@article{ author = {Kiaei, Mahmou}, title = {New Hopes and Challenges for Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Great Opportunities for Young Neuroscientists}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {3-4}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-307-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Khakpai, Fatemeh and Nasehi, Mohammad and Haeri-Rohani, Ali and Eidi, Akram and Zarrindast, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Septo-Hippocampo-Septal Loop and Memory Formation}, abstract ={The Cholinergic and GABAergic .bers of the medial septal/diagonal band of Broca (MS/DB) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. In addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. The activity of septal and hippocampal neurons is modulated by several neurotransmitter systems including glutamatergic neurons from the entorhinal cortex, serotonergic .bers from the raphe nucleus, dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), histaminergic cells from the tuberomammillary nucleus and adrenergic .bers from the locus coeruleus (LC). Thus, changes in the glutamatergic, serotonergic and other systems- mediated transmission in the MS/DB may in.uence cholinergic or GABAergic transmission in the hippocampus.}, Keywords = {septo-hippocampal, septum, hippocampus, learning, memory }, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {5-23}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-308-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yazdi-Ravandi, Saeid and Taslimi, Zahra and Saberi, Hayede and Shams, Jamal and Osanlo, Shima and Nori, Golnoosh and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {The Role of Resilience and Age on Quality of life in Patients with Pain Disorders}, abstract ={The quality of life (QOL) has been de.ned as ‘‘a person’s sense of well-being that stems from satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the areas of life that are important to him/her’’.  Age was also signi.cantly associated with several functional limitations such as illness, and physical restrictions. The concept of ‘‘resilience’’ refers to successful adaptation that unfolds within a context of signi.cant and usually debilitating adversity or life stress. The ability to adapt to pain may play an important role in maintaining the QOL. In this study, we investigated the role of resilience and age in various domains of quality of life such as physical, psychological, social and environmental domains. In this study, 290 adult patients (146 men, 144 women) completed the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Moreover, we illustrated several demographic variables. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 and means, descriptive correlation and regression were calculated. Our data revealed that resilience and age could signi.cantly anticipate the QOL and physical aspect (P<0.001). In psychological, social and environmental domains resilience but not the age could signi.cantly predict this domains. In addition, it is noticeable that the effect of resilience on the prediction of QOL is much more obvious in the psychological domain.. In conclusion, resilience is more important factor than the age in prediction of life quality (QOL) in persons suffering from chronic pain.}, Keywords = {Resilience, Quality of life, Age, Chronic pain}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {24-30}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-309-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moghimi, Ali and Mollazadeh, Samaneh and BehnamRassouli, Fatemeh and Shiee, Reza and Khalilzade, Mohammad Ali}, title = {The Effect of Ciprofloxacin Injection on Genetically Absence Prone (Wag/Rij) Rat\'s Electroencephalogram Characteristics}, abstract ={ Introduction: Ciprofloxacin which was used in this study is a Fluoroquinolone (FQ). This kind of drug may cause epileptic seizures probably because of the inhibition of GABA binding to its receptors. Wag/Rij rats (an animal model for generalized absence epilepsy), were used as experimental subjects. Methods: For EEG study, electrodes were inserted into the cortex of animals according to paxinos coordinates. After and before ciprofloxacin injection, EEG was recorded and their SWDs were compared with each others. Results: Findings showed a significant increase in the mean number of seizures during recording period. But the mean number of SWDs during seizures did not show any significant differences between groups. Discussion: These results may be due to involvement of GABA antagonistic effects of FQs and/or Mg2+ linked blockade of NMDA receptors. More researches are going to determine physiopathology of SWDs and .nd new effective substance against this kind of epilepsy.}, Keywords = {Ciprofloxacin, Absence epilepsy, Wag/Rij, EEG}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {31-35}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-310-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-310-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yazdi, Zohreh and Sadeghniiat-Haghighi, Khosro and Naimian, Shoaib and Zohal, Mohammad Ali and Ghaniri, Mostaf}, title = {Prevalence of Sleep Disorders and their Effects on Sleep Quality in Epileptic Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Epilepsy is a complex pervasive neurobehavioral and social condition accompanied by a wide range of comorbid conditions that can adversely affect the quality of life of patients. Sleep complaints are common among patients with epilepsy. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of subjective sleep disturbances and its effects on sleep quality in epileptic patients.  Methods: In this cross-sectional study,  152 consecutive epileptic patients and 152 controls were  interviewed. We used Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, Berlin Questionnaire and Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index to measure excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea and sleep quality. R estless leg syndrome was diagnosed using three questions.  Results: The age, gender and average total sleep time was similar in patients and control group. The frequency of excessive sleepiness scale and subjective complaint of sleep maintenance was higher in epileptic patients than control group (P<0.05). The symptoms of restless leg syndrome were reported by 32.3% of patients and 11.8% of controls (P<0.05). Discussion: Daytime sleepiness, dif.culty in sleep maintenance, poor sleep quality and RLS appear to be common in patients with epilepsy. Further con.rmatory studies are needed using objective sleep studies to detect underlying mechanisms of sleep disorders in these patients.}, Keywords = {epilepsy, seizure, sleep disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness }, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {36-41}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-311-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Umukoro, Solomon and Ugbomah, Adaeze and Aderibigbe, Adegbuyi O. and Eduviere, Anothony T. and Omogbiya, Adrian I.}, title = {Antioxidant Property of Jobelyn as the Possible Mechanism Underlying its Anti-amnesic Activity in Rodents}, abstract ={Introduction: Amnesia or loss of memory is the cardinal hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with ageing process. Although, AD had been discovered over a century ago, drugs which could cure or halt the progression of the disease are yet to see the light of the day. However, there has been a growing interest in the use of phytomedicines with multipronged mechanisms of action that could target various aspects of the pathologies of AD. Jobelyn (JB) is a potent antioxidant African polyherbal formulation with active components that have been acclaimed to show neuroprotection. This investigation was carried out to evaluate whether JB has anti-amnesic and antioxidant activities. Methods: The alteration of alternation behavior in the Y-maze paradigm was utilized as the test for memory function in mice.  The effect of JB on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) level and the concentrations of glutathione (GSH) in the frontal cortex and hippocampus were assessed in rats as means of providing insight into the mechanism underlying its anti-amnesic activity. The animals were given JB (1, 2.5 or 5mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 7 days before the biochemical assays or test for memory functions were carried out.  Results: JB was found to produce a signi.cant increase in the level of alternation behavior compared with the control, suggesting anti-amnesic activity. Also, JB reversed the memory impairment induced by scopolamine, which further indicates anti-amnesic property. Furthermore, JB demonstrated a signi.cant inhibition of MDA formation in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats, indicating antioxidant property.  In addition, it increased the defense armory of the brain tissues, as it signi.cantly increased the concentrations of GSH in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats. However, JB did not demonstrate any inhibitory effect against AChE activity in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of rats in comparison with the control group. Discussion: This investigation provides evidence that suggests that JB has anti-amnesic and antioxidant properties. Although the present data suggest that the anti-amnesic property of JB might be related to its antioxidant activity, more studies are necessary to clarify this observation.}, Keywords = {Jobelyn, Anti-amnesic, Antioxidant, Malondialdehyde levels, Glutathione concentrations }, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {42-49}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-312-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-312-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ghanizadeh, Ahmad and Safavi, Salar and Berk, Michael}, title = {Clock Face Drawing Test Performance in Children with ADHD}, abstract ={Introduction: The utility and discriminatory pattern of the clock face drawing test in ADHD is unclear. This study therefore compared Clock Face Drawing test performance in children with ADHD and controls. Methods: 95 school children with ADHD and 191 other children were matched for gender ratio and age. ADHD symptoms severities were assessed using DSM-IV ADHD checklist and their intellectual functioning was assessed. The participants completed three clock-drawing tasks, and the following four functions were assessed: Contour score, Numbers score, Hands setting score, and Center score Results: All the subscales scores of the three clock drawing tests of the ADHD group were lower than that of the control group. In ADHD children, inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores were not related to free drawn clock test scores. When pre-drawn contour test was performed, inattentiveness score was statistically associated with Number score while none of the other variables of age, gender, intellectual functioning, and hand use preference were associated with that kind of score. In pre-drawn clock, no association of ADHD symptoms with any CDT subscales found signi.cant. In addition, more errors are observed with free drawn clock and Pre-drawn contour than pre-drawn clock. Discussion: Putting Numbers and Hands setting are more sensitive measures to screen ADHD than Contour and Center drawing. Test performance, except Hands setting, may have already reached a developmental plateau. It is probable that Hand setting de.cit in children with ADHD may not decrease from age 8 to 14 years. Performance of children with ADHD is associated with complexity of CDT.}, Keywords = {Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Clock face drawing test, diagnosis, psychometrics, assessment.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {50-56}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-313-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jahanshahi, Mehrdad and Haidari, Kamran and Mahaki-Zadeh, Simin and Nikmahzar, EmseGol and Babakordi, Fatemeh}, title = {Effects of Repeated Administration of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on Avoidance Memory and Cell Density in Rats\' Hippocampus}, abstract ={Introduction MDMA or ecstasy is a derivative of amphetamines used mostly by young people worldwide. Although the acute effects of this drug are known, the effect of chronic administration is not well studied. Therefor the aim of this study was to determine the effects of repeated (long term) administration of MDMA on rats;#39 memory and their hippocampal cell density. Method: Young adult male Wistar rats 200 ± 20 g served as subjects.  The rats were randomly distributed into three MDMA treated groups (3×2.5 mg/kg, 3×5 mg/kg, 3×10 mg/kg) and one control-saline group. All animals received MDMA intraperitoneally (3h apart a challenge) 7th day of every week for consecutive 4 weeks. Animals were trained before and were tested after injections for their memory status using the standards passive avoidance method. Finally, 24hr after the memory test, rats were sacri.ced and after tissue operations, the hippocampal astrocytes and neurons were counted. Results: results showed that the number of neurons in all experimental groups was lower than the control-saline group. The most decreased number of neurons was shown in 5 mg/kg MDMA group compared to control-saline in all the regions of hippocampus. Also we found that repeated administration of MDMA reduced the number of hippocampal astrocytes. Discussion: It is concluded that repeated administration of MDMA can reduce density of neurons and astrocytes and this decrease is not dose dependence.}, Keywords = {Ecstasy, Neurons, Astrocytes, Passive Avoidance Memory}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {57-63}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-346-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Masoumi, Nafiseh and Framanzad, F. and Zamanian, Behnam and Seddighi, A.S. and Moosavi, M.H. and Najarian, S. and Bastani, Dariush}, title = {2D Computational Fluid Dynamic Modeling of Human Ventricle System Based on Fluid-Solid Interaction and Pulsatile Flow}, abstract ={Many diseases are related to cerebrospinal .uid (CSF) hydrodynamics. Therefore, understanding the hydrodynamics of CSF .ow and intracranial pressure is helpful for obtaining deeper knowledge of pathological processes and providing better treatments. Furthermore, engineering a reliable computational method is promising approach for fabricating in vitro models which is essential for inventing generic medicines.  A Fluid-Solid Interaction (FSI)model was constructed to simulate CSF .ow. An important problem in modeling the CSF .ow is the diastolic back .ow. In this article, using both rigid and .exible conditions for ventricular system allowed us to evaluate the effect of surrounding brain tissue. Our model assumed an elastic wall for the ventricles and a pulsatile CSF input as its boundary conditions. A comparison of the results and the experimental data was done. The .exible model gave better results because it could reproduce the diastolic back .ow mentioned in clinical research studies. The previous rigid models have ignored the brain parenchyma interaction with CSF and so had not reported the back .ow during the diastolic time.  In this computational .uid dynamic (CFD) analysis, the CSF pressure and .ow velocity in different areas were concordant with the experimental data.}, Keywords = {Cerebrospinal Fluid,FSI modeling, Pulsatile,Hydrodynamics, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {64-75}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-347-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mirnaziri, Mina and Rahimi, Masoomeh and Alavikakhaki, Sepidehsadat and Ebrahimpour, Rez}, title = {Using Combination of μ,β and γ Bands in Classi.cation of EEG Signals}, abstract ={Introduction: In most BCI articles which aim to separate movement imaginations, µ and ;beta frequency bands have been used. In this paper, the effect of presence and absence of ;gamma band on performance improvement is discussed since movement imaginations affect ;gamma frequency band as well. Methods: In this study we used data set 2a from BCI Competition IV. In this data set, 9 healthy subjects have performed left hand, right hand, foot and tongue movement imaginations. Time and frequency intervals are computed for each subject and then are classi.ed using Common Spatial Pattern (CSP) as a feature extractor. Finally, data is classi.ed by LDA1, RBF2 MLP3, SVM4and KNN 5 methods. In all experiments, accuracy rate of classi.cation is computed using 4 fold validation method. Results: It is seen that most of the time, combination of ;mu,;beta and ;gamma bands would have better performance than just using combination of ;mu and ;beta bands or ;gamma band alone. In general, the improvement rate of the average classi.cation accuracy is computed 2.91%. Discussion: In this study, it is shown that using combination of µ, ;beta and ;gamma frequency bands provides more information than only using combination of µ and ;beta in movement imagination separations.}, Keywords = {Brain – Computer Interface (BCI),Electroencephalogram (EEG),Common Spatial Pattern (CSP),Multi – Layer Perceptron (MLP),Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA),Radial Basis Function (RBF).}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {76-87}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-348-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Saleh-gohari, Nasrollah and Mohammadi-Anaie, Marzye}, title = {Congenital Insensitivity to Pain with Anhidrosis in an Iranian Patient}, abstract ={Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis is a rare disease of the nervous system which causes one to lose his/her feeling of pain. The disease is subtype four of hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN IV) that results from NTRK1 gene defect. Direct sequencing was performed to screen NTRK1 for mutations. The result revealed a homozygous deletion of adenine on intron 14 that may cause the disease.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {88-90}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-314-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Castro-Fuentes, Rafael and Socas-Pérez, Rosario}, title = {Octodon Degus: A Strong Attractor for Alzheimer Research}, abstract ={The most popular animal models of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are transgenic mice expressing human genes with known mutations which do not represent the most abundant sporadic form of the disease. An increasing number of genetic, vascular and psychosocial data strongly support that the Octodon degus, a moderate-sized and diurnal precocial rodent, provides a naturalistic model for the study of the early neurodegenerative process associated with sporadic AD. In this minireview we describe and analyze the risk factors that contribute to Alzheimer-like characteristics in the degus, following recent publications, and establish some guidelines for future studies in this model of natural aging associated with the disease. Given the heterogeneity of current data derived from the diverse transgenic animal models of AD, now may be the time for the degus to become a strong attractor for academic research labs and companies involved with AD. This may help to understand the mechanisms responsible for the early neurodegenerative process associated with this devastating disease.}, Keywords = {Animal model, Aging, Octodon degus, Alzheimer’s disease.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {91-96}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-315-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-315-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zarghi, Afsaneh and Zali, Alireza and Tehranidost, Mehdi}, title = {Methodological Aspects of Cognitive Rehabilitation with Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR)}, abstract ={A variety of nervous system components such as medulla, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, basal ganglia, parietal, frontal and occipital lobes have role in Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) processes. The eye movement is done simultaneously for attracting client;#39s attention to an external stimulus while concentrating on a certain internal subject. Eye movement guided by therapist is the most common attention stimulus. The role of eye movement has been documented previously in relation with cognitive processing mechanisms. A series of systemic experiments have shown that the eyes’ spontaneous movement is associated with emotional and cognitive changes and results in decreased excitement, .exibility in attention, memory processing, and enhanced semantic recalling. Eye movement also decreases the memory;#39s image clarity and the accompanying excitement. By using EMDR, we can reach some parts of memory which were inaccessible before and also emotionally intolerable. Various researches emphasize on the effectiveness of EMDR in treating and curing phobias, pains, and dependent personality disorders. Consequently, due to the involvement of multiple neural system components, this palliative method of treatment can also help to rehabilitate the neuro-cognitive system.}, Keywords = {Rehabilitation, Eye Movement, Desensitization, Reprocessing.}, volume = {4}, Number = {1}, pages = {97-103}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-349-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Volume 4, Number 2, Full Text}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {107-182}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-367-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-367-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Azadpour, Mah}, title = {Editorial: Overview and Challenges of Implantable Auditory Prostheses}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {109-110}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-356-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zamani, Mohmmad and Katebi, M. and Mehdizadeh, Mehdi and Kafami, Laya and Malek, Fatemeh and Soleimani, Mansooreh}, title = {Combination Therapy with A1 Receptor Agonist and Vitamin C Improved Working Memory in a Mouse Model of Global Ischemia-Reperfusion}, abstract ={Introduction: Stroke is one of the most important reasons of death. Hence, trials to prevent or lessen the complications originated by stroke are a goal of public health worldwide. The ischemia-reperfusion causes hypoxia, hypoglycemia and incomplete repel of metabolic waste products and leads to accumulation of free radicals triggering neuronal death. The A1 adenosine receptoras an endogenous ligand of adenosine is known to improve cell resistance to destructive agentsby preventing apoptosis. Vitamin C as a cellular antioxidant is also known as an effective factor to reduce damages initiated by free radicals. We studied the protective effects of A1 receptor agonist in combination with vitamin C against ischemia-reperfusion. Methods: Ischemia was induced by common carotid artery occlusion in bulb-c mice (20-30 gr). Y-Maze was employed to scale the short-term memory and Nissl staining was used to count the cells in hippocampus. Results: We found that concurrent treatment of A1 receptor agonist and vitamin C significantly reduced neuronal death in CA1. The Memory scores were also significantly improved (P<0.05). Discussion: Our data point to the therapeutic effects of CPA/vitamin C co-administration and highlight the beneficial role of A1 adenosine receptor signaling in the context of stroke}, Keywords = {Ischemia-Reperfusion,Hippocampus,A1 receptor,Vitamin C.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {111-116}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-357-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yazdi-Ravandi, Saeid and Taslimi, Zahra and Jamshidian, Narges and Saberi, Hayede and Shams, Jamal and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Prediction of Quality of life by Self-Efficacy, Pain Intensity and Pain Duration in Patient with Pain Disorders}, abstract ={ The quality of life (QOL) has been defined as ‘‘a person’s sense of well-being that stems from satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the areas of life that are important to him/her’’. It is generally accepted that pain intensity and duration have a negative impact on the QOL. One specific type of control is “self-efficacy”, or the belief that one has the ability to successfully engage in specific actions. The ability to adapt to pain may play an important role in maintaining the QOL. In this study, we investigated the role of self-efficacy, pain intensity, and pain duration in various domains of quality of life such as physical, psychological, social and environmental domains. In this study, 290 adult patients (146 men, 144 women) completed coping self-efficacy and the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire. Moreover, we illustrated numerical rating scale for pain intensity. The results were analyzed using SPSS version of 19.0 and means, descriptive correlation, and regression were calculated. Our data revealed that self-efficacy but not the pain duration could significantly anticipate the QOL and its four related domains (P<0.001). In addition, it is noticeable that the effect of self-efficacy on the prediction of QOL is much more obvious in the psychological domain. However, the pain intensity could predict all of the QOL domains (P< 0.001) except social and environmental ones. In conclusion, to predict the quality of life (QOL) in person suffering from chronic pain, self-efficacy and pain intensity are more important factors than the pain duration and demographic variables.}, Keywords = {Quality of Life,Chronic Pain,Self-Efficacy,Pain Intensity,Pain Duration}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {117-124}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-358-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Umukoro, Solomon and AdrianOmogbiya, Itivere and TaghoghoEduviere, Anthony}, title = {Evaluation of the Effect of Jobelyn® on Chemoconvulsants- Induced Seizure in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Epilepsy is a common central nervous system (CNS) disorder characterized by seizures resulting from episodic neuronal discharges. The incidence of toxicity and refractoriness has compromised the clinical efficacy of the drugs currently used for the treatment of convulsions. Thus, there is a need to search for new medicines from plant origin that are readily available and safer for the control of seizures. Jobelyn® (JB) is a unique African polyherbal preparation used by the natives to treat seizures in children. This investigation was carried out to evaluate whether JB has anti-seizure property in mice. Methods: The animals received JB (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o) 30 min before induction of convulsions with intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of picrotoxin (6 mg/kg), strychnine (2 mg/ kg) and pentylenetetrazole (85 mg/kg) respectively. Diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.) was used as the reference drug. Anti-seizure activities were assessed based on the ability of test drugs to prevent convulsions, death or to delay the onset of seizures in mice. Results: JB (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, p.o) could only delay the onset of seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole (85 mg/kg, i.p.) in mice. However, it did not offer any protection against seizure episodes, as it failed to prevent the animals, from exhibiting tonic-clonic convulsions caused by pentylenetetrazole (85 mg/kg, i.p.), strychnine (2 mg/kg) or picrotoxin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). On the other hand, diazepam (2 mg/kg, p.o.), offered 100% protection against convulsive seizures, induced by pentylenetetrazole (85 mg/kg, i.p.). However, it failed to prevent seizures produced by strychnine (2 mg/kg, i.p.) or picrotoxin (6 mg/kg, i.p.). Discussion: Our results suggest that JB could not prevent the examined chemoconvulsants-induced convulsions. However, its ability to delay the latency to seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole suggests that JB might be effective in the control of the seizure spread in epileptic brains.}, Keywords = {Anti-Seizure,Jobelyn®,Picrotoxin,Strychnine,Pentylenetetrazole.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {125-129}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-359-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {A.Niknam, Narges and Azarnia, Mahnaz and Bahadoran, Hossein and Kazemi, Masoomeh and Tekieh, Elaheh and Ranjbaran, Mina and Sahraei, Hedayat}, title = {Evaluating the Effects of Oral Morphine on Embryonic Development of Spinal Cord in Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: In the present research, the effect of morphine consumption during pregnancy on the development of the embryo’s spinal cord was studied in Wistar rat. Methods: Female Wistar rats (Wt: 250-300 g) were mated with males. The test group received morphine (0.01 mg/ml) in their drinking water. Pregnant rats were later killed with chloroform on the 12th, 13th and 14th days of pregnancy, and the embryos were taken out surgically. The embryos were fixed in formalin 10% for 2 weeks. Then, the weight of fixed embryos was calculated by a scale. In addition, several animals’ sizes including fronto-posterior and lateral length were measured by a caliper. Tissue processing, sectioning and hematoxylin and eosin (H;E) staining were applied for the embryos. The sections were examined for spinal cord development by light microscope and MOTIC software. Results: Significant decrease was observed in the fronto-posterior and lateral length and the weight of the embryos in the test groups. The thickness of the white matter layer decreased on the 12th, 13th and 14th embryonic days. The thickness of the spine's grey layer was also less than the control group, on the same days. Increase in the length of the ependimal duct observed as well. Number of grey substance cells decreased compared to the control group within the same days. Meanwhile, thickness of the germinal layer reduced in comparison to the control group on the mentioned days. Discussion: In conclusion, morphine consumption during pregnancy causes defects in growth and completion of the spinal cord.}, Keywords = {Spinal Cord,White Matter,Grey Matter,Epandimal Duct,Morphine,Rat.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {130-135}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-360-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Komaki, Alireza and Shahidi, Siamak and Sarihi, Abdolrahman and Hasanein, Parisa and Lashgari, Reza and Haghparast, Abbas and Salehi, Iraj}, title = {Effects of Neonatal C-Fiber Depletion on Interaction between Neocortical Short-Term and Long-Term Plasticity}, abstract ={Introduction: The primary somatosensory cortex has an important role in nociceptive sensory-discriminative processing. Altered peripheral inputs produced by deafferentation or by long-term changes in levels of afferent stimulation can result in plasticity of cortex. Capsaicin-induced depletion of C-fiber afferents results in plasticity of the somatosensory system. Plasticity includes short-term and long-term changes in synaptic strength. We studied the interaction between paired-pulse facilitation, as one form of short-term plasticity, with long-term potentiation (LTP) in the neocortex of normal and C-fiber depleted freely moving rat. Methods: Neonatally capsaicin-treated rats and their controls were allowed to mature until they reached a weight between 250 and 300g. Then animals were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine. For recording and stimulation, twisted teflon-coated stainless steel wires were implanted into somatosensory cortex or corpus callusom. In experiments for LTP induction, after two weeks of recovery period, 30 high frequency pulse trains were delivered once per day for 12 days. Paired-pulse ratio (PPR) was monitored before and after the induction of LTP in capsaicin-treated and control rats. Results: Paired-pulse stimulation affected all field potential components at intervals < 200 ms. The largest changes occurred at intervals between 20- 30 ms. C-fiber depletion postponed the development of LTP, whereas it had no effect on PPR. Discussion: This finding provides further evidence that the expression of this form of LTP is postsynaptic. Furthermore, these results suggest that the effect of C-fiber depletion on cortical LTP is also postsynaptic and, therefore, is not caused by a decrease in neurotransmitter release.}, Keywords = {Paired-Pulse Facilitation,Paired-Pulse Ratio,Long-Term Potentiation,C-fiber,Capsaicin,Plasticity.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {136-145}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-361-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Ahmadi, Shamseddin and Amiri, Shahin and Rafieenia, Fatemeh and Rostamzadeh, Jalal}, title = {Gene Expression Profile of Calcium/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IIα in the Rat Hippocampus during Morphine Withdrawal}, abstract ={Introduction: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is highly expressed in the hippocampus, which has a pivotal role in reward-related memories and morphine dependence. Methods: In the present study, morphine tolerance was induced in male Wistar rats by 7 days repeated morphine injections once daily, and then gene expression profile of α-isoform of CaMKII (CaMKIIα) in the hippocampus was evaluated after discontinuation of morphine injection during 21 days of morphine withdrawal. Control groups received saline for 7 consecutive days. For gene expression study, the rat brains were removed and the hippocampus was dissected in separate groups on 1, 3, 7, 14, and 21 day(s) of morphine withdrawal. A semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was used for evaluating gene expression profile. Results: Tolerance to morphine was verified by a significant decrease in morphine analgesia in a hotplate test on day 8 (one day after the final repeated morphine injections). The results showed that gene expression of CaMKIIα at mRNA level on day 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 of morphine withdrawal compared to saline control group was significantly altered. Post hoc Tukey’s test revealed that gene expression of CaMKIIα on day 14 was significantly increased. Discussion: It can be concluded that expression of the CaMKIIα gene during repeated injections of morphine would be increased and continued until 14 days of withdrawal, and then settle at a new set point. Therefore, morphine abstinence animals may have a strong memory for morphine reward, at least partly, due to up-regulation of CaMKIIα in the hippocampus during 14 days of morphine withdrawal.}, Keywords = {Morphine Withdrawal,Gene Expression,Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR,Hippocampus.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {146-152}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-362-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kakoolaki, Shapour and Selamoglu, Zeliha and Oguz, Talas and Cakir, Oguz and Ciftci, Osman and Ozdemir, Ilknur}, title = {Role of Propolis on Oxidative Stress in Fish Brain}, abstract ={Introduction: Cypermethrin causes its neurotoxic effect through voltage-dependent sodium channels and integral protein ATPases in the neuronal membrane. Brain and nerve damage are often associated with low residual level of pesticides. In vitro and in vivo studies have also shown that pesticides cause free radical-mediated tissue damage in brain. Propolis has antioxidant properties. The main chemical classes found in propolis are flavonoids and phenolics. Bioflavonoids are antioxidant molecules that play important roles in scavenging free radicals, which are produced in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Methods: To determine the protective role of propolis, rainbow trouts were treated with cypermethrin, followed by biochemical analyses of brain tissue. Fish were divided into four groups: control, propolis-treated, cypermethrin-treated, and cypermethrin+propolis-treated. Results: In fish brains, catalase (CAT) activity decreased (P≤0.001) and malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased (P≤0.001) in cypermethrin-treated group compared to control group. In cypermethrin + propolis-treated group CAT activity increased (P≤0.001) and MDA level decreased (P≤0.001) compared to cypermethrin group. Discussion: The results demonstrated that the negative effects, observed as a result of cypermethrin treatment, could be reversed by adding supplementary propolis. Propolis may improve some biochemical markers associated with oxidative stress in fish brain, after exposure to cypermethrin.}, Keywords = {Brain,Cypermethrin,Oxidative Stress,Propolis,Rainbow Trout.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {153-158}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-363-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Moaddab, Mahsa and Kermani, Mojtaba and Azizi, Pegah and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Functional Interaction between the Shell Sub-Region of the Nucleus Accumbens and the Ventral Tegmental Area in Response to Morphine: an Electrophysiological Study}, abstract ={This study has examined the functional importance of nucleus accumbens (NAc)-ventral tegmental area (VTA) interactions. As it is known, this interaction is important in associative reward processes. Under urethane anesthesia, extracellular single unit recordings of the shell sub-region of the nucleus accumbens (NAcSh) neurons were employed to determine the functional contributions of the VTA to neuronal activity across NAcSh in rats. The baseline firing rate of NAcSh neurons varied between 0.42 and 11.44 spikes/sec and the average frequency of spontaneous activity over 45-minute period was 3.21±0.6 spikes/sec. The majority of NAcSh neurons responded excitatory in the first and second 15-min time blocks subsequent to the inactivation of VTA. In the next set of experiments, eight experimental rats received morphine (5 mg/kg sc). Three patterns of neuronal activity were found. Among the recorded neurons only three had an increase followed by morphine administration. Whereas the other three neurons were attenuated following morphine administration and there were no changes in the firing rates of the two neurons left. Finally, unilateral reversible inactivation of VTA attenuated the firing activity of the majority of ipsilateral NAcSh neuron in response to morphine, except for a single cell. These results suggest that transient inactivation of VTA reduces the ability of neurons in the NAcsh to respond to systemic morphine, and that NAcSh neuron activity depends on basal firing rate of VTA inputs.}, Keywords = {Nucleus Accumbens,Ventral Tegmental Area,Reversible Inactivation,Single Unit Recording,Morphine,Rat.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {159-168}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-364-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Najafi, Atabak and Mojtahedzadeh, Mojtaba and Ahmadi, Arezoo and Ramezani, Masoud and Shariatmoharari, Reza and Hazrati, Ebrahim}, title = {Rapidly Changing Tachyarrhythmia in Acute Stroke}, abstract ={Introduction: we report a 56-year-olds female with supraventricular arrhythmia due acute ischemic stroke without structural heart disease. Case Description: A patient presented with sudden onset of lethargy, right hemiplegia, and global aphasia. There was previous history of stroke 1 year ago presented with left hemiplegia that recovered completely during 10 days. There was no history of comorbid illness. The brain CT revealed extensive hypodensity in left temporoparietal region suggestive of infarct without midline shift. General examination revealed hypotension and bradycardia that treated with dopamine that gradually recovered during 5 days thus infusion of dopamine discontinued, and muscular power in paretic limbs and aphasia was recovered. In 6th day of admission electrocardiographic monitoring of patient showed a rapidly changing tachyarrhythmia including sinus tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, and atrial flutter that quickly interchanged to another, without hemodynamic instability and alteration in mental status. Laboratory tests and TEE study were normal. During 48 hour arrhythmia relived spontaneously. Discussion: Stroke can cause any type of cardiac arrhythmias that may not be constant.}, Keywords = {Ischemic Stroke,Atrial Tachycardia,Atrial Fibrillation,Atrial Flutter,Sinus Tachycardia.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {169-171}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-365-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mehrabi, Soraya and Eftekhari, Sanaz and Moradi, bFateme and Delaviz, Hamdollah and Pourheidar, Bagher and Azizi, Monir and Zendehdel1, Adib and Shahbazi, Ali and Joghataei, Mohammad Taghi}, title = {Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury: a Mini- Reivew}, abstract ={Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease which leads to progressive functional damages. Because of limited axonal regeneration in the central nervous system, there is no or little recovery expected in the patients. Different cellular and molecular approaches were investigated in SCI animal models. Cellular transplantation of stem cells can potentially replace damaged tissue and provide a suitable microenvironment for axons to regenerate. Here, we reviewed the last approaches applied by our colleagues and others in order to improve axonal regeneration following SCI. We used different types of stem cells via different methods. First, fetal olfactory mucosa, schwann, and bone marrow stromal cells were transplanted into the injury sites in SCI models. In later studies, was applied simultaneous transplantation of stem cells with chondroitinase ABC in SCI models with the aid of nanoparticles. Using these approaches, considerable functional recovery was observed. However, considering some challenges in stem cell therapy such as rejection, infection, and development of a new cancer, our more recent strategy was application of cytokines. We observed a significant improvement in motor function of rats when stromal derived factor-1 was used to attract innate stem cells to the injury site. In conclusion, it seems that co-transplantation of different cells accompanies with other factors like enzymes and growth factors via new delivery systems may yield better results in SCI.}, Keywords = {Spinal Cord Injury,Stem Cell,Regeneration,Olfactory Mucosa,Schwann Cells,Bone Marrow Stromal Cells,Stromal Derived Factor.}, volume = {4}, Number = {2}, pages = {172-177}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-366-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Volume 4, Number 3, Full Text}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {183-278}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-416-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-416-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sodagar, Amir M.}, title = {Implantable Microsystems for High-Resolution Interfacing to the Brain}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {186-187}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-401-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-401-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Bashir, Shahid and Yoo, Woo-Kyoung}, title = {Cheap Technology Like Transcrinal Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Could Help in Stroke Rehabilitation in South Asia}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {188-189}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-402-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Rostami, Maryam and Golesorkhi, Mehrshad and Ekhtiari, Hame}, title = {Methodological Dimensions of Transcranial Brain Stimulation with the Electrical Current in Human}, abstract ={Transcranial current stimulation (TCS) is a neuromodulation method in which the patient is exposed to a mild electric current (direct or alternating) at 1-2 mA, resulting in an increase or a decrease in the brain excitability. This modi.cation in neural activities can be used as a method for functional human brain mapping with causal inferences. This method might also facilitate the treatments of many neuropsychiatric disorders based on its inexpensive, simple, safe, noninvasive, painless, semi-focal excitatory and inhibitory effects. Given this, a comparison amongst different brain stimulation modalities has been made to determine the potential advantages of the TCS method. In addition, considerable methodological details on using TCS in basic and clinical neuroscience studies in human subjects have been introduced. Technical characteristics of TCS devices and their related accessories with regard to safety concerns have also been well articulated. Finally, some TCS application opportunities have been emphasized, including its potential use in the near future}, Keywords = {Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS), Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS), Non Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS)}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {190-208}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-403-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-403-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jaberzadeh, Shapour and Zoghi, Maryam and Morgan, Prue and Storr, Michael}, title = {Corticospinal Facilitation of Erector Spinae and Rectus Abdominis Muscles During Graded Voluntary Contractions is Task Speci.c: A Pilot Study on Healthy Individuals}, abstract ={Introduction: In this study we compared transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicited motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in a postural (bilateral low back extension: BLBE) and a respiratory (forced expiration during breath holding: FEBH) task.Methods: Using TMS of the left motor cortex, simultaneous patterns of corticospinal facilitation of the contralateral erector spinae (ES) and rectus abdominis (RA) muscles during graded voluntary activation were compared in seven healthy subjects. Result: The facilitation pattern demonstrated task dependency by showing that MEP amplitudes in the ES muscle tended to be smaller at any given contraction level in the FEBH task than in the BLBE task. Discussion: The results suggested a linear-type relationship between the size of MEPs with increasing background contraction of ES and RA in the BLBE task. However, both muscles showed a plateau effect with higher background contractions (>50% of maximum) during the FEBH task. The varied response of ES and RA across these two tasks reinforces the importance of task speci.c training in clinical settings.}, Keywords = {Corticospinal Facilitation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Erector Spinae, Rectus Abdominis.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {209-216}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-404-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-404-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Mahdavi, Reza and Malakouti, SeyedKazem and Shahidi, GholamAli and Parvaresh-Rizi, Mansour}, title = {The Effects of Bilateral Subthalamic Nucleus Stimulation on Cognitive and Neuropsychiatric Functions in Parkinson’s Disease: A Case-Control Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is one of the most disabling diseases which by electrode implantation and stimulation of subthalamic nucleus (STN), much progress has been made in the treatment of drug resistant patient. This new method of neurosurgery may have some neuropsychological side effects on the patients. The main aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of this kind of treatment on the different neuropsychological aspect of patients.Methods: The case-control study designed for comparing two groups of patients with Parkinson’s disease. Thirty patients, who underwent electrode implantation and Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS), compare with 60 patients treated with antiparkinson’s drugs. These two groups matched in age, sex, Parkinson’s disease duration and Parkinson’s  severity scores. Measurements: the UPDR scale was used to assess the severity of the Parkinson’s severity. Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire (BDI) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale questionnaire (HARS) were used to evaluate the depression and anxiety consequences of DBS.Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE) and Clock Drawing Test (CDT) were used to evaluate the cognitive and executive function of the study subjects. Results: patients with STN stimulation showed lower level of anxiety and depression, however, the cognitive status were more deteriorated in study subjects than control group. Discussion: Patient with DBS surgery have to be followed up for neuropsychiatric symptoms particularly for the cognitive deterioration in long term period.}, Keywords = {Parkinson Disease, Deep Brain Stimulation, Depression, Anxiety, Cognition, Neuropsychiatry.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {217-223}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-405-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-405-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Keshvari, Fatemeh and Pouretemad, Hamid-Reza and Ekhtiari, Hame}, title = {The Polarity-Dependent Effects of the Bilateral Brain Stimulation on Working Memory}, abstract ={Introduction: Working memory plays a critical role in cognitive processes which are central to our daily life. Neuroimaging studies have shown that one of the most important areas corresponding to the working memory is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLFPC). This study was aimed to assess whether bilateral modulation of the DLPFC using a noninvasive brain stimulation, namely transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), modi.es the working memory function in healthy adults.Methods: In a randomized sham-controlled cross-over study, 60 subjects (30 Males) received sham and active tDCS in two subgroups (anode left/cathode right and anode right/cathode left) of the DLPFC. Subjects were presented working memory n-back task while the reaction time and accuracy were recorded.Results: A repeated measures, mixed design ANOVA indicated a signi.cant difference between the type of stimulation (sham vs. active) in anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC with cathodal stimulation of the right DLPFC [F(1,55)= 5.29,  P=0.019], but not the inverse polarity worsened accuracy in the 2-back working memory task. There were also no statistically signi.cant changes in speed of working memory [F(1,55)= 0.458 ,P=0.502] related to type or order of stimulation..Discussion: The results would imply to a polarity dependence of bilateral tDCS of working memory. Left anodal/ right cathodal stimulation of DLPFC could impair working memory, while the reverser stimulation had no effect. Meaning that bilateral stimulation of DLFC would not be a useful procedure to improve working memory. Further studies are required to understand subtle effects of different tDCS stimulation/inhibition electrode positioning on the working memory.}, Keywords = {Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Working Memory.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {224-231}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-406-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-406-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Roshani, Amir and Erfanian, Abbas}, title = {Restoring Motor Functions in Paralyzed Limbs through Intraspinal Multielectrode Microstimulation Using Fuzzy Logic Control and Lag Compensator}, abstract ={In this paper, a control strategy is proposed for control of ankle movement on animals using intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS). The proposed method is based on fuzzy logic control. Fuzzy logic control is a methodology of intelligent control that mimics human decision-making process. This type of control method can be very useful for the complex uncertain systems that their mathematical model is unknown. To increase the stability and speed of the system’s response and reduce the steady-state error, we combine the FLC with a lead (lag) compensator. The experiments are conducted on .ve rats. Microelectrodes are implanted into the spinal cord to provide selective stimulation of plantar.exor and dorsi.exor. The results show that motor functions can be restored using ISMS. Despite the complexity of the spinal neuronal networks and simplicity of the proposed control strategy, our results show that the proposed strategy can provide acceptable tracking control with fast convergence.}, Keywords = {Functional Electrical Stimulation, Intraspinal Microstimulation, Fuzzy Logic Control, Motor Function.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {232-243}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-407-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-407-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Farhadi, Mohammad and Noorbakhsh, Samileh and Tabatabaei, Azardokht and Daneshi, Ahamad and GhavidelDarestani, Sahar and Jomeh, Emam}, title = {Evaluation of the Endothelial Cell Antibodies in Serum and Perilymphatic Fluid of Cochlear Implanted Children with Sensorineural Hearing Loss}, abstract ={Introduction: Serum Anti endothelial Cell Antibodies (AECAs) play a prominent role in idiopathic Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SNHL) in that they induce vascular damage (immune mediated).The of the current study is  To compare AECAs in serum and perilymphatic .uid of idiopathic SNHL children (<15y) undergoing cochlear implant surgery.Methods: This was a cross sectional study performed in the cochlear implant ward in Rasoul Akram hospital, Tehran, Iran (2008 -2010) on 99 SNHL children undergoing cochlear implant surgery. The data collected from47 idiopathic and 52 non-idiopathic SNHL cases. AECAs were measured by indirect immuno .uorescence assay and compared in sera and perilymphatic .uids between the two groups. P-value<0.05 was considered signi.cant.Results: Idiopathic SNHL was diagnosed in 47.5% of cases. Positive AECA results in serum and perilymphatic .uid were 10% and 12%, respectively. Although AECA results in perilymphatic .uids were different between idiopathic and non-Idiopathic SNHL patients (PV<0.05), AECAs in serum showed no signi.cant difference between the two (PV=0.1).No signi.cant difference was detected between the mean age of idiopathic and non-idiopathic SNHL patients with positive AECAs in serum and perilymphatic .uids (PV=0.2 PV=0.2).Discussion: Idiopathic SNHL was diagnosed in 47.5 % of studied cases. Idiopathic SNHL has a poor out come in children. In cases with idiopathic SNHL, .nding AECAs in perilymphatic .uids are more valuable than in the serum. We suggest that serum and perilymphatic .uids testing for AECAs would be helpful in management of idiopathic SNHL cases. Speci.c immunosuppressive treatments for selected cases suffering from Idiopathic SNHL (only in those older than 5) might be successful in disease management. However, this theory should .rst be validated by randomized clinical trials.}, Keywords = {Idiopathic Sensorineural Hearing Loss (ISNHL), Sensoryneural Hearing Loss (SNHL), Cochlear Implant, Endothelial Cell Antibodies, Indirect Immuno Fluorescence Assay.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {244-249}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-408-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-408-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Esmaeilpour, Khadijeh and Masoumi-Ardakani, Yaser and Sheibani, Vahid and Shojaei, Amir and Harandi, Shaahin and Mirnaja.-Zadeh, Jav}, title = {Comparing the Anticonvulsant Effects of Low Frequency Stimulation of Different Brain Sites on the Amygdala Kindling Acquisition in Rats}, abstract ={Low frequency stimulation (LFS) is a potential alternative therapy for epilepsy. However, it seems that the anticonvulsant effects of LFS depend on its target sites in the brain. Thus, the present study was designed to compare the anticonvulsant effects of LFS administered to amygdala, piriform cortex and substantia nigra on amygdala kindling acquisition. In control group, rats were kindled in a chronic manner (one stimulation per 24 h). In other experimental groups, animals received low-frequency stimulation (8 packages at 100 s intervals, each package contained 200 monophasic square-wave pulses, 0.1 ms pulse duration at 1 Hz andAD threshold intensity) in amygdala, piriform cortex or substantia nigra 60 seconds after the kindling stimulation, the AD duration and daily seizure stages were recorded. The obtained results showed that administration of LFS in all three regions reduced electrical and behavioral parameters of the kindling procedure. However LFS has a stronger inhibitory effect on kindling development when applied in substantia nigra compared to the amygdala and piriform cortex which reinforce the view that the substantia nigra mediates a crucial role in amygdala-kindled seizures. LFS had also greater inhibitory effects when applied to the amygdala compared to piriform cortex. Thus, it may be suggested that antiepileptogenic effect of LFS depends on its target site and different brain areas exert different inhibitory effects on kindling acquisition according to the seizure focus.}, Keywords = {Low-Frequency Stimulation, Epilepsy, Kindling,Amygdala,Piriform Cortex, Substantia Nigra.}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {250-256}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-409-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-409-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Jaberzadeh, Shapour and Zoghi, Maryam}, title = {Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation for Enhancement of Corticospinal Excitability and Motor Performance}, abstract ={During the past .. years, non-invasive .rain stimulation has .ecome an emerging .eld in clinical neuroscience due to its capability to transiently modulate corticospinal excitability, motor and cognitive functions. .hereas transcranial magnetic stimulation has .een used e.tensively since more than t.o decades ago as a potential .neuromodulator., transcranial current stimulation .tCS. has more recently gathered increased scienti.c interests. The primary aim of this narrative revie. is to descri.e characteristics of different tCS paradigms.  tCS is an umbrella term for a number of brain modulating paradigms such as transcranial direct current stimulation .tDCS., transcranial alternative current stimulation .tACS., and transcranial random noise stimulation .tR.S.. Their ef.cacy is dependent on t.o current parameters: intensity and length of application. .nlike tACS and tR.S, tDCS is polarity dependent.These techniques could be used as stand-alone techniques or can be used to prime the effects of other movement trainingsThe review also summarises safety issues, the mechanisms of tDCS-induced neuroplasticity, limitations of current state of knowledge in the literature, tool that could be used to understand brain plasticity effects in motor regions and tool that could be used to understand motor learning effects.}, Keywords = {.on-Invasive .rain Stimulation, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation, Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation, Transcranial Random .oise Stimulation, .europlasticity}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {257-265}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-410-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Sharifi, Mohammad Sharif}, title = {Treatment of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders with Deep Brain Stimulation Raising Hopes and Future Challenges}, abstract ={The technology of Neural Stimulation in recent years has become the focus of the research and treatment, although it has been around for many years. The potential use of stimulating the brain and nerves ranges from the spinal cord stimulation to the implantations of cochlear and bionic eyes with a large discrepancy between the clinical readiness for these various uses. Electrical high-frequency Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) was developed as an alternative option to treat a few neurological disorders. However, with advancing in surgical procedures, technologies and safeties, the applications of DBS are expanding not only for therapeutic purposes but also for research. Although the exact mechanisms of action/s are not fully understood, the outcome of the ongoing research and clinical trials are promising. DBS has been used to treat the essential tremor since 1997, Parkinson’s disease (PD) since 2002 and dystonia since 2003. It has also been used to treat various disorders, including major depression.  The therapeutic effect of DBS in PD is well established but for other diseases such as epilepsy the outcomes are unclear and ambiguous. This article is a succinct review of the literature, focusing on PD, epilepsy and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD).}, Keywords = {Deep Brain Stimulation, Epilepsy, Parkinson’s Disease, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {266-270}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-411-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-411-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {DeSousa, Avinash}, title = {Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) in the Management of Alcohol Dependence and other Substance Abuse Disorders – Emerging Data and Clinical Relevance}, abstract ={Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has been used widely in various psychiatric disorders like depression and schizophrenia. There have been some reports of its usefulness in alcohol dependence and substance use disorders. The present paper reviews the studies done using rTMS in substance use disorders including alcohol and nicotine dependence. Various studies done have been reviewed including the proposed mechanisms of action are outlined with the future research needs and need for further clinical data}, Keywords = {rTMS, Substance Use Disorders, Alcohol Dependence, Nicotine Dependence, Opiate, Heroin, Amphetamine}, volume = {4}, Number = {3}, pages = {271-275}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-412-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-412-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {}, title = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Volume 4, Number 4, Full Text}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {279-350}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-440-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-440-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kamali-Zare, Padideh and Nicholson, Charles}, title = {Editorial: Brain Extracellular Space: Geometry, Matrix and Physiological Importance}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {282-286}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-430-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-430-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Nejati, Vahid and Shahidi, Shahriar}, title = {Does the Ability to Make a New Business Need More Risky Choices during Decisions? Evidences for the Neurocognitive Basis of Entrepreneurship}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {287-290}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-431-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Zarbakhsh, Sam and Moradi, Fatemeh and Joghataei, Mohammad Taghi and Bahktiari, Mehrdad and Mansouri, Korosh and Abedinzadeh, Mahmoo}, title = {Evaluation of the Functional Recovery in Sciatic Nerve Injury following the Co-transplantation of Schwann and Bone Marrow Stromal Stem Cells in Rat}, abstract ={Introduction: Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) or Schwann cells (SCs) can increase axonal regeneration in peripheral nerve injuries. Based on our previous investigations, the goal of the present work was to examine the individual and synergistic effects of the two different cell types in sciatic nerve injury . We pursued to evaluate the effects of BMSCs and SCs co-transplantation on the functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rat. Methods: In this experimental research, adult male Wistar rats (n=32, 250-300g) were used, BMSCs and SCs were cultured, and the SCs were confirmed with anti S100 antibody. Rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=8 in each group): 1- control group: silicon tube filled with fibrin gel without cells 2- BMSCs group: silicon tube filled with fibrin gel seeded with BMSCs 3- SCs group: silicon tube filled with fibrin gel seeded with SCs and 4- co-transplantation group: silicone tube filled with fibrin gel seeded with BMSCs and SCs. The left sciatic nerve was exposed, a 10 mm segment removed, and a silicone tube interposed into this nerve gap. BMSCs and SCs were transplanted separately or in combination into the gap. BMSCs were labeled with anti-BrdU and SCs were labeled with DiI. After 12 weeks electromyographic and functional assessments were performed and analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: Electromyographic and functional assessments showed a significant difference between the experimental groups and controls. Electromyography measures were significantly more favourable in SCs transplantation group as compared to BMSCs transplantation and co-transplantation groups (p<0.05). Functional assessments showed no statistically significant difference among the BMSCs, SCs and co-transplantation groups (p<0.05). Discussion: Transplantation of BMSCs and SCs separately or in combination have the potential to generate functional recovery after sciatic nerve injury in rat. The electromyography evaluation showed a greater improvement after SCs transplantation than BMSCs or the co-transplantation of BMSCs and SCs.}, Keywords = {Bone Marrow Stromal Cells,Schwann Cells,Transplantation,Peripheral Nerve Regeneration}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {291-298}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-432-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-432-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Kiasalari, Zahra and Khalili, Mohsen and Roghani, Mehrdad and Heidari, Hamid and Azizi, Yaser}, title = {Antiepileptic and Antioxidant Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Ferula Assa Foetida Gum on Pentylentetrazole induced Kindling in Male Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Considering the prevalence of epilepsy and the failure of available treatments for many epileptic patients, finding more effective drugs in the treatment of epilepsy seems necessary. Oxidative stress has a special role in the pathogenesis of epileptic syndrome. Therefore, in the present study, we have examined the anti-epileptic and anti-oxidant properties of the Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract, using the pentylentetrazole (PTZ) kindling method. group which received valproate (100 mg/kg) as anti-convulsant drug, 4-5 & 6- the groups of kindled mice that pretreated with 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg doses of Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract. Methods: Kindling has been induced in all groups, except for the control group via 11 PTZ injections (35 mg /kg ip) every other day for 22 days. In the 24th day, the PTZ challenge dose was injected (75 mg / kg) to all groups except the control group. The intensity of seizures were observed and noted until 30 minutes after PTZ injection. At list, the mice were decapitated and the brains of all the mice were removed.. and their biochemical factors levels including malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) were determined. Results: Results of this study show that Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract is able to reduce seizure duration and its intensity. In addition, this extract has reduced MDA and NO levels and increased the level of SOD in the brain tissue compared to the PTZ- kindled mice. Discussion: It can be concluded that Ferula Assa Foetida gum extract, in specific doses, is able to show an anti-epileptic effect because of its antioxidant properties, probably acting through an enzyme activity mechanism. In this experimental study, sixty male Albino mice weighing 25-30 g were selected and were randomly divided into 6 groups. 1- the control group, 2- PTZ-kindled mice, 3- positive control}, Keywords = {Ferula Assa Foetida,Epilepsy,Nitric Oxide,Superoxide Dismutase,Malondialdehyde.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {299-306}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-433-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-433-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Yousefzadeh-fard, Yashar and Gharedaghi, Mohammad Hadi and Esmaeili, Sara and Pourbakhtyaran, Elham and SalehiSadaghiani, Mohamm}, title = {Stroke Modifies Drug Consumption in Opium Addicts:Role of the Insula}, abstract ={Introduction: Addiction imposes a large medical, social and economic burden on societies. Currently, there is no effective treatment for addiction. Our struggle to decipher the different mechanisms involved in addiction requires a proper understanding of the brain regions which promote this devastating behavior. Previous studies have shown a pivotal role for insula in cigarette smoking. In this study we investigated the change in opium consumption after CVA. Methods: This study took place in three referral academic hospitals affiliated to Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Patients who suffered a CVA and were addicted to opium were recruited during their hospitalization or visit to the neurology clinic in this study. Age, sex and the route and mean amount of opium use of each patient before CVA and 1, 3 and 6 months post-CVA was asked using a questionnaire. The patients were divided into three groups based on the location of brain ischemia (insula, basal ganglia and non-insula non-basal ganglia group). Results: Seventy five percent of the patients with ischemia of the insula changed the route or amount of opium use after CVA and 37.5% of them stopped opium use after CVA. These values were significantly higher than patients with non-insula non-basal ganglia ischemia (p values 0.005 and 0.03 for change in route or amount and stopping opium use, respectively). This was not true in patients with ischemia of the basal ganglia. Younger patients were more likely to change the route or amount of opium use and stop opium use after CVA (p values 0.002 and 0.026, respectively). Discussion: The results of the present study indicate a possible role for the insula in opium addiction, especially in younger individuals.}, Keywords = {Stroke,Addiction,Opium.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {307-314}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-434-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-434-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Eskandarian, Sharaf and Vafaei, AbbasAli and Vaezi, Gholam Hassan and Taherian, Fatemeh and Kashefi, Adel and Rashidy-Pour, Ali}, title = {Effects of Systemic Administration of Oxytocin on Contextual Fear Extinction in a Rat Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder}, abstract ={Introduction: One of the hallmark symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the impaired extinction of traumatic memory. Single prolonged stress (SPS) has been suggested as an animal model of PTSD, since SPS rats exhibited the impaired fear extinction. Oxytocin (OXT) has been recently suggested as a potential pharmacotherapy for treatment of PTSD. In this study, using SPS rats we investigated the effects of multiple systemic administration of OXT on contextual fear extinction. Methods: SPS was conducted in three stages: restraint for 2 h, forced swim for 20 min, and diethyl ether anesthesia, and then left undisturbed in their home cage for 7 days. In the SPS group, 7 days after SPS treatment, contextual fear conditioning was performed (on day 0), and then extinction training was performed on each of four consecutive days following fear conditioning. In the sham group, the procedures were similar except that SPS treatment was not performed. Results: During extinction trial (10 min) freezing behavior was recorded. OXT (1, 10, 100 and 1000μg/kg) was administrated (I.P) immediately after each extinction trial. SPS rats exhibited significant impairment of contextual fear extinction as compared with sham rats. While there was no significant difference in the freezing levels between SPS and Sham rats 24 h after the fear conditioning, the freezing levels in SPS rats were significantly higher than those in sham rats after the second extinction training. Systemic OXT delayed fear extinction in sham rats as compared with sham-saline treated animals. No effect of OXT was found in SPS rats. Discussion: These findings indicate that increasing OXT transmission during fear memory reactivation delays fear extinction, and thus, the recommendation of OXT for PTSD treatment should be considered with caution.}, Keywords = {Oxytocin,PTSD,Fear Conditioning,Fear Extinction.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {315-322}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-435-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-435-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {RiahiZaniani, Nosaibeh and Karami, Manizheh and Porkhodadad, Soheil}, title = {Use of Colchicine in Cortical Area 1 of the Hippocampus Impairs Transmission of Non-Motivational Information by the Pyramidal Cells}, abstract ={Colchicine, a potent neurotoxin derived from plants, has been recently introduced as a degenerative toxin of small pyramidal cells in the cortical area 1 of the hippocampus (CA1). In this study, the effect of the alkaloid in CA1 on the behaviors in the conditioning task was measured. Injections of colchicine (1,5 μg/rat, intra-CA1) was performed in the male Wistar rats, while the animals were settled and cannulated in a stereotaxic apparatus. In the control group solely injection of saline (1 μl/rat, intra-CA1) was used. One week later, all the animals passed the saline conditioning task using a three-day schedule of an unbiased paradigm. They were administered saline (1 ml/kg, s.c.) twice a day throughout the conditioning phase. To evaluate the possible effects of cell injury by the toxin on the pyramidal cells, both the motivational signals while in the conditioning box and the non-motivational locomotive signs of the treated and control rats were measured. Based on the present study the alkaloid caused no change in the score of place conditioning, but affected both the sniffing and grooming behaviors in the group that received colchicine. However, the alkaloid did not show the significant effect on the rearing or compartment entering in the rats. According to the findings, the intra-CA1 injection of colchicine may impair the neuronal transmission of non-motivational information by the pyramidal cells in the dorsal hippocampus.}, Keywords = {Colchicine,Hippocampus,Pyramidal Cell,Behavior.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {323-328}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-436-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-436-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {SoleimaniAsl, Sara and Pourheydar, Bagher and Dabaghian, Fataneh and Nezhadi, Akram and Roointan, Amir and Mehdizadeh, Mehdi}, title = {Ecstasy-Induced Caspase Expression Alters Following Ginger Treatment}, abstract ={Introduction: Exposure to 3-4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) leads to cell death. Herein, we studied the protective effects of ginger on MDMA- induced apoptosis. Methods: 15 Sprague dawley male rats were administrated with 0, 10 mg/kg MDMA, or MDMA along with 100mg/kg ginger, IP for 7 days. Brains were removed to study the caspase 3, 8, and 9 expressions in the hippocampus by RT-PCR. Data was analyzed by SPSS 16 software using the one-way ANOVA test. Results: MDMA treatment resulted in a significant increase in caspase 3, 8, and 9 as compared to the sham group (p<0.001). Ginger administration however, appeared to significantly decrease the same (p<0.001). Discussion: Our findings suggest that ginger consumption may lead to the improvement of MDMA-induced neurotoxicity.}, Keywords = {Apoptosis,Ginger,MDMA,Caspase}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {329-333}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-437-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-437-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Abbasian, Mohammad and Sayyah, Mohammad and Babapour, Vahab and Mahdian, Rez}, title = {Intracerebroventricular Injection of Lipopolysaccharide Increases Gene Expression of Connexin32 Gap Junction in Rat Hippocampus}, abstract ={Introduction: Gap junctions are intercellular membrane channels that provide direct cytoplasmic continuity between adjacent cells. This communication can be affected by changes in expression of gap junctional subunits called Connexins (Cx). Changes in the expression and function of connexins are associated with number of brain neurodegenerative diseases. Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, like multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. Neuroinflammation causes change in Connexins expression. Hippocampus, one of the main brain regions with a wide network of Gap junctions between different neural cell types, has particular vulnerability to damage and consequent inflammation. Cx32 – among Connexins– is expressed in hippocampal Olygodandrocytes and some neural subpopulations. Although multiple lines of evidence indicate that there is an association between neuroinflammation and the expression of connexin, the direct effect of neuroinflammation on the expression of connexins has not been well studied. In the present study, the effect of neuroinflammation induced by the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on Cx32 gene and protein expressions in rat hippocampus is evaluated. Methods: LPS (2.5μg/rat) was infused into the rat cerebral ventricles for 14 days. Cx32 mRNA and protein levels were measured by Real Time PCR and Western Blot after 1st, 7th and 14th injection of LPS in the hippocampus. Results: Significant increase in Cx32 mRNA expression was observed after 7th injection of LPS (P<0.001). However, no significant change was observed in Cx32 protein level. Conclusion: LPS seems to modify Cx32 GJ communication in the hippocampus at transcription level but not at translation or post-translation level. In order to have a full view concerning modification of Cx32 GJ communication, effect of LPS on Cx32 channel gating should also be determined.}, Keywords = {Connexin32,Hippocampus,LPS,mRNA}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {334-340}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-438-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-438-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} } @article{ author = {Gheibi, Nematollah and Saroukhani, Mohammadreza and Azhdari-Zarmehri, Hass}, title = {The Effect of Food Deprivation on Nociception in Formalin Test and Plasma Levels of Noradrenaline and Corticosterone in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The concentration of noradrenalin and corticosterone as the two nociception modulators change after fasting or stress situation. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of food deprivation on formalin-induced nociceptive behaviours and plasma levels of noradrenalin and corticosterone in rats. Methods: Food was withdrawn 12, 24 and 48 h prior to performing the formalin test, but water continued to be available ad libitum. The formalin solution (50 μL, 2%) was injected into plantar surface of hind paw. The nociception responses of the animals during the first phase (1-7 minutes), the inter-phase (8-14), the phase 2A (15-60) and the phase 2B (61-90) was separately evaluated. The plasma concentrations of noradrenalin and corticosterone were measured using specific ELISA and IRA kits, according to manufacturer's instructions. Results: In contrast to the increasing of 48 h food deprived animals during phase 2, the nociceptive behaviours of 12 and 24 h groups decreased through the interphase, phase 2A and phase 2B. The injection of formalin in the normal male rats significantly decreased the plasma level of noradrenalin and corticosterone. Food deprivation for 12 and 24 h increased noradrenalin level significantly in comparison with control group which has caused by fasting induced antinociceptive behaviours. There was no significant change in food deprivation for 48 h group. Food deprivation for 12, 24 and 48 h had no effect on corticosterone level in male rats. Discussion: The present study emphasizes that the acute food deprivation diminished the nociceptive behaviours in the formalin test and show a correlation with increase in plasma noradrenalin level.}, Keywords = {Rat,Food Deprivation,Noradrenalin,Corticosterone,Formalin Test.}, volume = {4}, Number = {4}, pages = {341-347}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-439-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-439-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2013} }