment. This effect can be due to long-lasting oxidative stress which may damage the hippocampus tissue. }, Keywords = {Scopolamine, Oxidative stress, Acetylcholinesterase, Memory}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.5}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-766-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-766-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zadnia, Afsane and Kobravi, Hamid Reza and Sheikh, Mania and Hosseini, Hossein Asghar}, title = {Generating the Visual Biofeedback Signals Applicable to Reduction of Wrist Spasticity: A Pilot Study on Stroke Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Application of biofeedback techniques in rehabilitation has turned into an exciting research area during the recent decade. Providing an appropriate visual or auditory biofeedback signal is the most critical requirement of a biofeedback technique. In this regard, changes in Surface Electromyography (SEMG) signals during wrist movement can be used to generate an indictable visual biofeedback signal for wrist movement rehabilitation via SEMG biofeedback. This paper proposes a novel methodology for selecting the most appropriate features out of wrist muscle SEMG signals.  Methods: To this end, the surface EMG signals from flexor and extensor muscle groups during wrist joint movements were recorded and analyzed. Some linear and nonlinear features in frequency, time, and time-frequency domains were extracted from the recorded surface EMG signals of the flexor and extensor muscles. Experiments and analyses were performed on ten healthy subjects and four stroke patients with wrist muscle spasticity as the movement disorder subjects. Some heuristic feature selection measures were applied. The main motivation behind choosing applied heuristic feature selection measures was meeting. In the first step, the designed visual biofeedback signal should indicate a healthy wrist motion profile as its successful tracking by the patient guarantees rehabilitation. In addition, the visual biofeedback signal should be a smooth curve thus preventing the patient from discomfort while tracking it on a monitor during the biofeedback therapy.  Results: In this pilot study, after using the introduced feature selection measures, quantitative and qualitative analyses of the extracted features indicated that Shannon entropy is the most appropriate feature for generating a visual biofeedback signal as a healthy wrist motion profile to improve the ability of stroke patients in controlling wrist joint motion. In addition, it was shown that when the wrist joint moves between a flexed and rest position, the flexor muscle EMG signal should be used for generating a visual biofeedback signal. However when the wrist joint moves between a rest position and an extended position, the extensor muscle EMG signal is appropriate for providing a visual biofeedback signal. It is worth noting that the achieved pilot study results should be confirmed by the future studies with larger samples. Conclusion: According to the obtained results, it can be concluded that among the analyzed features, the Shannon entropy was the most appropriate feature. It can be employed for generating a visual biofeedback signal for reduction of spasticity in patients with stroke.}, Keywords = {Biofeedback, Muscle spasticity, Stroke, Electromyography}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-26}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.15}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-848-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-848-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Dortaj, Hengameh and Yadegari, Maryam and HosseiniSharifAbad, Mohammad and AbbasiSarcheshmeh, Abolghasem and Anvari, Mortez}, title = {Stereological Method for Assessing the Effect of Vitamin C Administration on the Reduction of Acrylamide-induced Neurotoxicity}, abstract ={Introduction: Acrylamide (ACR) consumption is increasing all over the world. There are some evidence on the literature about its neurotoxic effect on mature animals, but the effects of ACR on postnatal development have been less studied. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of ACR on development of cortical layer, white matter, and number of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum in rat newborns. Methods: This study was carried out on 20 female Wistar rats (average weight: 180 g, aged: two months). The rats were divided into four groups. Pregnant rats were orally fed with ACR 10 mg/kg and vitamin C 200 mg/kg. In this study, 6 infants of each group (weighting 32-35 g) were randomly selected at day 21 after birth and placed under deep anesthesia and transcardial perfusion. Their cerebellums were fixed and histopathological changes were evaluated with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and cresyl violet method. The volume of cerebellar cortical layers and number of Purkinje cells were investigated by Cavalieri’s principle and physical dissector methods. The obtained data were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and LSD test using SPSS. P<0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: The results showed that newborns of ACR-treated female rats have decreased cerebellar weight (P≤0.05) and lower than average number of Purkinje cells (P≤0.001). ACR also decreased the volume of granular and molecular layer and increased the volume of white matter. While the results showed decreased in white matter volume in vitamin C group (P≤0.001). Conclusion: ACR induces structural changes in the development of the cerebellar cortical layers in rat newborns, but these changes may be prevented by vitamin C as an antioxidant. }, Keywords = {Acrylamide, Cerebellum, Vitamin C, Stereology, Neurotoxicity}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {27-34}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.27}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-740-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jafari, Salime and Modarresszadeh, Amin and Khatoonabadi, Ahmad Reza and Hodges, John and NakhostinAnsari, Noureddin and Leyton, Cristian and Noroozian, Maryam}, title = {Development, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Characteristics of the Persian Progressive Aphasia Language Scale in Patients With Primary Progressive Aphasia: A Pilot Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) is a neurological condition characterized by progressive dissolution of language capabilities. The Progressive Aphasia Language Scale (PALS) is an easy-to-apply bedside clinical scale capable of capturing and grading the key language features essential for the classification of PPA. The objective of the present study was to develop and validate the Persian version of the PALS (PALS-P) as a clinical language assessment test.  Methods: In this cross-sectional study, PALS was translated and adapted into Persian according to the international guidelines. A total of 30 subjects (10 subjects with PPA and 20 control subjects without dementia) were recruited to evaluate the intra-rater reliability and discriminant validity of PALS-P.  Results: The intra-rater reliability of the PALS-P within a 14-day interval was excellent for each subtest (ICC agreement range=0.81-1.0). PALS-P results were statistically significant among groups, suggesting its discriminative validity. Conclusion: This preliminary study indicates that PALS-P was successfully developed and translated. It seems to be a valid and reliable screening tool to assess language skills in Persian-speaking subjects with progressive aphasia.}, Keywords = {Aphasia, Neurodegenerative disorders, Primary progressive aphasia, Language test}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-42}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.35}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-881-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-881-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hayashi, Kazuhiro and Ikemoto, Tatsunori and Ueno, Takefumi and Arai, Young-Chang Park and Shimo, Kazuhiro and Nishihara, Makoto and Suzuki, Shigeyuki and Ushida, Takahiro}, title = {Discordant Relationship Between Evaluation of Facial Expression and Subjective Pain Rating Due to the Low Pain Magnitude}, abstract ={Introduction: Facial expression to pain is an important pain indicator; however, facial movements look unresponsive when perceiving mild pain. The present study investigates whether pain magnitude modulates the relationship between subjective pain rating and an observer’s evaluation of facial expression.  Methods: Twelve healthy volunteers were recruited to obtain 108 samples for pain rating with Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Subjects underwent three different mechanical painful stimuli (monofilament forces of 100 g, 300 g, and 600 g) over three sessions and their facial expressions were videotaped throughout all sessions. Three observers independently evaluated facial expression of the subjects with a four-point categorical scale (no pain, mild pain, moderate pain, and severe pain). The correlations between subjective pain ratings and the evaluation of facial expression were analyzed in dichotomous group which was low pain ratings (VAS<30), or high pain rating (VAS≥30). Results: Subjective pain ratings was significantly correlated with the evaluation of facial expression in high pain ratings, however no correlation was found between them in mild pain ratings. In mild pain ratings, most of the subjects (78%) were rated as no pain by observers, despite the fact that subjects reported pain. Conclusion: The results suggest that the evaluation of facial expression of pain was difficult for the observer to detect pain severity when the subjects feel mild pain.}, Keywords = {Pain assessment, Pain perception, Face}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {43-50}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.43}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-882-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-882-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Esmaeilpour, Khadijeh and Sheibani, Vahid and Shabani, Mohammad and Mirnajafi-Zadeh, Javad and Akbarnejad, Zeinab}, title = {Low Frequency Stimulation Reverses the Kindling-Induced Impairment of Learning and Memory in the Rat Passive-avoidance Test}, abstract ={Introduction: The life quality of patients with epileptic seizures is highly affected by cognitive deficits. Low Frequency Stimulation (LFS) is a novel approach for the treatment of pharmacoresistant epilepsy. The main goal of this research is investigating the possible effect of LFS on seizure-induced cognitive dysfunction.  Methods: To this end, the kindled animal were prepared via CA1 electrical stimulation in a semi-rapid way (12 stimulations/day). A group of animals were stimulated with LFS, 4 times at 30 s, 6 h, 24 h, and 30 h after the last kindling stimulation. Applied LFS was administered in 4 packages every 5 minutes.  The packages were designed with 200 monophasic 200 monophasic square wave pulses of 0.1 ms duration at 1 Hz. The passive-avoidance test was conducted on all animals in order to measure the learning and memory behavior. Results: Hippocampal kindled rats showed deficits in learning and memory when passive avoidance test was performed. Application of LFS reversed the impairment in learning and memory behavior in kindled rats. At the same time, LFS markedly diminished kindling-induced neuronal loss and atrophy in the hippocampus. Conclusion: LFS may have some protection against seizure-induced cognitive damage in kindled rats.}, Keywords = {Epilepsy, Learning and memory, Low-frequency stimulation, Kindling}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {51-58}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.51}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-903-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-903-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Vahedi, Mohammad and Mazdeh, Mehrdokht and Hajilooi, Mehrdad and Farhadian, Maryam and Barakian, Yasamin and Sadr, Parastoo}, title = {The Relationship Between Salivary Alpha Amylase Activity and Score of McGill Pain Questionnaire in Patients With Tension Type Headache}, abstract ={Introduction: Tension-type headache is the most common type of headache across the world. Saliva as a non-invasive medium is used to detect a wide range of diseases. Salivary Alpha-Amylase (SAA) levels has been suggested as a potential indirect marker for detecting Sympathoadrenal Medullary (SAM) activity, which is activated by pain. Significant correlation was found between SAA levels and pain scale in patients with chronic pain. The purpose of the present study was to measure SAA activity in Frequent Episodic Tension-Type Headache (FETTH). In addition to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), we intend to assess intensity and various aspects of pain by McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).  Methods:  A total of 45 females with FETTH (case group) and 45 healthy voluntary females (control group) were enrolled in our case-control study. Unstimulated saliva by spitting method was taken from each participant.  Results: SAA levels were significantly higher in patients with FETTH (P<0.001) when compared with the control group. There was significant correlation between SAA activity and MPQ score (P<0.001). Conclusion: This is the first study using MPQ as a subjective means of assessing quality and quantity of pain alongside the VAS as an objective tool for evaluating pain in patients with FETTH. SAA may be an appropriate marker for assessing of pain levels in patients with FETTH. MPQ versus the VAS may be a more accurate measurement tools along VAS.}, Keywords = {Pain measurement, Salivary Alpha Amylase, Tension-type headache}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {59-64}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.59}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-907-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-907-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Barakian, Yasamin and Sadr, Parastoo}, title = {The Relationship Between Salivary Alpha Amylase Activity and Score of McGill Pain Questionnaire in Patients With Tension Type Headache}, abstract ={Introduction: Tension-type headache is the most common type of headache across the world. Saliva as a non-invasive medium is used to detect a wide range of diseases. Salivary Alpha-Amylase (SAA) levels has been suggested as a potential indirect marker for detecting Sympathoadrenal Medullary (SAM) activity, which is activated by pain. Significant correlation was found between SAA levels and pain scale in patients with chronic pain. The purpose of the present study was to measure SAA activity in Frequent Episodic Tension-Type Headache (FETTH). In addition to the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), we intend to assess intensity and various aspects of pain by McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ).  Methods:  A total of 45 females with FETTH (case group) and 45 healthy voluntary females (control group) were enrolled in our case-control study. Unstimulated saliva by spitting method was taken from each participant.  Results: SAA levels were significantly higher in patients with FETTH (P<0.001) when compared with the control group. There was significant correlation between SAA activity and MPQ score (P<0.001). Conclusion: This is the first study using MPQ as a subjective means of assessing quality and quantity of pain alongside the VAS as an objective tool for evaluating pain in patients with FETTH. SAA may be an appropriate marker for assessing of pain levels in patients with FETTH. MPQ versus the VAS may be a more accurate measurement tools along VAS.}, Keywords = {Pain measurement, Salivary Alpha Amylase, Tension-type headache}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {59-64}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1192-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1192-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zare, Mahsa and Faeghi, Fariborz and Hosseini, Ashrafsadat and Ardekani, Mohammad Sobhan and Heidari, Mohammad Hossein and Zarei, Ehs}, title = {Comparison Between Three-Dimensional Diffusion-Weighted PSIF Technique and Routine Imaging Sequences in Evaluation of Peripheral Nerves in Healthy People}, abstract ={Introduction: The present study aims to evaluate the Three-Dimensional Diffusion-Weighted reversed fast imaging with steady state free precession (3D DW-PSIF) sequence with respect to imaging of the peripheral nerves; the tibial, medial, and lateral plantar nerves in the lower extremity, ulnar and median nerve in the upper extremity, sciatic nerve, brachial plexus, and lumbosacral plexus, and also to compare its usefulness with the current two-dimensional sequences on a 1.5 T MR scanner. Methods: A total of 25 healthy subjects underwent MR imaging of peripheral nerves, 5 subjects in each area. In each imaging sequence, including T2W SPAIR and 3D DW-PSIF, images were evaluated for ability to identify the nerves in the related area using a 3-score scale (0-2). Then, by summing up the conspicuity scores, a total certainty score was recorded for each sequence. Results: With combining the results of all studies, the conspicuity mean (SD) score was 1.57(0.67) on the 3D DW-PSIF images, and 0.74(0.76) on the T2-weighted images (P<0.001). Regarding the lumbosacral plexus, the corresponding certainty mean (SD) scores were 1.80(0.40) and 1.07(0.74) (P<0.001) and with regard to the brachial plexus, they were 1.23(0.83) and 0.75(0.84), (P<0.001). Regarding the ankle/hind foot they were 1.87(0.35) and 0.40(0.50) (P<0.001) and in the wrist/proximal hand, 1.70(0.48) and 0.50(0.52) (P<0.001). Regarding the sciatic nerve, they were 1.80(0.44) and 0.20(0.44) (P=0.003). Conclusion: 3D DW PSIF provides better manifestation of nerves compared to routine imaging sequences particularly fat saturated T2W images. This novel imaging technique can be used in MR neurography examination protocol for exact localization of the nerve and evaluation of the nerve pathology.}, Keywords = {MR neurography, 3D DW PSIF, Peripheral nerves, Lumbosacral plexus, Brachial plexus}, volume = {9}, Number = {1}, pages = {65-71}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.1.65}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-812-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-812-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Saberi, Alia and Roudbary, Seyed-Ali and Ghayeghran, Amirreza and Kazemi, Samaneh and Hosseininezhad, Mozaffar}, title = {Diagnosis of Meningitis Caused by Pathogenic Microorganisms Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Systematic Review}, abstract ={Introduction: Bacterial meningitis is an acute infectious inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain. Its early diagnosis is vital because of its high morbidity and mortality. It is mostly diagnosed by a gold standard diagnostic tool i.e. Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) analysis. However, it is sometimes difficult and or impossible to do this procedure and an alternative diagnostic tool is needed. Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can detect the pus or other changes in subarachnoid space. But our optimal aim is to use an imaging method without using contrast to be useable and available in more specific condition.  Methods: This study aimed to survey the role of non-contrast Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of the bacterial meningitis. MEDLINE/PubMed Central, Web of Science and Scopus were searched without time period and language limitation until March 2017. We found 6410 papers in our initial search. After assessing the content of the papers based on Cochrane library guidelines and inclusion/exclusion criteria, 6 relevant studies were included in the systematic review. All of included studies were observational studies.  Results: MRI studies demonstrated that Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) and Diffusion-Weighted Image (DWI) MR imaging among all MRI modalities can detect some abnormalities compatible with bacterial meningitis. FLAIR and DWI-MR imaging are potentially useful to diagnose bacterial meningitis and can be used in emergent condition in which bacterial meningitis is highly suspicious and the other diagnostic tools are not available or feasible.}, Keywords = {Magnetic resonance imaging, Meningitis, Bacterial }, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {73-86}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.73}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1060-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1060-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khodaie, Babak and Saba, Valiallah}, title = {The Neuroprotective Effects of Long-Term Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on the Cortical Spreading Depression-induced Damages in Rat’s Brain}, abstract ={Introduction: Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD) is a propagating wave of neural and glial cell depolarization with important role in several clinical disorders. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) is a potential tool with preventive treatment effects in psychiatric and neuronal disorders. In this paper, we study the effects of rTMS on CSD by using behavioral and histological approaches in hippocampus and cortical regions. Methods: Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups. A group of control rats were kept in their home cage during the experiment. The CSD group received four CSD inductions during 4 weeks with 1 week intervals. The CSD-rTMS group were treated with rTMS stimulation (figure-eight coils, 20 Hz, 10 min/d) for 4 weeks. The fourth group, i.e. rTMS group received rTMS stimulation similar to the CSD-rTMS group without CSD induction.  Results: Long-term rTMS application in treated groups significantly reduced production of dark neurons, increased the mean volume of normal neurons, and decreased the number of apoptotic neurons in cortical regions compared to the control group. The protective effects of long-term treatment by rTMS in the hippocampal regions were also studied. It was effective in some regions; however, rTMS effects on hippocampal regions were lower than cortical ones. Conclusion: Based on the study results, rTMS has significant preventive and protective effects in CSD-induced damages in cortical and hippocampal regions of the rat’s brain.}, Keywords = {Cortical Spreading Depression (CSD), Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS), Apoptosis, Cortex, Hippocampus}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {87-100}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.87}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-754-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {SoleimaniAsl, Sara and Roointan, Amir and Bergen, Hugo and Amiri, Shayan and Mardani, Parastoo and Ashtari, Niloufar and Shabani, Ronak and Mehdizadeh, Mehdi}, title = {Opioid Receptors Gene Polymorphism and Heroin Dependence in Iran}, abstract ={Introduction: Genes often have multiple polymorphisms that interact with each other and the environment in different individuals. Variability in the opioid receptors can influence opiate withdrawal and dependence. In humans, A118G Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) on μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR), 36 G>T in κ-Opioid Receptor (KOR), and T921C in the δ-Opioid Receptor (DOR) have been found to associate with substance dependence.  Methods: To investigate the association between opioid receptors gene polymorphism and heroin addiction, 100 control subjects with no history of opioid use, and 100 heroin addicts (50% males and 50% females) in Tehran (capital of Iran), were evaluated. A118G, 36 G>T, and T921C SNPs on the MOR, KOR, DOR genes, respectively, were genotyped by sequencing.  Results: We found no differences in either allele or genotype frequency for MOR, KOR and DOR genes SNPs between controls and subjects addicted to heroin.  Conclusion: The relationships among polymorphisms may be important in determining the risk profile for complex diseases such as addiction, but opioid addiction is a multifactorial syndrome which is partially hereditary and partially affected by the environment. }, Keywords = {μ-opioid receptor, κ-opioid receptor, δ-opioid receptor, Single nucleotide polymorphism, Heroin }, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {101-106}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.101}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-872-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-872-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Stress and Perception of Emotional Stimuli: Long-term Stress Rewiring the Brain}, abstract ={Introduction: Long-term stressful situations can drastically influence one’s mental life. However, the effect of mental stress on recognition of emotional stimuli needs to be explored. In this study, recognition of emotional stimuli in a stressful situation was investigated. Four emotional conditions, including positive and negative states in both low and high levels of arousal were analyzed.  Methods: Twenty-six healthy right-handed university students were recruited within or after examination period. Participants’ stress conditions were measured using the Perceived Stress Scale-14 (PSS-14). All participants were exposed to some audio-visual emotional stimuli while their brains responses’ were measured using the Electroencephalography (EEG) technique. During the experiment, the subject’s perception of emotional stimuli is evaluated using the Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) questionnaire. After recording, EEG signatures of emotional states were estimated from connectivity patterns among 8 brain regions. Connectivity patterns were calculated using Phase Slope Index (PSI), Directed Transfer Function (DTF), and Generalized Partial Direct Coherence (GPDC) methods. The EEG-based connectivity features were then labeled with SAM responses. Subsequently, the labeled features were categorized using two different classifiers. Classification accuracy of the system was validated by leave-one-out method. Results: As expected, performance of the system is significantly improved by grouping the subjects to stressed and stress-free groups. EEG-based connectivity pattern was influenced by mental stress level.  Conclusion: Changes in connectivity patterns related to long-term mental stress have overlapped with changes caused by emotional stimuli. Interestingly, these changes are detectable from EEG data in eyes-closed condition.}, Keywords = {Long-term stress, Effective connectivity, Electroencephalography (EEG), Emotion}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-120}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.107}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-791-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-791-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Darwish, Houssein and El-Hadi, Usamah and Haddad, Georges and Najjar, Marw}, title = {Management of Pituitary Adenomas: Mononostril Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Surgery}, abstract ={Introduction: The endoscopic transsphenoidal approach for pituitary adenomas and other sellar lesions is quickly becoming the procedure of choice in their surgical management. The most common approach is binostril three-hand technique which requires a large exposure and subjects both nasal cavities to potential trauma. To reduce nasal morbidity, we employ a mononostril two-hand technique with the help of the endoscope holder. In this research, we review our series to determine efficacy of this approach in the management of pituitary adenomas. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of our initial series of 64 consecutive patients with pituitary adenomas operated by the same surgical team from 2008 till 2014 using a mononostril endoscopic approach. After categorizing the lesions into microadenomas, non-invasive macroadenomas, and invasive macroadenomas, we reviewed the radiological and biochemical outcomes of the surgeries after 3 months, 12 months, and 18 months. We also assessed recurrences and complications. Extent of resection was divided into gross total resection, near total resection (>90% resection), and partial resection for the remaining. Results: Our results show resection rates comparable to most series in the literature, with a gross total resection of 87% in non-invasive macroadenomas, and surgical disease control in 75% of invasive nonfunctioning adenomas. The remission rate in Cushing’s disease was 81%, where it achieved up to 58% surgical remission in growth hormone secreting pituitary adenomas (including the invasive adenomas). The complication rate was very low. Conclusion: We conclude that the mononostril endoscopic approach is well suited for most pituitary tumor operations and carries comparable remission and resection rates to most endoscopic series with minimal complications and nasal morbidity. }, Keywords = {Endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery, Pituitary tumors, Mononostril approach, Binostril approach}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {121-128}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.121}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-967-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-967-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Moradi, Mohammadreza and Saidijam, Massoud and Yadegarazari, Reza and Jahangard, Leila and Seifi, Maryam and Matinnia, Nasrin and Ghaleiha, Ali}, title = {Genes Encoding GABA-β and HT1D Receptors in Bipolar I (Manic Phase) Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: According to the cumulative evidence, genes encoding GABA receptors inhibit neurotransmitters in CNS and are intricately involved in the pathogenesis of mood disorders. Based on this hypothesis, these genes may be expressed in bipolar patients. As a result, we evaluated the gene expressions of GABA-β3 and HT1D receptors to assess their associations with bipolar mood disorder.  Methods: In this study, 22 patients with bipolar I disorder (single manic episode) and 22 healthy individuals were enrolled. All participants were older than 15 years and had referred to Farshchian Hospital, Hamadan, Iran. They were diagnosed based on DSM IV–TR criteria and young mania rating scale in order to determine the severity of mania by a psychiatrist as bipolar Type 1 disorder in manic episode.  We evaluated the expression of GABA–β3 and HT1D receptor genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, using  real-time RT-PCR analysis. Results: In our study, a reduction in the gene expression of GABA–β3 and HT1D receptors was observed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of the patients with bipolar disorders compared to the healthy controls. Conclusion: The results of this study supports the hypothesis that the gene expression for serotonin and GABA receptors can be employed  in elucidating the pathogenesis of bipolar disorders.}, Keywords = {GABA-β3, HT1D, Serotonin, Bipolar disorder, Gene expression}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {129-134}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.129}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-814-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghaffari, Hamidreza and Yoonessi, Ali and Darvishi, Mohammad Javad and Ahmadi, Akbar}, title = {Normal Electrical Activity of the Brain in Obsessive-Compulsive Patients After Anodal Stimulation of the Left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex}, abstract ={Introduction: Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) has been used as a non-invasive method to increase the plasticity of brain. Growing evidence has shown several brain disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, and chronic pain syndrome are improved following tDCS. In patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), increased brain rhythm activity particularly in the frontal lobe has been reported in several studies using Eectroencephalogram (EEG). To our knowledge, no research has been done on the effects of electrical stimulation on brain signals of patients with OCD. We measured the electrical activity of the brain using EEG in patients with OCD before and after tDCS and compared it to normal participants. Methods: Eight patients with OCD (3 males) and 8 matched healthy controls were recruited. A 64-channel EEG was used to record a 5-min resting state before and after application of tDCS in both groups. The intervention of tDCS was applied for 15 minutes with 2 mA amplitude where anode was placed on the left Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and cathode on the right DLPFC. Results: In line with previous studies, the results showed that the power of Delta frequency band in OCD patients are significantly higher than the normal group. Following anodal tDCS, hyperactivity in Delta and Theta bands declined in most channels, particularly in DLPFC (F3, F4) and became similar to normal signals pattern. The reduction in Delta band was significantly more than the other bands. Conclusion: Anodal tDCS over the left DLPFC significantly decreased the power of frequency bands of Delta and Theta in Patients with OCD. The pattern of EEG activity after tDCS became particularly similar to normal, so tDCS may have potential clinical application in these patients.}, Keywords = {Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Electroencephalogram (EEG) }, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {135-146}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.135}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-862-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-862-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shahveisi, Kaveh and Jalali, Amir and Moloudi, Mohammad Raman and Moradi, Shahla and Maroufi, Azad and Khazaie, Habibolah}, title = {Sleep Architecture in Patients With Primary Snoring and Obstructive Sleep Apnea}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aimed to investigate sleep architecture in patients with primary snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. Methods: In this study, we analyzed polysomnographic data of 391 clients who referred to Sleep Disorders Research Center (SDRS). These people were classified into three groups based on their Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) and snoring; control, Primary Snoring (PS), and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) group. Sleep architecture variables were then assessed in all groups. Results: The results of this study indicated a decrease in deep sleep or Slow Waves Sleep (SWS) and increase in light sleep or stage 1 of non-REM sleep (N1) in OSA patients compared with the control and PS groups. After controlling the effects of confounding factors, i.e. age and Body Mass Index (BMI) (which was performed through multiple regression analysis) significant differences were observed among the three groups with regard to N1. However, with regard to SWS, after controlling confounding variables (age and BMI), no significant difference was found among the groups. Conclusion: The results indicated that OSA, regardless of age and BMI, may increase light (N1) sleep possibly via a decline in blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). Such increase in N1 may be responsible for brain arousal. In addition, by controlling confounding factors (age and BMI), OSA did not affect SWS in OSA patients. However, further research is necessary to determine sleep architecture in more detail in the patients with OSA.}, Keywords = {Obstructive sleep apnea, Primary snoring, Sleep architecture, Polysomnography}, volume = {9}, Number = {2}, pages = {147-156}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.2.147}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-895-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-895-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Taslimi, Zahra and Komaki, Alireza and Haghparast, Abbas and Sarihi, Abdolrahm}, title = {Effects of Acute and Chronic Restraint Stress on Reinstatement of Extinguished Methamphetamine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Methamphetamine (METH) is a neurotoxic psychostimulant with highly addictive potential that leads to compulsive drug use and vulnerability to relapse. Environmental cues, such as drug exposure, peer influence, and social stress, are the powerful triggers of drug relapse. In  this  study,  we  tried  to  find  out  the effect of acute and chronic restraint stress on reinstatement of extinguished METH-induced Conditioned Place  Preference  (CPP)  in  rats.  Methods: Subcutaneous (SC) administration of METH (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/kg) could induce CPP and it was found that  METH with the dose of 0.5 mg/kg was more potent than other doses. In  extinction phase,  rats  were  put  in  the  CPP  box  for  30  min  per  day  for  8 consecutive days.  After  extinction,  animals  were  exposed  to restraint stress (3-h period, as an acute stress) 60  min  before  subcutaneous  administration  of  ineffective  dose  of  METH  (0.125  mg/kg)  in  order  to  reinstate  the  extinguished  METH-induced CPP. For induction of the chronic stress during extinction phase, the animals were exposed to the restraint stress for one hour per day. Results: The results showed that the effective dose of METH to induce CPP was 0.5 mg/kg.  Based on the results, physical  stress  (restraint stress) whether acute and chronic, can  significantly  induce  reinstatement  of METH-induced CPP (P˂0.001) in extinguished animals.  Conclusion: Additionally, the chronic restraint stress could reduce duration of extinction (maintenance) of METH-induced CPP. It seems that exposure to the stress induces the relapse in abstinent amphetamine, but acute and chronic situation have a different reaction. }, Keywords = {Reward, Stress, Methamphetamine (METH), Reinstatement, Conditioned place preference}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {157-166}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.157}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1046-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1046-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Kazemi, Masoomeh and Sahraei, Hedayat and Aliyari, Hamed and Tekieh, Elaheh and Saberi, Mehdi and Tavacoli, Hassan and Meftahi, Gholam Hossein and Ghanaati, Hossein and Salehi, Maryam and Hajnasrollah, Mostaf}, title = {Effects of the Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on NMDA-Receptor Gene Expression and Visual Working Memory in Male Rhesus Macaques}, abstract ={Introduction: The present research aimed to examine Visual Working Memory (VWM) test scores, as well as hormonal, genomic, and brain anatomic changes in the male rhesus macaques exposed to Extremely Low Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF-MF). Methods: Four monkeys were exposed to two different ELF-MF frequencies: 1 Hz (control) and 12 Hz (experiment) with 0.7 µT (magnitude) 4 h/d for 30 consecutive days. Before and after the exposure, VWM test was conducted using a coated devise on a movable stand. About 10 mL of the animals’ blood was obtained from their femoral vain and used to evaluate their melatonin concentration. Blood lymphocytes were used for assaying the expressions of N-Methyl-D-aspartate NMDA-receptor genes expression before and after ELF exposure. Anatomical changes of hippocampus size were also assessed using MRI images. Results: Results indicated that VWM scores in primates exposed to 12 Hz frequency ELF increased significantly. Plasma melatonin level was also increased in these animals. However, these variables did not change in the animals exposed to 1 Hz ELF. At last, expression of the NMDA receptors increased at exposure to 12 Hz frequency. However, hippocampal volume did not increase significantly in the animals exposed to both frequencies.  Conclusion: In short, these results indicate that ELF (12 Hz) may have a beneficial value for memory enhancement (indicated by the increase in VWM scores). This may be due to an increase in plasma melatonin and or expression of NMDA glutamate receptors. However, direct involvement of the hippocampus in this process needs more research.}, Keywords = {ELF, Hippocampus, Melatonin, MRI, NMDA receptors, Visual working memory, Rhesus monkey}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {167-176}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.167}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-993-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-993-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Aliyari, Hamed and Sahraei, Hedayat and Daliri, Mohammad Reza and Minaei-Bidgoli, Behrouz and Kazemi, Masoomeh and Agaei, Hassan and Sahraei, Mohammad and SeyedHosseini, Seyed Mohammad Ali and Hadipour, Mohammad Mehdi and Mohammadi, Mohammad and Dehghanimohammadabadi, Zahr}, title = {The Beneficial or Harmful Effects of Computer Game Stress on Cognitive Functions of Players}, abstract ={Introduction: Video games are common cultural issues with great influence in all societies. One of the important cognitive effects of video games is on creating stress on video players. The present research objective was to study different types of stress in players based on video game styles.  Methods: A total of 80 players, aged 18 to 30 years, played four types of video games;  Runner game, Excitement game, Fear game, and Puzzle game. In the beginning, the players filled in the form of personal information as well as some general and specialized information on the games. Before starting each game, the saliva samples of the players were collected to measure their level of cortisol and α-amylase. At the end of each game, the same samples were collected again. The concentrations of cortisol and α-amylase were measured using a specialized kit and an ELISA device. In addition, the variations of brain waves were recorded by an Emotiv system. Finally, the data were analyzed in SPSS and Matlab system (after and before playing video game).  Results: The research findings revealed that the salivary α-amylase concentration increased significantly after playing the Fear game, Runner game, and Excitement game and decreased significantly after playing the Puzzle game. Moreover, the concentration of salivary cortisol increased significantly after playing the Runner game, Excitement game, and Fear game and decreased significantly after playing the Puzzle game. The brain wave analysis also revealed that the level of stress experienced by playing Fear game was higher than the Excitement game. Conclusion: According to the research findings, video games can affect the stress system as well as the cognitive system of humans depending on the game style. In addition, the type and level of stress triggered in the players depend on the game style.}, Keywords = {Stress, Puzzle game, Runner game, Excitement game, Fear game, NeuroGame}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {177-186}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.177}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1101-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1101-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ZamanianAzodi, Mona and RezaeiTavirani, Mostafa and ArefiOskouie, Afsaneh and Mansouri, Vahid and Hamdieh, Mostafa and Nejati, Naser and Hamidpour, Mohsen and Ahmadzadeh, Alireza and Rostami-Nejad, Mohammad and RezaeiTavirani, Majid and MortazaviTabatabaei, Seyed Abdolrez}, title = {Introducing Transthyretin as a Differentially Expressed Protein in Washing Subtype of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}, abstract ={Introduction: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) as one of the important mental problems is valuable topic for proteomic research studies to better understand the underlying mechanisms of this disorder.  Methods: In this paper, gel-based proteomic was used to investigate the proteome profile of 16 female patients with OCD, washing subtype before and after treatment with fluoxetine and comparing them with 20 healthy female controls. Results: One of the abnormally expressed protein spots in this study was introduced and examined for protein-protein interaction network analysis via Cytoscape and its plug-ins. Transthyretin (TTR) protein showed significant expression changes (fold change=1.7, P<0.05). While the expression level of TTR is significantly decreased in OCD patients before any treatments, the trend is partially normalized after treatment with fluoxetine in positive responders. Furthermore, TTR interaction profile shows that the proteins interacting with this protein may get affected as this protein expression trend changes in OCD patients.  Conclusion: TTR can be considered for further studies to be validated as a potential biomarker for OCD. }, Keywords = {Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Washing subtype, Fluoxetine, Transthyretin (TTR), Two-Dimensional gel Electrophoresis (2DE), PPI network analysis}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {187-194}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.187}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-913-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-913-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ToyinOlonode, Elizabeth and OladeleAderibigbe, Adegbuyi and AdebayoAdeoluwa, Olusegun and MayowaAjayi, Abayomi}, title = {Protective Effects of Morin Hydrate on Acute Stress-Induced Behavioral and Biochemical Alterations in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: As stress affects the brain both physiologically and chemically, researchers try to find novel anti-stress compounds with beneficial therapeutic effects. In this regard, the effect of stress and its modulation by Morin hydrate was studied using different acute models in mice. Methods: The models employed were anoxic tolerance, swimming endurance, and acute restraint test. Morin hydrate or the vehicle was administered 30 minutes prior to each stress exposure while in the acute restraint test; the animals were pretreated for 7 days with Morin hydrate, vehicle, imipramine, or diazepam before stress exposure. The measured parameters were the onset of convulsion and immobility time in the anoxic tolerance and swimming endurance test, respectively, while in the acute restraint test, the animals were assessed for stress-induced anxiety using the elevated plus maze and depression using the forced swim test. Thereafter blood was withdrawn from the retro-orbital plexus and plasma separated, the brain was also isolated, homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant was obtained for biochemical estimation.  Results: Morin hydrate (5, 10, 20 mg/kg) produced a significant reduction in immobility time in the swimming endurance test, while significantly increased the anoxic stress tolerance time. Acute restraint stress caused a significant decrease in reduced glutathione levels (which was reversed by Morin hydrate) and increased the level of malondialdehyde, a thiobarbituric acid reactive substance which is an index of oxidative stress and nitrite. These effects were attenuated by Morin hydrate. Also, pretreatment with Morin hydrate attenuates acute restraint stress-associated anxiety and depression, reversed the hyperglycemia evoked by the stressful exposure and normalized serum cholesterol levels.  Conclusion: These findings suggest that Morin hydrate exhibits anti-stress effects and may be useful in the relief of stress. }, Keywords = {Morin hydrate, Stress, Restraint, Anxiety, Depression}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {195-208}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.195}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-891-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-891-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Saeidienik, Fatemeh and Shahraki, Mohammad Reza and Fanaei, Hamed and Badini, Fereshteh}, title = {The Effects of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles Administration on Depression Symptoms Induced by LPS in Male Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Depression is a mood disorder in which feelings of sadness, loss, anger, or frustration interfere with everyday life for one to several weeks. Several studies have shown that iron nanoparticles have neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. This study aimed to evaluate anti-depressive effect of iron nanoparticles in male rats.  Methods: Depression was induced by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) adminstration. Rats were randomly assigned into six groups (10 in each group): 1) control (sterile saline solution; 200 µL, IP); 2) LPS (LPS;100 μg/kg, IP); 3) Low dose Iron Nanoparticle (LINP) (1 mg/kg, IP); 4) High dose Iron Nanoparticle (HINP), 5 mg/kg IP); 5) LPS/LINP (LPS; 100μg/kg IP+INP 1 mg/kg IP); and 6) LPS/HINP (LPS; 100 μg/kg IP+INP 5 mg/kg IP). All injections were performed every other day. To assess the effect of iron nanoparticles on depression symptoms, rats were subjected to two behavioral tests: Forced Swim Test (FST) and Open Field Test (OFT). Results: Iron nanoparticles treatment in 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg doses groups significantly improved depression symptoms when assessed by OFT and FST. In OFT, the number of line crossings, entrance to central square, rearing and duration of attending in central square increased after iron nanoparticles adminstration in depressed rats. Iron nanoparticles adminstration reduced immobility time confirmed by FST and OFT. Also, iron nanoparticles adminstration significantly increased duration of swimming in FST depressed rats. Conclusion: Our results for the first time showed potential advantageous effect of iron nanoparticles administration in attenuating depression symptoms, which was possibly mediated by modulation of neurotransmitters and anti-inflammatory effects of iron nanoparticles.}, Keywords = {Depression, Iron nanoparticle, Antidepressive effect, Lipopolysaccharide}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {209-216}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.209}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-919-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-919-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Derakhshanrad, Seyed Alireza and Piven, Emily}, title = {A Cognitive Neurodynamic Approach to Prediction of Students’ Adaptation to College: An Ex-Post Facto Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Campus life tends to make social and academic demands on college students. To cope with these demands, students are required to use their neurocognitive skills of problem- solving and planning intentional actions that target towards adaptation to college. This paper presents an illuminating perspective that would inform understanding of a new approach to cognitive neuroscience. The linkage between cognition and adaptation was sought in the context of a cognitive neurodynamic approach proposed by the Intention, Meaning, and Perception (IMP) model of neuro-occupation.  Methods: An ex post facto study was conducted on a convenience sample of 187 college students in Shiraz, Iran. A brief questionnaire was developed to screen participants for diversity of cognitive neurodynamic processing capacity and three standardized questionnaires were used to gather data about college adaptation manifestations. The partial correlation, 1-way, and 2-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data.  Results: The partial correlation test showed large, positive correlation (r≥0.7, P<0.001) between elements of the cognitive neurodynamic process, denoting that the interrelated connections among intention, meaning, and perception were governed by feedback loops. One-way ANOVA test revealed that students with diverse cognitive neurodynamic processing capacity had a variety of college adaptation manifestations. Two-way ANOVA showed a statistically significant main effect for neurodynamic processing capacity (F2, 178=8.1, P<0.001).  Conclusion: College adaptation could have been established by the cognitive neurodynamic process proposed by the IMP model. Therefore, it is advisable for faculty, mental health practitioners, and counselors who work with students at universities to understand this process and address students’ maladaptation to campus life.}, Keywords = {Circular causality, Cognitive neuroscience, Intention, Meaning, Mental process, Perception }, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {217-226}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.217}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-920-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-920-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yadegari, Azar and Karami, Mohammad Azim and Daliri, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Neural Monitoring With CMOS Image Sensors}, abstract ={Implantable image sensors have several biomedical applications due to their miniature size, light weight, and low power consumption achieved through sub-micron standard CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) technologies. The main applications are in specific cell labeling, neural activity detection, and biomedical imaging. In this paper the recent research studies on implantable CMOS image sensors for neural activity monitoring of brain are being quantified and reviewed. Based on the results, the suitable implantable image sensors for brain neural monitoring should have high signal to noise ratio of above 60 dB, high dynamic range  of near 88 dB and low power consumption than the safety threshold of 4W/cm2. Moreover, it is found out that the next generation of implantable imaging device trend should reduce the pixel size and power consumption of CMOS image sensors to increase spatial resolution of sample images.}, Keywords = {Image sensor, Implantable devices, Neural monitoring}, volume = {9}, Number = {3}, pages = {227-235}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.29252/nirp.bcn.9.3.227}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-873-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-873-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Akbarian, Behnaz and Erfanian, Abbas}, title = {Automatic Seizure Detection Based on Nonlinear Dynamical Analysis of EEG Signals and Mutual Information}, abstract ={Introduction: In this paper, nonlinear dynamical analysis based on Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) is employed to characterize the nonlinear EEG dynamics. RQA can provide useful quantitative information on the regular, chaotic, or stochastic property of the underlying dynamics.  Methods: We use the RQA-based measures as the quantitative features of the nonlinear EEG dynamics. Mutual Information (MI) was used to find the most relevant feature subset out of RQA-based features. The selected features were fed into an artificial neural network for grouping of EEG recordings to detect ictal, interictal, and healthy states. The performance of the proposed procedure was evaluated using a database for different classification cases. Results: The combination of five selected features based on MI achieved 100% accuracy, which demonstrates the superiority of the proposed method. Conclusion: The results showed that the nonlinear dynamical analysis based on Rcurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) can be employed as a suitable approach for characterizing the nonlinear EEG dynamics and detecting the seizure.}, Keywords = {Epilepsy, Mutual information, Nonlinear analysis, Recurrence quantification analysis, Seizure detection}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {227-240}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.227}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-923-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-923-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khalaji, Soheyla and Bigdeli, Imanollah and Ghorbani, Raheb and Miladi-Gorji, Hossei}, title = {Environmental Enrichment Attenuates Morphine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference and Locomotor Sensitization in Maternally Separated Rat Pups}, abstract ={Introduction: This study investigated the effect of the environmental enrichment during adolescence on morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) and locomotor sensitization in maternally separated male and female rat pups. Methods: Male Wistar rats were allowed to mate with female virgin Wistar rats. Pups were separated from them 3 hours per day during 2–14 days postnatal. All pups were weaned at 21 Postnatal Day (PND) and reared in standard environment or enriched environment from 21 to 50 PND with litter-mates of the same sex. The CPP and behavioral sensitization to morphine were assessed by an unbiased place conditioning paradigm and open filed method. Results: The results showed that the maternal separation enhanced morphine-induced CPP in both sexes, locomotor sensitization in male pups and tolerance to morphine-induced motor activity in female pups during adolescence. While, male and female pups reared in an EE exhibited a decrease in morphine-induced CPP, locomotor sensitization and tolerance induced by maternal separation compared to their control pups. Conclusion: Access to enriched environment during adolescence may have a protective effect against morphine-induced reward, locomotor sensitization and tolerance in adolescent male and female rats following maternal separation.}, Keywords = {Maternal separation, Enriched environment, Conditioned place preference, Morphine, Behavioral sensitization }, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {241-250}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.241}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-917-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-917-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hasanvand, Amin and Ahmadizar, Fariba and Abbaszadeh, Abolfazl and Amini-Khoei, Hossein and Goudarzi, Mehdi and Abbasnezhad, Amir and Choghakhori, Razieh}, title = {The Antinociceptive Effects of Rosuvastatin in Chronic Constriction Injury Model of Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: According to studies, statins possess analgesics and anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we examined the antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects of rosuvastatin in an experimental model of Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI). Methods: Our study was conducted on four groups; sham, CCI (the control group), CCI+rosuvastatin (i.p. 5 mg/kg), and CCI+rosuvastatin (i.p. 10 mg/kg). We performed heat hyperalgesia, cold and mechanical allodynia tests on the 3rd, 7th, 14th, and 21st after inducing CCI. Blood samples were collected to measure the serum levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, and Interleukin (IL)-6. Rats’ spinal cords were also examined to measure tissue concentration of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), and Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) enzymes.  Results: Our findings showed that CCI resulted in significant increase in heat hyperalgesia, cold and mechanical allodynia on the 7th, 14th and 21st day. Rosuvastatin use attenuated the CCI-induced hyperalgesia and allodynia. Rosuvastatin use also resulted in reduction of TNF-α, IL-6, and MDA levels. However, rosuvastatin therapy increased the concentration of SOD and GPx in the CCI+Ros (5 mg/kg) and the CCI+Ros (10 mg/kg) groups compared to the CCI group.  Conclusion: Rosuvastatin attenuated the CCI-induced neuropathic pain and inflammation. Thus, antinociceptive effects of rosuvastatin might be channeled through inhibition of inflammatory biomarkers and antioxidant properties.}, Keywords = {Rosuvastatin, Neuralgia, Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI), Rats}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {251-260}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.251}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-906-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-906-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Arfaie, Asghar and Safikhanlou, Salman and BakhshipourRoodsari, Abbas and Farnam, Alireza and Shafiee-Kandjani, Ali Rez}, title = {Assessment of Behavioral Approach and Behavioral Inhibition Systems in Mood Disorders}, abstract ={Introduction: Psychiatric disorders could be evaluated in terms of behavioral activation and inhibition systems. Dysregulation of these systems may lead to development of manic or depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. This study aimed to identify Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) hypersensitivity as the functional brain system behaviors in patients with major depressive disorder and bipolar mood disorder I, compared to healthy individuals.  Methods: This case-control study was conducted in Razi Psychiatric Hospital, a mental health referral center in Northwest of Iran. The study consisted of two groups of patients, one with major depressive and the other with bipolar mood disorders and one healthy group. Each group had 40 patients (20 men and 20 women). The study data were collected through BIS and BAS questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS version 18.  Results: The findings showed a significant negative correlation between BIS, BAS and BAS subscales with the severity of depression and positive correlation with mania symptoms (P<0.05).  Conclusion: BAS and BIS dysregulations may predispose people to mood disorder symptoms. BAS is hyperactive during manic phase and may predict the symptom severity of bipolar mood disorder.}, Keywords = {Bipolar mood disorder, Behavioral brain system, Major depression, Behavioral Approach System (BAS), Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {261-268}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.261}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-858-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-858-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ShareghiBrojeni, Masoud and Salimi, Morteza and Mirmohammadsadeghi, Zahra and Haghparast, Abbas and Eliassi, Afsaneh}, title = {Comparison of Effects of Light Anesthetics, Diethyl Ether and Carbon Dioxide, on Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus D1 and D2 Dopamine Receptors- and Glucosensitive Neurons-Induced Food Intake in Fasted Conscious Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and diethyl ether are used as light anesthetics. However, experimental data about their side effects are scarce. In addition, in all our previous works on regulatory mechanisms of hypothalamus during food intake, including the effect of Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN) D1 and D2 dopamine receptors and glucosensitive neurons, the drug injections were performed under brief diethyl ether anesthesia. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis which postulates that CO2 and diethyl ether as light anesthetic agents affect the stimulatory effect of PVN dopamine receptors and glucosensitive neurons in feeding behavior.  Methods: Male Wistar rats were implanted with guide cannula directed to their PVN. Glucose (0.8 µg), SKF38393 (D1 agonist, 0.5 µg), quinpirole (D2 agonist, 0.3 µg) and saline (0.3 µL) were microinjected into the PVN and food intake was measured over 1 hour.  Results: Our results showed that CO2 but not diethyl ether decreased food intake compared to intact animals. The PVN injections of glucose, SKF38393, and quinpirole increased food intake under brief diethyl ether anesthesia. In contrast, the PVN microinjected glucose-induced and dopamine receptor agonists-induced food intake were inhibited under light CO2 anesthesia.  Conclusion: Our results suggest that brief exposure to CO2 and diethyl ether as light anesthetic agents may affect PVN glucosensing neurons-induced and dopamine receptors-induced food intake in fasted rats. }, Keywords = {Carbon dioxide, Diethyl ether, Paraventricular Nucleus (PVN), Food intake, Dopamine receptors, Glucosensing neurons}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {269-274}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.269}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-942-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-942-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Borjkhani, Mehdi and Bahrami, Fariba and Janahmadi, Mahyar}, title = {Assessing the Effects of Opioids on Pathological Memory by a Computational Model}, abstract ={Introduction: Opioids hijack learning and memory formation mechanisms of brain and induce a pathological memory in the hippocampus. This effect is mainly mediated by modifications in glutamatergic system. Speaking more precisely, Opioids presence in a synapse inhibits blockage of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) by Mg2+ , enhances conductance of NMDAR and thus, induces false Long-Term Potentiation (LTP).  Methods: Based on experimental observations of different researchers, we developed a mathematical model for a pyramidal neuron of the hippocampus to study this false LTP. The model contains a spine of the pyramidal neuron with NMDAR, α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-Methyl-4-isoxazole Propionic Acid Receptors (AMPARs), and Voltage-Gated Calcium Channels (VGCCs). The model also describes Calmodulin-dependent protein Kinase II (CaMKII) and AMPAR phosphorylation processes which are assumed to be the indicators of LTP induction in the synapse.  Results: Simulation results indicate that the effect of inhibition of blockage of NMDARs by Mg2+ on the false LTP is not as crucial as the effect of NMDAR’s conductance modification by opioids. We also observed that activation of VGCCs has a dominant role in inducing pathological LTP.  Conclusion: Our results confirm that preventing this pathological LTP is possible by three different mechanisms: 1. By decreasing NMDAR’s conductance; and 2. By attenuating VGCC’s mediated current; and 3. By enhancing glutamate clearance rate from the synapse. }, Keywords = {Opioids, Memory of addiction, Synaptic plasticity, Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), Hippocampus}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {275-288}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.275}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-962-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-962-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mehri, Soghra and Sajjadi, Seyed Saber and Tabatabai, Seyed Meghdad and Hosseinzadeh, Hossei}, title = {Effects of Clavulanic Acid on the Acquisition and Reinstatement Following Morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: β-Lactam antibiotics like Clavulanic Acid (CA) enhances cellular glutamate uptake through activation of Glutamate Transporter subtype 1 (GLT-1) and decreases the level of glutamate in the nervous system. Based on studies, blocking the glutamate activity inhibits morphine-induced Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) in animals. Therefore, the effects of CA on the acquisition of morphine craving were evaluated using the CPP model in the current study. Methods: CA (1, 50 and 150 mg/kg, ip) was co-administered with morphine (40 mg/kg) for 4 days in the conditioning phase. On day 8, the effects of CA on morphine preference was assessed. In another experiment, the effect of CA on reinstatement of morphine preference by a single morphine injection (10 mg/kg) was evaluated after an extinction period.  Results: In the first method, the morphine-induced place preference was markedly reduced following administration of CA (50 and 150 mg/kg). In the second experiment, a single administration of CA (50 and 150 mg/kg) markedly inhibited the reinstatement of morphine preference on day 16. The results indicated that CA (50, 150 mg/kg) can block both morphine-induced CPP and the reinstatement of place preference following priming dose of morphine. Also memantine (as a positive control) (10 mg/kg) significantly inhibited both acquisition and reinstatement of morphine CPP. Conclusion: Considering the important role of glutamate neurotransmission in morphine dependence, the effects of CA may be partly due to decrease in glutamate level in synaptic space and blockade of N-Methyl-D-aspartate Acid (NMDA) receptors. Although, we need further studies to determine exact cellular mechanism.}, Keywords = {Clavulanic Acid, Morphine, Glutamic acid, Memantine}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {289-296}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.289}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-659-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-659-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Saebipour, Mohammad Reza and Zare, Marzieh and Ghaemi, Kazem and Joghataie, Mohammad Taghi}, title = {The Conference of the Birds: An Old Artistic Concept Making Sense in Modern Sciences}, abstract ={In this article, we will discuss scientific aspects of an old Persian story, Simorgh, in the book of The Conference of the Birds. The story is fulfilled with artistic and philosophical metaphors that make sense in two hot topics of the contemporary modern sciences i.e. cognitive science and complexity science. The poet addresses some humanity’s bygone concerns and fundamental questions about self, the quality that shapes a person’s uniqueness, and essential existence. The sophisticated language used in the poem contains allusions, symbols, and implications that are interpreted in five main topics. We think that the story deserves to be the touchstone for questions on the nature of the mind, including the profound question of humanity’s search for self and meaning of life.}, Keywords = {Conference of birds,Art, Science,Brain, Mind}, volume = {9}, Number = {4}, pages = {297-305}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.4.297}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-843-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-843-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ahmadian, Nahid and Hejazi, Sajjad and Mahmoudi, Javad and Talebi, Mahnaz}, title = {Review Paper: Tau Pathology of Alzheimer Disease: Possible Role of Sleep Deprivation}, abstract ={Sleep deprivation is a common complaint in modern societies. Insufficient sleep has increased the risk of catching neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. Several studies have indicated that restricted sleep increases the level of deposition of β-amyloid and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the major brain microstructural hallmarks for Alzheimer disease. The mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects the pathology of Alzheimer disease has not yet been fully and definitively identified. However, risk factors like apolipoprotein E risk alleles, kinases and phosphatases dysregulation, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum damages, glymphatic system dysfunctions and orexinergic system inefficacy have been identified as the most important factors which mediates between the two conditions. In this review, these factors are briefly discussed. }, Keywords = {Neurofilament proteins, Tau proteins, Amyloid beta-peptides, Amyloid beta-protein precursor, Alzheimer's disease, Sleep disorder}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {307-316}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.307}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1039-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1039-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghaffari, Fatemeh and HajizadehMoghaddam, Akbar and Zare, Mahboobeh}, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Quercetin Nanocrystal in a 6-Hydroxydopamine Model of Parkinson Disease: Biochemical and Behavioral Evidence}, abstract ={Introduction: studies have suggested that free radicals-induced neurodegeneration is one of the many studies of Parkinson Disease (PD). Quercetin as a natural polyphenol has been regarded as a significant player in altering the progression of neurodegenerative diseases by protecting from damages caused by free radicals. Owing to its poor water solubility, preparation of its oral formulation is urgently needed. Recently, nanocrystal technique as an effective way has been introduced for oral administration of drugs.  Methods: This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of quercetin nanocrystals on 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson-like model in male rats. Quercetin nanocrystals were prepared by the Evaporative Precipitation of Nanosuspension (EPN) method.  Results: Administration of quercetin and its nanocrystals (10 and 25 mg/kg) prevented disruption of memory, increased antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase and catalase) and total glutathione and reduced Malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the hippocampal area.  Conclusion: The present study results demonstrated that quercetin nanocrystals with greater bioavailability is effective than quercetin alone in treatment of Parkinson-like model in rat. }, Keywords = {Parkinson disease, Antioxidant, Quercetin, Nanocrystal, 6-Hydroxydopamine }, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {317-324}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.317}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-824-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-824-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Shadnoush, Mahdi and Nazemian, Vida and Manaheji, Homa and Zaringhalam, Jalal}, title = {The Effect of Orally Administered Probiotics on the Behavioral, Cellular, and Molecular Aspects of Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis}, abstract ={Introduction: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease, which is accompanied with pain, hyperalgesia, and edema. Overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activation of intracellular signaling pathways sustain the RA symptoms considerably. There is a strong correlation between the expression of cytokines and opioid receptors in the arthritis process. Studies have shown that probiotics via different pathways such as reducing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines can alleviate inflammatory symptoms. Therefore, based on the crucial role of cellular and humoral immunity in induction of RA symptoms and potency of probiotics in modulation of immune responses, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of orally administered probiotics on the behavioral, cellular and molecular aspects of adjuvant-induced arthritis in male Wistar rats.  Methods: Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)-induced arthritis was caused by single subcutaneous injection of CFA into the rat’s hind paw on day 0. Different doses of probiotics (1/250, 1/500 and 1/1000 [109 CFU/g]) were administered daily (gavage) after CFA injection. Hyperalgesia, edema, serum IL-1β levels, μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR) expression, and p38MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) activities were assessed on days 0, 7, 14 and 21 of the study. Results: The results of this study indicated the efficacy of probiotics in reducing hyperalgesia, edema, serum levels of Interleukin-1β, and p38MAPK pathway activity during different phases of arthritis as well as increasing the expression of MORs during chronic phase of CFA-induced arthritis. Conclusion: It seems that probiotics can effectively reduce inflammatory symptoms by inhibiting the intracellular signaling pathway and cytokine production.}, Keywords = {Probiotics, Hyperalgesia, Edema, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK), μ-Opioid Receptor (MOR)}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {325-336}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.325}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-977-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-977-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zamanian-Azodi, Mona and Rezaei-Tavirani, Mostafa and Mahboubi, Mohammad and Hamidpour, Mohsen and RezaeiTavirani, Majid and Hamdieh, Mostafa and Rostami-Nejad, Mohammad and Nejadi, Naser and Derakhshan, Mohammad Kamr}, title = {Serum Proteomic Study of Women With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Washing Subtype}, abstract ={Introduction: Many genetic studies are conducted on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). however, a high-throughput examination of proteome profile of this severe disease has not been performed yet.  Methods: Here, the proteomic study of OCD patients’ serum samples was conducted by the application of Two-Dimensional Electrophoresis (2DE) followed by Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-TOF).  Results: A total of 240 protein spots were detected and among them, five significant differentially expressed protein spots with the fold change of ≥1.5 were considered for further evaluations. These proteins include IGKC, GC, HPX, and two isoforms of HP. While IGKC and HP show down-regulation, GC and HPX indicate up-regulation. Moreover, a validation study of overall HP levels in patients’ serum via nephelometric quantification confirmed the lower levels of this protein in the serum of OCD patients. Additionally, enrichment analysis and validation test revealed that inflammation is one of most dominant processes in OCD.  Conclusion: It is suggested that these candidate proteins and their underlying processes (especially, inflammation) may be linked to OCD pathophysiology and can promise a clinical use after extensive validation studies.}, Keywords = {Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Biomarkers, Proteomics, Protein interaction maps}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {337-346}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.337}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1091-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1091-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Gholamzadeh, Raheleh and Eskandari, Mehdi and Bigdeli, Mohammad Reza and Mostafavi, Hossei}, title = {Erythropoietin Pretreatment Effect on Blood Glucose and Its Relationship With Inflammatory Factors After Brain Ischemic-Reperfusion Injury in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Brain Ichemic-Reperfusion Injury (IRI) activates different pathophysiological processes. It also changes physiological parameters such as Blood Glucose (BG) level. An increase in BG after stroke is associated with poor clinical outcomes. Erythropoietin has been shown to be effective on both reducing inflammation and BG level. Therefore, in this study the erythropoietin pretreatment effect on BG and its relationship with inflammatory markers after brain IRI was investigated. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: sham, control and 3 pretreatment groups: single dose, double dose, and triple dose that received 1000 U/kg of erythropoietin before stroke induction in different times intraperitoneally. A rat model of IRI was established by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for 60 minutes. Infarct volume, neurological defects, Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and IL-6 serum levels were evaluated 24 hours after reperfusion. Also BG was measured after 1, 6, and 24 hours. Results: Single dose of erythropoietin significantly decreased infarct volume and improved neurological defects which was associated with decreased serum level of IL-1α and IL-6 but higher doses of erythropoietin administration had adverse effects on histological, neurological, and inflammatory results. In addition, erythropoietin significantly increased BG in a dose- dependent manner.  Conclusion: Erythropoietin could reduce brain IRI by reducing inflammation and BG stabilization. The results of the present study demonstrated a relationship between inflammatory factors and hyperglycemia after IRI and suggested that erythropoietin may be useful for preventing brain IRI, but its higher doses should be used with caution due to possible side effects. }, Keywords = {Erythropoietin, Pretreatment, Blood glucose, Inflammatory factors, Brain ischemia}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {347-356}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.347}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1015-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1015-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mohammadifard, Faezeh and Alimohammadi, Sam}, title = {Chemical Composition and Role of Opioidergic System in Antinociceptive Effect of Ziziphora Clinopodioides Essential Oil}, abstract ={Introduction: Ziziphora Clinopodioides has been used widely for various therapeutic purposes in Iranian folk medicine. The current study aimed to determine interaction of antinociceptive effect of the Essential Oil of Ziziphora Clinopodioides (EOZC) and opioidergic system in male rats using formalin test.  Methods: Sixty-four male Wistar rats were divided into eight groups. The groups 1 to 7 were injected with normal saline, vehicle (Tween-80, 0.5%), 10, 20, 40 mg/kg of the EOZC, morphine (5 mg/kg) and naloxone (2 mg/kg), respectively. Thirty minutes later, the formalin test was performed by intraplantar injection of formalin (50 µL, 2%). In group 8, naloxone (2 mg/kg) was injected 15 min before injection of EOZC (20 mg/kg), followed by formalin at 15 min later. The formalin test was done as time spent for licking and biting of the injected paw. Formalin induced a biphasic pain reaction. The chemical composition of EOZC was identified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Results: EOZC (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) dose dependently and morphine (5 mg/kg) reduced pain responses in the both phases of pain (P<0.05). Naloxone (2 mg/kg) alone had no effect on the severity of pain (P>0.05) but pretreatment with naloxone inhibited EOZC-induced antinociception activity (P<0.05). Based on the GC-MS results, EOZC comprised 65.22% carvacrol, 19.51% thymol, 4.86% p-cymene and 4.63% γ-terpinene.  Conclusion: These results demonstrate that EOZC has antinociceptive effect and this effect might mediate via opioidergic pathways.}, Keywords = {Ziziphora Clinopodioides, Antinociceptive, Opioidergic, Rat}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {357-366}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.357}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1066-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1066-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khosravi, Alireza and Behjati, Mohaddeseh and Dianatkhah, Minoo and Noori, Fatemeh and Nejati, Majid and Sarrafzadegan, Nizal}, title = {The Effect of Parental Medical History on the Prevalence of Cerebrovascular Diseases in Their Children in an Iranian Population}, abstract ={Introduction: still a controversial issue, family history is known as a risk factor for the development of Cerebrovascular Diseases (CVD). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between parental history and risk of CVD in their offspring in Iranian population.  Methods: Isfahan Cohort Study (ICS) included total 6504 healthy participants which were randomly selected through a two-stage cluster sampling method from three districts. The participants were followed prospectively for 10 years. The diagnosis of CVD were confirmed by expert panelist. Clinically validated history of CVD was established for definition of parental history of CVD. Types of history were categorized into paternal, maternal, both parents, and no history. Results: The prevalence of CVD is generally higher among female offspring compared with male ones (P<0.001). The relative risk of CVD with maternal history was not significant (95%CI=0.95-2.29). By adjusted model analysis, history of CVD in both parents affected the risk of CVD in their male children (RR=2.13, P=0.033, 95%CI). By crude model analysis, maternal history of CVD (P=0.047), history of CVD in both parents (P=0.032), and maternal history of hypertension (P=0.005) were determined as risk factors of CVD in offspring. Indeed, the mean age of CVD in offspring decreases based on this order: history of hypertension in parents, paternal history of CVD in both parents, maternal history of CVD, and no history (P<0.001).  Conclusion: Early and regular screening for CVD development is necessary in female offspring of the families with the present history of CVD from maternal side. This group are at risk and should be considered as the target group for screening and taking preventive measures.}, Keywords = {Parental, Medical history, Cerebrovascular, Children}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {367-372}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.367}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-878-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-878-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sadeghi, Sahar and Maleki, Ali}, title = {Recent Advances in Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface Systems: A Technological and Quantitative Review}, abstract ={Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a system that enables users to transmit commands to the computer using their brain activity recorded by electroencephalography. In a Hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (HBCI), a BCI control signal combines with one or more BCI control signals or with Human-Machine Interface (HMI) biosignals to increase classification accuracy, boost system speed, and improve user’s satisfaction. HBCI systems are categorized according to the type of combined signals and the combination technique (simultaneous or sequential). They have been used in several applications such as cursor control, target selection, and spellers. Increasing the number of articles published in this field indicates the significance of these systems. In this paper, different HBCI combinations, their important features, and potential applications are discussed. In most cases, the combination of a BCI control signal with a HMI biosignal yields higher information transfer rate than two BCI control signals.}, Keywords = {Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCI), BCI control signal, Human-machine interface biosignal, Simultaneous and sequential HBCI}, volume = {9}, Number = {5}, pages = {373-388}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.5.373}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-960-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-960-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Asehinde, Stephen and Ajayi, Abayomi and Bakre, Adewale and Omorogbe, Osarume and Adebesin, Adaeze and Umukoro, Solomo}, title = {Effects of Jobelyn® on Isoniazid-Induced Seizures, Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Glutamate Decarboxylase Activity in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Isoniazid-induced seizure, often described as Status Epilepticus (SE), is an emergency condition characterized by repeated convulsive episodes that responds poorly to the currently available anticonvulsant drugs. The current study aimed at ascertaining the effect of Jobelyn® (JB), an African dietary supplement, on seizures, altered oxidative stress, and glutamate decarboxylase activity induced by isoniazid in mice. Methods: A total of 6 mice received JB (10-50 mg/kg, PO), pyridoxine (300 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg), or distilled water (10 mL/kg) 30 minutes prior to the induction of SE with injection of isoniazid (300 mg/kg, IP). Thereafter, the mice were observed for the onset of convulsions for a period of two hours. Moreover, the effect of JB on Glutamate Decarboxylase (GAD) activity and biomarkers of oxidative stress (glutathione and malondialdehyde) was also evaluated in the brain homogenates of another set of isoniazid-treated mice. Results: JB (50 mg/kg, PO) prolonged the latency to convulsions, but could not prevent the occurrence of seizure episodes caused by isoniazid. Moreover, JB neither showed any protection against death nor delayed the latency to death caused by isoniazid. However, this dose of JB positively modulated the concentrations of malondialdehyde and glutathione in the brains of mice treated with isoniazid. The activity of GAD, the enzyme responsible for GABA synthesis, increased by JB, which suggested enhanced GABAergic neurotransmission. Conclusion: The current study findings suggest that JB prolongs the latency to convulsions, enhances GABAergic neurotransmission, and demonstrates anti-oxidative effect in isoniazid-treated mice.}, Keywords = {Sorghum bicolor, Seizures, Isoniazid, Glutamate decarboxylase, GABA}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {389-396}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.389}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-980-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-980-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Hiwa and Rezaei, Mohammad and Amiri, Seyed Mojtaba and Rahimi, Zohreh and Mansouri, Kamran and Khazaie, Habibolah}, title = {Sleep Architecture and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Activity in Paradoxical and Psychophysiological Insomnia}, abstract ={Introduction: There are controversial reports about association between sleep and Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) activity. Studies have reported the influence of insomnia on HPA hormones. However, they usually ignored the heterogeneity of insomnia symptoms, so subtypes of the disorder have not been considered in the reports. The present study aimed to investigate the final and intermediate products of HPA system among a group of psychophysiological and paradoxical insomniac patients in comparison to a group of normal sleepers.  Methods: We investigated the awakening serum level of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) and cortisol after one night Polysomnography (PSG) in 17 subjects with psychophysiological insomnia, 19 subjects with paradoxical insomnia and 17 subjects with normal sleep profile. Groups were matched for age and Body Mass Index (BMI). Serum levels of ACTH and cortisol were measured by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method.  Results: Although, a tendency toward elevation of both ACTH and cortisol was observed among patients with paradoxical insomnia compared to both control and psychophysiological insomnia, the differences were not significant comparing three groups. According to regression analysis, higher Non-Rapid Eye Movement sleep (NREM) arousal and Pulse Transit Time (PTT) significantly predicted higher level of ACTH.  Conclusion: These findings could suggest the personality traits hypothesis for paradoxical insomnia. Both cortical and subcortical arousal could lead to more HPA activity and higher ACTH level. Further studies are recommended to confirm the hypothesis. }, Keywords = {Cortisol, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH), Sleep disorder, Insomnia }, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {397-407}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.397}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-978-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-978-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rahmanzadeh, Reza and Mehrabi, Soraya and Barati, Mahmood and Ahmadi, Milad and Golab, Fereshteh and Kazmi, Sareh and Joghataei, Mohammad Taghi and Seifi, Morteza and Gholipourmalekabadi, Mazaher}, title = {Effect of Co-administration of Bumetanide and Phenobarbital on Seizure Attacks in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy}, abstract ={Introduction: The resistance of temporal lobe epilepsy to classic drugs is thought to be due to disruption in the excitation/inhibition of this pathway. Two chloride transporters, NKCC1 and KCC2, are expressed differently for the excitatory state of Gamma-Amino Butyric Acid (GABA). The present study explored the effect of bumetanide as a selective NKCC1 inhibitor either alone or in combination with the phenobarbital in the pilocarpine model of epilepsy.  Methods: An animal model of Status Epilepticus (SE) was induced with pilocarpine in Wistar male rats followed by phenobarbital and or bumetanide or saline administration for 45 days after the induction of SE by Intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The rats were monitored, their behavior was recorded, and after 24 hours they were sacrificed to study the expression of NKCC1 and KCC2 using real time PCR. Results: The data showed that the effects of a combination of bumetanide with phenobarbital on frequency rate and duration of seizure attack were more than those of the phenobarbital alone. In addition, in the bumetanide and combined treatment groups, NKCC1 expression decreased significantly, compared with untreated epileptic animals. A delayed decrement in NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio after bumetanide application was also observed. Conclusion: The combination of bumetanide with phenobarbital increases the inhibition of SE and maximizes the potential of GABA signaling pathway, and can be considered as an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with epilepsy.}, Keywords = {Bumetanide, KCC2, NKCC1, Phenobarbital, Temporal lobe epilepsy}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {408-416}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.408}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-826-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-826-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rohilla, Seema and K.Garg, Harender and Singh, Ishwar and KYadav, Rohtas and B.Dhaulakhandi, Dhar}, title = {rCBV- and ADC-based Grading of Meningiomas With Glimpse Into Emerging Molecular Diagnostics}, abstract ={Introduction: This study was conducted to grade meningiomas based on relative Cerebral Blood Volume (rCBV) and Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC) to help surgeons plan the approach and extent of operation as well as decide on the need of any adjuvant radio/chemo therapy. The current and evolving genomic, proteomic, and spectroscopic technologies are also discussed which can supplement the current radiologic methods and procedures in grading meningiomas. Methods: A total of 35 patients with meningioma prospectively underwent basic MR sequences (T1W, T2W, T2W/FLAIR) in axial, sagittal and coronal planes followed by Diffusion Weighted (DW) imaging having b value of 1000 (minimum ADC values used for analysis). Then, gadobenate dimeglumine/meglumine gadoterate was administered (0.1 mmol/kg at a rate of 4 mL/s) followed by saline flush (20 mL at a rate of 4 mL/s). Next, T2*W/FFE dynamic images were acquired; dynamics showing maximum fall in intensity was used for creating rCBV and relative Cerebral Blood Flow (rCBF) maps and calculating rCBV. Results: Both maximum rCBV and minimum ADC within the tumor were not significant for differentiating benign from malignant meningiomas. A cut-off maximum rCBV of 2.5 mL/100 g in peritumoral edema was 75% sensitive, 84.6% specific, and 83.3% accurate in differentiating benign from malignant meningiomas.  Conclusion: Benign and malignant meningiomas can be differentiated based on maximum rCBV in peritumoral edema but ADC values within the tumor are insignificant in differentiating benign and malignant tumors. rCBV values within tumor, however, may be helpful in subtyping meningiomas, especially transitional and meningothelial meningiomas. }, Keywords = {Meningioma grading, Relative Cerebral Blood Volume, Apparent diffusion coefficient, Genomic, Proteomics}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {417-428}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.417}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-904-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-904-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Leila and KazemiNezhad, Seyed Reza and Behbahani, Parisima and Khajeddin, Nilofar and Pourmehdi-Boroujeni, Mehdi}, title = {Genetic Variations of DAOA (rs947267 and rs3918342) and COMT Genes (rs165599 and rs4680) in Schizophrenia and Bipolar I Disorder}, abstract ={Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the incidence of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Many reports confirm that several common genes are connected with these two psychotic disorders. Several neurotransmitters may be involved in the molecular mechanisms of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We aimed to estimate the role of two talent genes: DAOA in neurotransmission of glutamate and COMT in neurotransmission of dopamine to guide the treatment of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.  Methods: Blood samples (n=100 for schizophrenia, n=100 for bipolar I disorder and n=127 for case control) were collected from individuals unrelated in the southwest of Iran. The SNPs (rs947267 and rs3918342 for DAOA gene/ rs165599 and rs4680 for COMT gene) were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP method. Our finding was studied by logistic regression and Mantel-Haenszel Chi-square tests. Results: We observed an association in rs3918342, rs165599 and rs4680 single nucleotide polymorphisms and schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder. In addition, our data demonstrated that the rs947267 was related to bipolar I disorder but there was no association between this SNP and schizophrenia. Conclusion: In conclusion, this result supports the hypothesis that variations in DAOA and COMT genes may play a role in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.}, Keywords = {Catechol-O-methyltransferase, D-amino acid oxidase activator, Genetics, Schizophrenic disorders, Bipolar disorder}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {429-438}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.429}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-908-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-908-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sarraf-Razavi, Mahdiyeh and Tehrani-Doost, Mehdi and Ghassemi, Farnaz and Nazari, Mohammad Ali and ZiatabarAhmadi, Zohreh}, title = {Early Posterior Negativity as Facial Emotion Recognition Index in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder}, abstract ={Introduction: Studies indicate that children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have deficits in social and emotional functions. It can be hypothesized that these children have some deficits in early stages of facial emotion discrimination. Based on this hypothesis, the present study investigated neural correlates of early visual processing during emotional face recognition in this group compared with typically developing children using the Event-Related Potentials (ERPs).  Methods: Nineteen boys between the ages of 7 and 11 years diagnosed with ADHD (Combined type) based on DSM-IV-TR classification were compared with 19 typically developing children matched on age and gender. The participants performed an emotional face recognition task while their brain activities were recorded using the event-related potentials procedure.  Results: A significant reduction in the Early Posterior Negativity (EPN) for happy and angry faces has been revealed in ADHD children compared to normal ones (P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study supports the notion that individuals with ADHD have some impairments in early stage of emotion processing which can leading to their misinterpretation of emotion in faces.}, Keywords = {Emotional face recognition, Event-Related Potentials (ERP), Early Posterior Negativity (EPN), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {439-447}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.439}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-991-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-991-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yazdi-Ravandii, Saeid and Shamsaei, Farshid and Matinnia, Nasrin and Shams, Jamal and Moghimbeigi, Abbas and Ghaleiha, Ali and Ahmadpanah, Mohamm}, title = {Cognitive Process in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Analytic Study}, abstract ={Introduction: In recent studies, deficit in cognitive process has been investigated as one of the etiological hypotheses in a wide range of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). This research aimed to compare cognitive process in patients with OCD and healthy groups. Methods: In the current cross-sectional analytic study, 43 patients with OCD and 43 healthy individuals matched with gender, age, educational and marital status were selected by convenience sampling method and assessed by Wisconsin Cart Sorting Test (WCST), Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT) and Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). The obtained data were analyzed with Chi-square, Independent t test, Mann-Whitney U test and Pearson correlation in SPSS version16. Results: There was no difference between the patients with OCD and the healthy group in demographic characteristics (P>0.05). There was a significant differences between two group on the all subscale of WCST test and PASAT3, PASAT2 tests (P<0.01). These findings indicate that the OCD patient’s performance in cognitive process was significantly worse than the healthy controls.  Conclusion: The findings indicate that individuals with OCD suffer from a deficiency in various aspects of cognitive processes. Therefore, paying attention to these deficiencies can make an important contribution to the treatment of these patients.}, Keywords = {Obsessive Compulsive Disorder, Cognitive process, Information processing}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {448-457}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.448}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1043-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1043-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Etesam, Zahra and Nemati, Maryam and Ebrahimizadeh, Mohammad-Amin and Ebrahimi, Hossain-Ali and Hajghani, Hossain and Khalili, Tahereh and Jafarzadeh, Abdollah}, title = {Different Expressions of Specific Transcription Factors of Th1 (T-bet) and Th2 cells (GATA-3) by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells From Patients With Multiple Sclerosis}, abstract ={Introduction: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disorder caused by self-reactive Th1 lymphocytes, while Th2 cells may confer protection. The Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation are regulated by specific transcription factors, especially T-bet and GATA-3, respectively. This investigation aimed to measure the T-bet and GATA-3 expression by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) obtained from MS patients after specific and non-specific in vitro stimulation. Methods: The PBMCs were separated from 22 patients with MS and 20 healthy individuals. They were cultured at 37°C for 24 h in the absence of a stimulator or in the presence of Myelin oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) or Phytohemagglutinin (PHA) at a concentration of 10 μg/mL. Then the T-bet and GATA-3 expression was measured by real time-PCR. Results: The T-bet expression was enhanced, while the GATA-3 expression diminished. Therefore the expression of T-bet/GATA-3 ratio diminished in not-stimulated, MOG-stimulated and PHA-stimulated PBMCs from MS patients compared with equal cultures from the healthy individuals (P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.01, for T-bet; P<0.03, P<0.01 and P<0.02, for GATA-3; P<0.01, P<0.001 and P<0.01 for T-bet/GATA-3 ratio, respectively). The not-stimulated, MOG-stimulated, and PHA-stimulated PBMCs from men with MS expressed higher amounts of GATA-3 than equal cells from MS women (P<0.05, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Conclusion: These results probably indicate an imbalance in Th1/Th2 cells in the level of transcription factors with a tendency toward Th1 cells in MS. The clinical utilization of the transcription factors as novel biomarkers of MS should be evaluated in further studies.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis, Th1, Th2, T-bet, GATA-3}, volume = {9}, Number = {6}, pages = {458-469}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.6.458}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-744-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} }