@article{ author = {Kazemi, Masoomeh and Aliyari, Hamed and Tekieh, Elaheh and Tavakoli, Hassan and Golabi, Sahar and Sahraei, Hedayat and Meftahi, Gholam Hossein and Salehi, Maryam and Saberi, Mehdi}, title = {The Effect of 12 Hz Extremely Low-frequency Electromagnetic Field on Visual Memory of Male Macaque Monkeys}, abstract ={Introduction: Today, humans live in a world surrounded by electromagnetic fields. Numerous studies have been conducted to discover the biological, physiological, and behavioral effects of electromagnetic fields on humans and animals. Given the biological similarities between monkeys and humans, The present research aimed to examine Visual Memory (VM), hormonal, genomic, and anatomic changes, in the male rhesus macaques exposed to an Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF-MF). Methods: Four male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) were used. For the behavioral tests, the animals should be fasting for 17 hours. For the tests such as visual memory, the animal’s cooperation was necessary. Using the radiation protocol, we exposed two monkeys to a 12-Hz electromagnetic field with a magnitude of 0.7 µT (electromagnetic radiation) four hours a day for a month. Before and after the exposure, a visual memory test was conducted using a coated device (visible reward) on a movable stand. Ten milliliters of blood was obtained from the femoral artery of each monkey, and half of it was used to examine cortisol serum levels using the MyBioSource kit (made in the USA). The other half of the blood was used to extract lymphocytes for assaying expressions of Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) genes before and after radiation using the PCR method. Anatomic studies of the amygdala were carried out based on pre- and post-radiation Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Results: Research results indicated that visual memory in male primates increased significantly after exposure to the 12-Hz frequency. Hormonal analysis at the 12-Hz frequency showed a decrease in cortisol serum levels. However, visual memory and serum cortisol levels did not change considerably in male primates in the control group. There was no considerable amygdala volumetric difference after exposure to the 12-Hz frequency. The expression of the GR genes decreased in the 12-Hz group compared to the control group. Conclusion: In short, these results indicated that ELF might benefit memory enhancement because exposure to the 12-HZ ELF can enhance visual memory. This outcome may be due to a decrease in plasma cortisol and or expression of GR genes. Moreover, direct amygdala involvement in this regard cannot be recommended.}, Keywords = {Electromagnetic Field, Cortisol, Glucocorticoid receptor, Rhesus monkey}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.724.8}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1625-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1625-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Borjkhani, Hadi and Borjkhani, Mehdi and Sharif, Morteza A.}, title = {Investigating the Cocaine-induced Reduction of Potassium Current on the Generation of Action Potentials Using a Computational Model}, abstract ={Introduction: Drugs of abuse, such as cocaine, affect different brain regions and lead to pathological memories. These abnormal memories may occur due to changes in synaptic transmissions or variations in synaptic properties of neurons. It has been shown that cocaine inhibits delayed rectifying potassium currents in affected brain regions and can create pathological memories. This study investigates how the change in the conductance of delayed rectifying potassium channels can affect the produced action potentials using a computational model.  Methods: We present a computational model with different channels and receptors, including sodium, potassium, calcium, NMDARs, and AMPARs, which can produce burst-type action potentials. In the simulations, by changing the delayed rectifying potassium conductance bifurcation diagram is calculated. Results: By decreasing the potassium current for a fixed stimulatory signal, burst-type action potentials can be generated. In the following and with a further reduction of potassium conductance, produced action potentials exhibit non-linear and even chaotic behaviors. Conclusion: Results show that for a specific range of potassium conductance, a chaotic regime emerges in produced action potentials. These chaotic oscillations may play a role in inducing abnormal memories.}, Keywords = {Addiction, Cocaine, Delayed-rectifier potassium current, Computational model, Chaos}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {15-24}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1150.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1541-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1541-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sahraei, Razyeh and Aminyavari, Samaneh and Hosseini, Mehran and Hassanzadeh-Taheri, Mohammadmehdi and Foadoddini, Mohsen and Saebipour, Mohammadrez}, title = {The Ameliorative Impact of Centella asiatica on the Working Memory Deficit in Streptozotocin-induced Rat Model of Alzheimer Disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder with a progressive nature leading to neural damage and cognitive and memory deficit. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of Centella asiatica (CA) in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced rat model of memory impairment and neuronal damage. Methods: The intracerebroventricular infusion of STZ (3 mg/rat) or saline (as the vehicle) was performed on days 1 and 3. CA (150 and 300 mg/kg/d) was administered through oral gavage for 21 days after model induction. We used the Y-maze test to assess the working memory-related performances of animals. Rats were then sacrificed, and their hippocampi were harvested for evaluation of neuronal density in the cornu ammonis (CA1, CA2, CA3) and Dentate Gyrus (DG) regions using stereology technique. Results: The intracerebroventricular infusion of STZ caused significant working memory impairment demonstrated in the Y-maze apparatus, with a significant decrease in alternative behavior compared to control animals (40.67±2.04 vs 73.00±1.88, P<0.0001). Oral administration of CA (150 and 300 mg/kg each day) for 21 days significantly improved STZ-induced working memory deficit (55.33±3.34 and 57.17±3.81 vs 40.67±2.04, P<0.013, P<0.004, respectively). Furthermore, 21 days of consecutive administration of CA significantly ameliorated STZ-induced neuronal loss in the CA1, CA2, and DG subfields of the hippocampus.  Conclusion: Overall, these data demonstrate that CA increases neuronal density and improves cognitive impairment in the STZ-induced rat model of AD, thereby having promising therapeutic potential for neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, further studies are needed to determine the exact molecular mechanism of CA protective effects in brain disorders, particularly AD.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Working memory, Centella asiatica, Neuron Degeneration}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {25-34}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.144.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1699-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1699-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Samani, Seyed Abdollah and Moloudi, Mohammad Raman and Ramezanzadeh, Rashid and Abdi, Mohammad and Nikkhoo, Bahram and Izadpanah, Esmael and Roshani, Daem and Abdolahi, Alina and Esmaili, Parisa and Hassanzadeh, Kambiz}, title = {Oral Administration of Probiotic Enterococcus durans to Ameliorate Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Probiotics, including lactobacilli, have immunomodulatory activities with promising effects on inflammatory diseases. In this study, we evaluate the effect of Enterococcus durans (Edu) and three various strains of lactobacilli (Lacto-mix), including L. rhamnosus, L. casei, and L. plantarum, to prevent Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE) features Methods: C57BL/6 female mice were inoculated with Myelin Oigodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG35-55) in CFA (complete Freund’s adjuvant) to induce EAE. Five groups (n=6 in each group) of animals received saline or probiotics by oral gavage with 200 µL of lactobacilli (1.5×108 CFU/mL) for 2 weeks before the immunization and during the test for one month. Results: Histopathological studies showed an increase in infiltration of inflammatory cells and destruction of the myelin membrane in the EAE group but a decrease in inflammatory cells in the probiotic-treated animals. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interleukin [IL]-17 and Interferon [IFN]-γ) concentration in the supernatant of the brain and spinal cord tissues showed a significant increase in the EAE compared with the normal saline group (P<0.01). While in the spinal cord tissue, there was a decrease in IL-17 in those animals treated with the Lacto-mix and Edu + Lacto-mix (P<0.01) and a significant decrease in IFN-γ in those animals that received Edu (P<0.05). Western blot analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and myelin basic protein showed a decrease and increase in treatment and EAE groups, respectively, compared to the normal control group.  Conclusion: Our data suggest that probiotic Enterococcus durans and Lacto-mix prevents EAE, but further studies are needed to clarify the exact mechanisms and their application in preclinical and clinical trials.}, Keywords = {Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, Anti-inflammatory, Antioxidant, Probiotic, Enterococcus durans}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {35-46}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1955.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1570-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1570-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zeraatpisheh, Zahra and Mirzaei, Esmaeil and Nami, Mohammad and Alipour, Hamed and Ghasemian, Somayeh and Azari, Hassan and Aligholi, Hadi}, title = {A New and Simple Method for Spinal Cord Injury Induction in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) is a devastating disease with poor clinical outcomes. Animal models provide great opportunities to expand our horizons in identifying SCI pathophysiological mechanisms and introducing effective treatment strategies. The present study introduces a new murine contusion model. Methods: A simple, cheap, and reproducible novel instrument was designed, which consisted of a body part, an immobilization piece, and a bar-shaped weight. The injury was inflicted to the spinal cord using an 8-g weight for 5, 10, or 15 minutes after laminectomy at the T9 level in male C57BL/6 mice. Motor function, cavity formation, cell injury, and macrophage infiltration were evaluated 28 days after injury. Results: The newly designed instrument minimized adverse spinal movement during injury induction. Moreover, no additional devices, such as a stereotaxic apparatus, were required to stabilize the animals during the surgical procedure. Locomotor activity was deteriorated after injury. Furthermore, tissue damage and cell injury were exacerbated by increasing the duration of weight exertion. In addition, macrophage infiltration around the injured tissue was observed 28 days after injury. Conclusion: This novel apparatus could induce a controllable SCI with a clear cavity formation in mice. No accessory elements are needed, which can be used in future SCI studies.}, Keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Animal models, Mice}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {47-56}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.35.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1642-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1642-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {BeigomHejazian, Leila and Akbarnejad, Zeinab and MoghaniGhoroghi, Fatemeh and Esmaeilzade, Banafshe and Chaibakhsh, Samir}, title = {Augmenting Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Using Hair Follicle Stem Cells in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Cell therapy is the most advanced treatment of peripheral nerve injury. This study aimed to determine the effects of transplantation of hair follicle stem cells on the regeneration of the sciatic nerve injury in rats.  Methods: The bulge region of the rat whisker were isolated and cultured. Morphological and biological features of the cultured bulge cells were observed by light microscopy and immunocytochemistry methods. Percentages of CD34, K15, and nestin cell markers expression were demonstrated by flow cytometry. Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups of injury, epineurium, and epineurium with cells in which rat Hair Follicular Stem Cells (rHFSCs) were injected into the site of the nerve cut. HFSCs were labeled with Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), and double-labeling immunofluorescence was performed to study the survival and differentiation of the grafted cells. After 8 weeks, electrophysiological, histological, and immunocytochemical analysis assessments were performed.  Results: Rat hair follicle stem cells are suitable for cell culture, proliferation, and differentiation. The results suggest that transplantation of rat hair follicle stem cells can regenerate sciatic nerve injury; moreover, electrophysiology and histology examinations show that sciatic nerve repair was more effective in the epineurium with cell group than in the other experimental group (P<0.05). Conclusion: The achieved results propose that hair follicle stem cells improve axonal growth and functional recovery after peripheral nerve injury.}, Keywords = {Peripheral nerve regeneration, Rat hair follicle stem cell, Sciatic nerve}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {57-70}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2240.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1708-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1708-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Abedinzade, Mahmood and Mohammadi, Ekram and Hedayati, Mojtaba and Nikokar, Iraj and Khanaki, Korosh and Bostani, Zahr}, title = {Protective Effect of the Viola spathulata Extract on NCX3 Gene Expression in an Animal Model of Cerebral Ischemia}, abstract ={Introduction: Viola plant has been used traditionally to treat neurological disorders. We aimed at determining whether pretreatment with Viola spathulata extract can alleviate the severity of ischemic-reperfusion damages and exert its protective effects through the regulation of a sodium/calcium exchanger (NCX3) gene expression in a rat brain.  Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into two main groups: one main group for evaluating Neurologic Deficit Score (NDS) and Infarct Volume (IV) and the other group for the evaluation of NCX3 gene expression in the brain tissue. The latter group was subdivided into the intact, control (vehicle), sham, V5, and V10. The vehicle (control) subgroup received Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO), and V5 and V10 subgroups received V. spathulata extract at the doses of 5 and 10 mg/kg (IP), respectively, for 7 days. After pretreatment, we carried out Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for 60 min. Results: In the V5 and V10 subgroups, NDS and IV significantly decreased. MCAO upregulated NCX3 gene expression in the core, penumbra, and subcortical regions compared with the intact subgroup. The V5 subgroup significantly downregulated the NCX3 gene expression level in the core compared with the control subgroup. The V10 subgroup showed downregulation of the NCX3 gene expression level in the core, penumbra, and subcortex compared with the control subgroup.  Conclusion: V. spathulata extract may have a neuroprotective role against MCAO-induced ischemic brain damage, possibly by preventing the alteration of NCX3 gene expression level.}, Keywords = {Viola spathulata, Viola extract, Brain ischemia, NCX3 gene, Stroke, Neuroprotective}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {71-80}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2030.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1598-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1598-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Faridi, Alireza and Taremian, Farhad and Thatcher, Robert W and Dadashi, Mohsen and Moloodi, Rez}, title = {Comparison of LORETA Z score Neurofeedback and Cognitive Rehabilitation in terms of their Effectiveness in Reducing Craving in Opioid Addicts}, abstract ={Introduction: Previous studies have shown that conventional neurofeedback and cognitive modification treatments have numerous psychological benefits for patients with substance use disorders. However, the effectiveness of LORETA (Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography) Z Score Neurofeedback (LZNFB) and cognitive rehabilitation therapy in reducing opioid craving has not been investigated. Thus, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of LZNFB and cognitive rehabilitation therapy with Methadone Maintenance Treatment (MMT) in reducing craving in patients with opioid use disorder.  Methods: Thirty patients with opioid use disorder undergoing MMT were randomly assigned into three groups: LZNFB with MMT, cognitive rehabilitation with MMT (as experimental groups), and MMT alone control group. The LZNFB and cognitive rehabilitation groups received 20 and 15 sessions of treatment, respectively. The three groups were assessed using several questionnaires and dot-probe task at pretest, posttest, and one-month follow-up.  Results: The results showed that both experimental groups accomplished a significantly greater reduction in opioid craving than MMT alone group at posttest and follow-up (P<0.05). The LZNFB plus MMT group showed a greater decrease in opioid craving than the cognitive rehabilitation plus MMT group. In addition, the cognitive rehabilitation plus MMT group experienced greater improvement in attentional bias towards craving cues than the LZNFB with MMT group at posttest and follow-up. Finally, the LZNFB plus MMT group and cognitive rehabilitation plus MMT group got higher scores on the recovery assessment scale than MMT alone group at posttest and follow-up. According to study results, LZNFB training is more effective than cognitive rehabilitation in decreasing cravings and improving the quality of life in addiction to opioids.  Conclusion: The current study’s findings provided preliminary support for the effectiveness of LZNFB and cognitive rehabilitation in reducing opioid craving, improving attentional bias towards craving cues, and the quality of life among Iranian opioid use patients. }, Keywords = {Attentional Bias, Cognition, Rehabilitation, Craving, LORETA Z Score neurofeedback, Methadone , Opioid use disorderr}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {81-96}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1946.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1564-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1564-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Haghparast, Amir and Rashvand, Mi}, title = {Role of the Orexinergic System Within the Ventral Tegmental Area in the Development of Sensitization to Morphine Induced by Lateral Hypothalamus Stimulation}, abstract ={Introduction: The Lateral Hypothalamus (LH) has long been known to implicate the addictive behaviors of drug abuse. The Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) is a major area of the mesolimbic system that is strongly involved in developing morphine sensitization. The current study aimed to examine the role of intra-VTA orexin receptors in the LH stimulation-induced sensitization to the antinociceptive response of morphine.  Methods: A total of 114 adult male Wistar rats underwent unilateral implantation of two separate cannulae in the LH and VTA using the stereotaxic apparatus. Intra-VTA administration of the Orexin-1 (OX1) and Orexin-2 (OX2) receptor antagonists, SB334867 and TCS OX2 29 (1, 3, and 10 nM/0.3 μL DMSO), respectively, was performed 5 min before concurrent microinjection of carbachol (250 nM/0.5 μL saline) into the LH and an ineffective dose of morphine (0.5 mg/kg; SC) during a 3-day sensitization period. After a 5-day free drug period, on the ninth day, for assessing the morphine sensitization, the nociceptive response was measured before and after morphine injection (1 mg/kg; SC) using the tail-flick test.  Results: The results revealed that the concurrent administration of carbachol (250 nM) and an ineffective dose of morphine significantly induced morphine sensitization. Besides, the blockade of OX1 and OX2 receptors within the VTA before intra-LH carbachol injection attenuated morphine sensitization.  Conclusion: These findings suggest that LH stimulation potentiates the sensitization to morphine antinociceptive responses via affecting orexin receptors located in the VTA. However, OX1 receptors contribute more than OX2 receptors in the VTA to morphine sensitization in rats. }, Keywords = {Morphine, Orexin, Lateral hypothalamus, Ventral tegmental area, Acute pain, Rat}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {97-106}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2946.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1955-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1955-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Behzadnia, Hamid and Naseri, Amin and Emamhadi, Mohammadreza and Ghadarjani, Shervin and Aghaei, Iraj and Dehpour, Ahmadrez}, title = {Effect of Hydroalcoholic Extract of Stachys lavandulifolia on Pentylenetetrazole-induced Seizures in Male Mice: The Role of GABAergic and Opioidergic Systems}, abstract ={Introduction: Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. Though there are several effective drugs for treating epilepsy, most drugs are associated with side effects and drug interactions. Stachys lavandulifolia used in Iranian traditional medicine has proven anti-anxiety and sedative properties. The current study aimed to evaluate the anticonvulsant effect of hydroalcoholic extract of S. lavandulifoliaon the Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizure in male mice and the role of benzodiazepine and opioid receptors.  Methods: This study was conducted on 100 male mice, randomly categorized into 10 groups: Normal Saline (NS), two diazepam groups (0.025 and 0.1 mg/kg), three S. lavandulifolia extract groups (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg), diazepam 0.025 mg/kg+S. lavandulifolia extract 50 mg/kg, and three groups that pretreated with NS, flumazenil, or naloxone, 5 min before injection of 200 mg/kg S. lavandulifolia extract. After 30 min, PTZ (80 mg/kg) was injected into animals, and seizure indices were evaluated.  Results: The S. lavandulifoliaextract attenuated the PTZ-induced seizures in a dose-dependent manner, and pretreatment with flumazenil reversed this effect. However, pretreatment with naloxone could not reverse this effect because seizure indices in the naloxone pretreated group were lower than that in the normal saline group. The combination of an ineffective dose of diazepam and S. lavandulifoliaextract decreased PTZ-induced seizures.  Conclusion: The results of our study showed the anticonvulsant properties of hydroalcoholic extract of S. lavandulifolia. These effects might be due to the impact of the components of this extract on the central benzodiazepine system. }, Keywords = {Stachys lavandulifolia, Pentylenetetrazole, Seizure, Flumazenil, Naloxone}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {107-116}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2299.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1682-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1682-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Oghabian, Mohammad Ali and Fatemidokht, Asieh and Haririchian, Mohammad Hossei}, title = {Quantification of Blood-Brain-Barrier Permeability Dysregulation and Inflammatory Activity in MS Lesions by Dynamic-Contrast Enhanced MR Imaging}, abstract ={Introduction:  blood-brain-barrier perfusion characterization impaired in MS as some studies have shown recently but a comparison between perfusion parameters in contrast-enhanced and non-enhanced lesions not have been well documented. Pharmacokinetic quantitative parameters have obtained from dynamic contrast-enhanced in magnetic resonance imaging is a useful way to quantify blood-brain barrier permeability leakage. Methods:  MR examination was performed on 28 patients with Relapsing-remitted Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) with (Mean±SD age: 34.7±9.28) which had multiple lesions in the brain.3D dynamic T1-weighted spoiled gradient echo was obtained and Perfusion parameters and its map assessed in enhanced and non-enhanced lesions after intravascular injection differences in parameters and map obtained by analyzing ROI in Extended Toft model. Results: permeability as measured Krtans was a significantly higher value in CE to compare NE lesions. Ktrans and Kep have significant differences in NAWM and CE and NE lesions. Vb was slightly different in NE and CE lesions. Conclusion:  Permeability measured as Ktrans was the good parameter to show permeability impairment of BBB in CE lesions. Dysregulation in BBB is an acceptable sign to indicate existence inflammation in CE lesions.}, Keywords = {Blood-Brain-Barrier, Inflammatory activation, Multiple sclerosis}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {117-128}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.575.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1518-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1518-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shirdel, Saeedeh and Esmaeeli, Setareh and Alavi, Kaveh and MehrdadGhayemMaghami, Pezhman and Shariat, Seyed Vahi}, title = {Verbal Fluency Performance in Normal Adult Population in Iran: Norms and Effects of Age, Education, and Gender}, abstract ={Introduction: Verbal fluency is a cognitive function that can be easily assessed at the bedside and provide valuable data for clinical assessment of various cognitive functions. We decided to provide a standardized test to assess verbal fluency in the Persian language, including both phonemic and semantic fluency subtests. Methods: First, three phonemes (/p/, /d/, and /ʃ/) and three categories (animals, fruits, and kitchen appliances) were selected based on a pilot study and a panel of specialists. Then, we selected 500 Persian-speaking participants (47.8% male) aged 18 to 65 years via a convenient sampling method from the general population. Participants were grouped according to age, gender, and education. They performed the verbal fluency test. Results: The Mean±SD number of generated words in letter fluency and semantic fluency was 8.3±4.1 and 18.0±5.5, respectively. Age, educational level, and mother tongue were associated with letter fluency. Semantic fluency was associated with age, gender, education level, and mother tongue.  Conclusion: For a more reliable clinical assessment, we suggest using all three letters (phonemes) and three semantic categories for each subject, calculating the mean of the produced words, and comparing them with the suggested cut-off points provided for each subcategory. Age was negatively correlated with the number of generated words in letter fluency (r=-0.33; P<0.001) and semantic fluency tasks (r=-0.26; P<0.001). In the letter fluency task, there was no statistically significant difference between males and females according to the number of generated words (P=0.057). However, in semantic fluency, female participants generated more words (P=0.005). Mother tongue (Farsi) showed a significant effect both on letter fluency (t=5.55, P<0.001) and semantic fluency (t=9.41, P<0.001). Level of education had a significant association with both letter fluency (F=117.23, P<0.001) and semantic fluency (F=64.48, P<0.001).}, Keywords = {Neuropsychological tests, Verbal fluency, Persian, Category, Phonemic}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {129-138}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.363.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1409-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1409-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Alipour, Abolfazl and Hatam, Gholamreza and Seradj, Hass}, title = {Microtubule Disruption Without Learning Impairment in the Unicellular Organism, Paramecium: Implications for Information Processing in Microtubules}, abstract ={Introduction: Information processing in microtubules is an open question that has not been adequately addressed. It was suggested that microtubules could store and process information in the nervous system or even support consciousness. The unicellular organism, Paramecium caudatum, has a microtubular structure but lacks a neuron or neural network. However, it shows intelligent behaviors such as associative learning. This property may suggest that the microtubules are involved in intelligent behavior, information storage, or information processing in this organism.  Methods: To test this hypothesis and study the role of microtubules in P. caudatum learning, we utilized a learning task in which the organism associates brightness in its swimming medium with attractive cathodal shocks. To see if microtubules are an integral part of information storage and processing in P. caudatum, we disrupted the microtubular dynamics in the organism using an antimicrotubular agent (parbendazole).  Results: We observed that while a partial allosteric modulator of GABA (midazolam) could disrupt the learning process in P. caudatum, the antimicrotubular agent could not interfere with the learning.  Conclusion: Microtubules are probably not vital for the learning behavior in P. caudatum. Consequently, our results call for further investigation of the microtubular information processing hypothesis. }, Keywords = {Paramecium caudatum, Learning and memory, Microtubules, GABA, Phototaxis, Electrical stimulation}, volume = {13}, Number = {1}, pages = {139-152}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2462.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1737-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1737-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ahmadieh, Hajar and Ghassemi, Farnaz}, title = {Assessing the Effects of Alzheimer Disease on EEG Signals Using the Entropy Measure: A Meta-analysis}, abstract ={Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and a type of dementia. About 80% of dementia in older adults is due to AD. According to multiple research articles, AD is associated with several changes in EEG signals, such as slow rhythms, reduction in complexity and functional associations, and disordered functional communication between different brain areas. This research focuses on the entropy parameter. Methods: In this study, the keywords “Entropy,” “EEG,” and “Alzheimer” were used. In the initial search, 102 articles were found. In the first stage, after investigating the Abstracts of the articles, the number of them was reduced to 62, and upon further review of the remaining articles, the number of articles was reduced to 18. Some papers have used more than one entropy of EEG signals to compare, and some used more than one database. So, 25 entropy measures were considered in this meta-analysis. We used the Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) to find the effect size and compare the effects of AD on the entropy of the EEG signal in healthy people. Funnel plots were used to investigate the bias of meta-analysis. Results: According to the articles, entropy seems to be a good benchmark for comparing the EEG signals between healthy people and AD people.  Conclusion: It can be concluded that AD can significantly affect EEG signals and reduce the entropy of EEG signals.}, Keywords = {EEG Signal, Entropy, Alzheimer disease, Meta-analysis}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {153-164}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1144.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1869-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1869-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Khani, Fatemeh and Radahmadi, Maryam and Alaei, Hojjatallah}, title = {The Protective Effects of Crocin on Input-Output Functions and Long-term Potentiation of Hippocampal CA1 Area in Rats Exposed to Chronic Social Isolated Stress}, abstract ={Introduction: The lack of social communication is associated with the primary risk of proper brain functions. It is reported that crocin helps relieve this problem. The present study examined the protective effect of two doses of crocin on Long-term potentiation (LTP) of hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) area as a cellular mechanism in rats exposed to chronic social isolated stress. Methods: Rats were assigned to the control, sham, isolation stress, and two stress groups (receiving 30 and 60 mg/kg crocin). Chronic isolation stress (CIS) was induced 6 h/d, and crocin was administrated for 21 days. The field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) slope and amplitude were measured by input/output functions and LTP induction in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Also, the corticosterone and glucose levels were assayed in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. Results: The slope and amplitude of fEPSP severity were impaired in both input/output and LTP responses in the CIS group. Crocin at a dose of 30 and particularly 60 mg/kg improved input/output and LTP responses in the CIS group. Also, the corticosterone levels significantly increased in the frontal cortex and especially the hippocampus. In contrast, only a high dose of crocin decreased hippocampal corticosterone levels in the CIS condition. Finally, the glucose levels did not change in the hippocampus and frontal cortex in all experimental groups.  Conclusion: The chronic isolation stress impaired neural excitability and Long-term plasticity in the CA1 area due to elevated corticosterone in the hippocampus and probably the frontal cortex. The low and high doses of crocin improved excitability and Long-term plasticity in the chronic isolation stress group by only decreasing corticosterone levels in the hippocampus, but not the frontal cortex. }, Keywords = {Crocin, Isolation stress, Hippocampus, Corticosterone, Long-term potentiation}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {165-174}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2346.2 }, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2175-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2175-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirzaii-Dizgah, Iraj and Shafei, Mohammad Naser and Mohebbati, Reza and Alikhani, Vi}, title = {Cardiovascular Effect of Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray During Lipopolysaccharide-induced Hypotension}, abstract ={Introduction: The central mechanism related to the cardiovascular response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension is not entirely known, but it is suggested that numerous brain areas such as dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) are involved in this process. In the current work, the cardiovascular effect of the dPAG during LPS-induced hypotension is investigated. Methods: The study animals (rats) were divided into four groups: control (saline microinjected into dPAG), lidocaine 2%, LPS (intravenously injected), and lidocaine + LPS. Catheterization of the femoral artery and vein was performed to record blood pressure and LPS injection, respectively. Saline and lidocaine were microinjected into the dPAG nucleus then the LPS injection was performed. The changes (∆) in systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and heart rate (HR) were measured and compared with those of the control and LPS groups. Results: LPS significantly declined ∆MAP and ∆SBP (P<0.05) but did not change the ∆HR compared to the control. Lidocaine did not significantly affect basic ∆SBP, ∆MAP, and ∆HR compared to the control. Injection of lidocaine before LPS significantly attenuated the reduction of ∆SBP and ∆MAP evoked by LPS (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our data showed that blockade of the dPAG by lidocaine significantly ameliorates the hypotension induced by LPS. this finding confirms the involvement of the dPAG in cardiovascular regulation during LPS-induced hypotension. }, Keywords = {Dorsal periaqueductal gray, Lidocaine, Lipopolysaccharide, Blood pressure}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {175-184}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2830.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1900-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1900-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Sattari, Nasim and Faeghi, Fariborz and Shekarchi, Babak and Heidari, Mohammad Hossei}, title = {Assessing the Changes of Cortical Thickness in Alzheimer Disease With MRI Using Freesurfer Software}, abstract ={Introduction: In this study, we intend to determine the correlation between the thickness of the cerebral cortex and the severity of the cognitive disorder in Alzheimer disease (AD). Methods: A total of 20 (14 women and 6 men) patients diagnosed with AD with a Mean age of 72.95 years, and 10 (7 women and 3 men) cognitively normal (CN) subjects with a Mean age of 70.50 years were included in the study. Of the AD patient and CN subjects, 70% were female, and 30% were male. All individuals underwent 1.5 T Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MRI scanning protocol included 3D MPRAGE (3D-T1W) sequence. All images were analyzed using Freesurfer v5.3, and then the brain cortical thickness in 7 cortical areas (inferior temporal, middle temporal, superior temporal, parahippocampal, pars triangularis, rostral middle frontal, and superior frontal) was calculated. Results: The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to compare the mean thickness of each region between the patient and the control group. There was a significant difference in the mean cortical thickness in all regions. In all cases, the mean cortical thickness in CN subjects was greater than in AD patients. However, the mean thickness of pars triangularis left hand in CN subjects was not significantly greater than that in AD patients. The receiver operating characteristic system (ROC) was designed to evaluate the predictive power of the patients and the healthy people. We have selected a thousand cut-off points from 1.5 to 3.5 mm for cortical thickness. When the cut-off points were within 2.276878–2.299680 mm in the left hemisphere, Youden’s index was maximum. The sensitivity and specificity, in this case, were 80%. Also, when the cut-off points were within the range of 2.263278–2.282278 mm in the right hemisphere, the sensitivity and specificity were 90% and 80%, respectively. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the importance of quantifying the cortical thickness changes in the early diagnosis of AD. In addition, examining the pattern of changes and quantifying the reduction in the thickness of the cortex is a crucial tool for displaying the local and global atrophy of the brain. Also, this pattern can be used as an alternative marker for the diagnosis of dementia. Finally, to the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to report finding on the cortical thickness that would help the clinician have a better differential diagnosis. Also, this study has checked the possibility of early diagnosis of the disease.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Cortical thickness, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Freesurfer software}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {185-192}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1779.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1474-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1474-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Vafaei, Abbas Ali and Rashidy-Pour, Ali and Trahomi, Parnia and Omoumi, Samira and Dadkhah, Masoomeh}, title = {Role of Amygdala-Infralimbic Cortex Circuitry in Glucocorticoid-induced Facilitation of Auditory Fear Memory Extinction}, abstract ={Introduction: The basolateral amygdala (BLA) and infralimbic area (IL) of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) are two interconnected brain structures that mediate both fear memory expression and extinction. Besides the well-known role of the BLA in the acquisition and expression of fear memory, projections from IL to BLA inhibit fear expression and have a critical role in fear extinction. However, the details of IL-BLA interaction have remained unclear. Here, we investigated the role of functional reciprocal interactions between BLA and IL in mediating fear memory extinction. Methods: Using lidocaine (LID), male rats underwent unilateral or bilateral inactivation of the BLA and then unilateral intra-IL infusion of corticosterone (CORT) prior to extinction training of the auditory fear conditioning paradigm. Freezing behavior was reported as an index for conditioned fear. Infusions were performed before the extinction training, allowing us to examine the effects on fear expression and further extinction memory. Experiments 1-3 investigated the effects of left or right infusion of CORT into IL and LID unilaterally into BLA on fear memory extinction. Results: Intra-IL infusion of CORT in the right hemisphere reduced freezing behavior when administrated before the extinction training. Auditory fear memory extinction was impaired by asymmetric inactivation of BLA and CORT infusion in the right IL; however, the same effect was not observed with symmetric inactivation of BLA.  Conclusion: IL-BLA neural circuit may provide additional evidence for the contribution of this circuit to auditory fear extinction. This study demonstrates dissociable roles for right or left BLA in subserving the auditory fear extinction. Our finding also raises the possibility that left BLA-IL circuitry may mediate auditory fear memory extinction via underlying mechanisms. However, further research is required in this area.}, Keywords = {Auditory fear memory, Extinction, Inactivation, Infralimbic, Amygdala}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {193-206}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2161.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1643-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1643-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Bagheri, Zohreh and Shamsi, Fatemeh and Zeraatpisheh, Zahra and Salmannejad, Mahin and Soltani, Ahmad and Aligholi, Hadi}, title = {The Effect of Different Concentrations of Methylprednisolone on Survival, Proliferation, and Migration of Neural Stem/Progenitor Cells}, abstract ={Introduction: The present study addressed whether methylprednisolone (MP) as an anti-inflammatory drug used in neurodegenerative diseases and neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) is safe.  Methods: First, embryonic rat NS/PCs were exposed to different concentrations of MP, and then we evaluated their survival by MTT assay, proliferation by analyzing the number and diameter of neurospheres, and the migration of the cells by neurosphere assay. Results: The viability of NS/PCs was reduced following exposure to 10, 15, and 20 µg/mL of MP. In addition, although the number of neurospheres did not change, exposure to different concentrations of MP resulted in the formation of smaller neurospheres. Despite these undesirable effects, the highest concentration of MP (20 μg/mL) increased the migration capacity of the NS/PCs. Conclusion: The combination of MP and NS/PCs is not recommended due to the adverse effects of MP on the survival and proliferation of NS/PCs.}, Keywords = {Methylprednisolone, Neural stem cells, Proliferation, Survival, Migration}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {207-214}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.35.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1687-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1687-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {GhadamgahiSani, Neda and Akbarfahimi, Malahat and Akbari, Shadi and AlizadehZarei, Mehdi and Taghizadeh, Ghorb}, title = {Neurofeedback Training Versus Perceptual-motor Exercises Interventions in Visual Attention for Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Randomized Controlled Trial}, abstract ={Introduction: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common childhood psychiatric disorders characterized by poor attention and subsequently lower learning abilities than normal children. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of neurofeedback and perceptual-motor exercises as two common nonpharmacological treatments for visual attention. Methods: A total of 40 combined medicated ADHD children (aged 5-12 years) were randomly allocated into two groups: neurofeedback training and perceptual-motor exercises. Visual attention and motor proficiency were assessed before and after the treatment by continuous performance test (CPT) and Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT), respectively. Results: According to repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), both groups showed significant improvement in three attention-related areas of CPT, including reaction time, omission, and commission errors (P<0.001), while the difference between the two groups was not significant (P>0.05). However, in the perceptual-motor exercises group, motor proficiency improved significantly (P<0.01). Conclusion: Neurofeedback training intervention, as well as perceptual-motor exercises, are effective in improving ADHD symptoms, and given the similar effect of both interventions and their lack of side effects, perceptual-motor exercises appear to be the more appropriate option for reducing symptoms of ADHD, because of its additional effect on motor proficiency, rich content of purposeful activities, and social interactions.}, Keywords = {Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Neurofeedback, Perceptual-motor, Attention, Children, Randomized controlled trial}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {215-224}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.563.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1809-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1809-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Parvardeh, Siavash and Sheikholeslami, Mohammad Abbas and Ghafghazi, Shiva and Pouriran, Ramin and Mortazavi, Seyed Erf}, title = {Minocycline Improves Memory by Enhancing Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Restoring Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in a Rat Model of Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion}, abstract ={Introduction: Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the impairment of synaptic plasticity following cerebral ischemia, ultimately resulting in memory dysfunction. Hence, the applying antioxidant agents could be beneficial in managing memory deficits after brain ischemia. Minocycline is a tetracycline antibiotic with antioxidant effect. The main objective of this work was to assess the minocycline effect on the impairment of synaptic plasticity and memory after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods: Transient occlusion of common carotid arteries was used to induce ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Single or multiple (once daily for 7 days) dose(s) of minocycline were administered before (pretreatment) or after (treatment) brain ischemia. Seven days after ischemia-reperfusion, passive avoidance performance, long-term hippocampal potentiation, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes were assessed.  Results: The passive avoidance test showed that minocycline (20 and 40 mg/kg) significantly increased step-through latency while reducing the duration of staying in a dark chamber in the treatment (but not pretreatment) group. In electrophysiological experiments, the rats treated (but not pretreated) with minocycline (40 mg/kg) showed a significant increase in the amplitude of the field excitatory postsynaptic potentials in the dentate gyrus area of the hippocampus. The treatment (but not pretreatment) with minocycline (20 and 40 mg/kg) resulted in a significant increase in the activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the hippocampus.  Conclusion: It was determined that minocycline attenuates memory dysfunction after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in rats by improving hippocampal synaptic plasticity and restoring antioxidant enzyme activity. }, Keywords = {Brain ischemia, Memory, Minocycline, Synaptic plasticity, Antioxidant enzymes}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {225-236}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.12.6.2062.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1604-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1604-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Yaghoubi, Emad and Shariat, Seyed Vahid and Rashedi, Vahid and GhanbariJolfaei, Atefeh}, title = {Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Delirium: A Double-blind, Randomized, Sham-controlled, Pilot Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Delirium is a fatal but potentially reversible disorder of the central nervous system that imposes high costs on health systems. This study aims to evaluate the effect of intermittent theta-burst stimulation on the severity and course of delirium disorder. Methods: This is a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled pilot study. The study participants were randomly allocated into the active (active intermittent theta-burst stimulation) and sham groups. The severity of delirium was assessed 15 minutes before the intervention and 15 minutes after that by the Neelon and Champagne (NEECHAM) confusion scale. Results: In the active group, total and subscale scores of NEECHAM significantly decreased after intervention (P<0.05). Although no statistical difference was found in the control group regarding the subscale scores of NEECHAM, the difference in the total scores before and after the sham intervention was statistically significant. Conclusion: Carrying one session of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex can reduce the delirium severity in a short period, although it will not decrease the number of delirium cases three days after the intervention.}, Keywords = {Delirium, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), Randomized Controlled Trial}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {237-246}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1830.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1503-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1503-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mobasseri, Sehar and Javeri, Arash and FakhrTaha, Masoumeh}, title = {Reprogramming by Cytosolic Extract of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Improve Dopaminergic Differentiation Potential of Human Adipose Tissue-derived Stem Cells}, abstract ={Introduction: The extract of pluripotent stem cells induces dedifferentiation of somatic cells with restricted plasticity.  Methods: In this study, we used the extract of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) to dedifferentiate adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) and examined the impact of this reprogramming event on the dopaminergic differentiation of the cells. For this purpose, cytoplasmic extract of ESCs was prepared by repeated freezing and thawing cycles. The plasma membrane of hADSCs was reversibly permeabilized by streptolysin O (SLO), exposed to hESC extract, and resealed by a CaCl2-containing medium.  Results: As revealed by qPCR analysis, expression of OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, LIN28A, and KLF4 mRNAs were downregulated in the ADSCs one week after extract incubation, while all mRNAs except for KLF4 were upregulated at the end of the second week. For dopaminergic differentiation, control and reprogrammed ADSCs were induced by a serum-free neurobasal medium containing B27 and a cocktail of sonic hedgehog (SHH), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), fibroblastic growth factor 8 (FGF8), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) for 12 days. After differentiation, the expression levels of some neuronal and dopaminergic-related genes, including PAX6, NESTIN, NEFL, GLI1, LMXB1, EN1, NURR1, and TH, significantly increased in the reprogrammed ADSCs compared to the control group. On the whole, two weeks after reprogramming by ESC extract, ADSCs showed an improved dopaminergic differentiation potential.  Conclusion: These findings suggest that the cytoplasmic extract of hESCs contains some regulatory factors which induce the expression of pluripotency-associated markers in somatic cells and that the exposure to ESC extract may serve as a simple and rapid strategy to enhance the plasticity of somatic stem cells for cell replacement therapy purposes.}, Keywords = {Embryonic stem cells, Adipose tissue-derived stem cells, Cytoplasmic extract, Reprogramming, Dopaminergic differentiation}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {247-256}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.12.6.2069.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1611-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1611-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {HaghshenasBilehsavar, Shirin and Batouli, Seyed Amir Hossein and Soukhtanlou, Mohammad and Alavi, Sasan and Oghabian, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Different Olfactory Perception in Heroin Addicts Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging}, abstract ={Introduction: Addiction is a mental disorder that has many adverse effects on brain health. It alters brain structure and deteriorates brain functionality. Impairment of brain cognition in drug addiction is illustrated in many previous works; however, olfactory perception in addiction and, in particular, its neuronal mechanisms have rarely been studied.  Methods: In this experiment, we recruited 20 heroin addicts and 20 normal controls of the same sex, age, handedness, and socioeconomic status and compared their brain function while perceiving non-craving odors during the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We intended to define the default olfactory system performance in addicts compared to healthy people.  Results: Our study showed an overall larger activation in addicts when processing olfactory stimuli. In particular, and when comparing the two groups, the right anterior cingulate and right superior frontal gyrus had higher activations than normal, whereas the left lingual gyrus and left cerebellum showed stronger activations in the addicts.  Conclusion: The result of this study can unveil the missing components in addiction brain circuitry. This information is helpful in better understanding the neural mechanisms of addiction and may be advantageous in designing programs for addiction prevention or clinical treatment.}, Keywords = {Drug addiction, Olfactory perception, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Lingual gyrus, Cerebellum}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {257-268}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.12.6.2210.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1736-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1736-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Arshiany, Hedieh and Ezzatian, Behzad and Artounian, Valentin and Alizadeh, Fatemeh and Mohammadian, Fatemeh}, title = {Psychiatric Onset Alexander Disease: An Important Challenge in Neuropsychiatric Diagnosis: A Case Report}, abstract ={Introduction: Alexander disease is a heterogeneous group of diseases with various manifestations based on the age of disease onset. This rare leukodystrophy syndrome with mutations in the GFAP gene could present with developmental delay and seizure in the infantile form to ataxia and bulbar palsy in adulthood. However, psychiatric symptoms are not well-defined and are usually evaluated after disease diagnosis, not before disease investigations. Case Report : Our patient is a 52-year-old Iranian woman with a history of depression since 17 years ago, a suicidal attempt two years ago, and ingestion of a large amount of opium with the intention of suicide 2 months ago. She was presented with disorientation and probably a delirious state in the last interview. Eventually, in comprehensive investigations, white matter hyperintensity in MRI and leukodystrophy was diagnosed to determine the cause of these changes, we did a gene study, found whole exon deletion of the GFAP gene, and made a diagnosis of late-onset Alexander disease. Conclusion: Neurological-onset manifestation of Alexander disease, specifically late-onset form, is the most common clinical picture of disease and was seen in about 90% of patients, but psychiatric symptoms are not well-known, and psychiatric-onset disease was not described yet. Various gene mutations were described in late-onset Alexander disease; however, the large whole exon deletion which was revealed in our patient is a novel mutation and significantly needs to be explored. Here authors describe a late-onset Alexander disease with psychiatric-onset symptoms and novel large exon deletion in the GFAP gene. }, Keywords = {Alexander disease, Late-inset, GFAP mutation, Psychiatric symptoms, Leukodystrophy}, volume = {13}, Number = {2}, pages = {269-274}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1551.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2018-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2018-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Masoomeh and HaeriRohani, Ali and Yaghmaei, Parichehr and Sahraei, Hedayat}, title = {Prenatal Stress-induced Spatial Memory Deficit in a Sex-specific Manner in Mice: A Possible Involvement of Hippocampal Insulin Resistance}, abstract ={Introduction: In the present study, the effects of prenatal stress on spatial learning and memory deficit and its relationship with hippocampal insulin resistance were examined in male and female offspring.  Methods: Female NMRI mice were mated with males overnight, and the 0-day of pregnancy was detected (Gestational day 0-GD0). The pregnant mice were then randomly divided into stress and control groups. The stress group received stress from the GD0 to GD10. On post natal day 30 (PND30), the offspring were divided into 4 subgroups, namely: male-control, female-control, male-stress, and female-stress. Barnes maze method was used for spatial learning evaluation. Plasma cortisol and insulin levels were measured at the beginning of the experiments. At the end of the experiments, the animals’ brains were removed, and their hippocampus was extracted. The hippocampus was homogenized, and its insulin and insulin-receptor contents were evaluated.  Results: The stressed animals needed more time for reaching to target hole. In addition, they spend more distance to find the target hole, which was more pronounced in the male offspring. Both plasma and hippocampal insulin content were reduced in the stressed groups. Moreover, the hippocampal insulin receptors protein was reduced in the stressed animals. There was a positive relationship between plasma and hippocampal content and memory deficit in the stressed groups. Conclusion: These results indicated that prenatal stress could induce spatial learning and memory deficit in offspring, which is associated with plasma and hippocampal insulin and receptor content reduction (hippocampal insulin resistance) in these animals. }, Keywords = {Barnes maze, Hippocampal insulin, Plasma insulin, Prenatal stress, Spatial learning, and memory}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {275-284}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.15.12}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1599-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1599-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Goshvarpour, Ateke and Goshvarpour, Atefeh and Abbasi, Ataollah}, title = {A Predictive Model for Emotion Recognition Based on Individual Characteristics and Autonomic Changes}, abstract ={Introduction: Studies have repeatedly stated the importance of individual differences in the problem of emotion recognition. The primary focus of this study is to predict Heart Rate Variability (HRV) changes due to affective stimuli from the individual characteristics. These features include age (A), gender (G), linguality (L), and sleep (S). In addition, the best combination of individual variables was explored to estimate emotional HRV. Methods: To this end, HRV indices of 47 college students exposed to images with four emotional categories of happiness, sadness, fear, and relaxation were analyzed. Then, a novel predictive model was introduced based on the regression equation. Results: The results show that different emotional situations provoke the importance of different individual variable combinations. The best variables arrangements to predict HRV changes due to emotional provocations are LS, GL, GA, ALS, and GALS. However, these combinations were changed according to each subject separately. Conclusion: The suggested simple model effectively offers new insight into emotion studies regarding subject characteristics and autonomic parameters.}, Keywords = {Emotion, Heart rate, Individual differences, Model}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {285-294}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.632.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-745-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Zahra and Choopani, Samira and Salimi, Mona and Majlessi, Nahid and Naghdi, Nasser}, title = {Protein Kinase C Involvement in Neuroprotective Effects of Thymol and Carvacrol Against Toxicity Induced by Amyloid-β in Rat Hippocampal Neurons}, abstract ={Introduction: We have reported that thymol and carvacrol can improve cognitive abilities in Alzheimer Disease (AD) rat models. However, the mechanism of their action is not yet fully understood. Recently, our in vitro results suggested that PC12 cell death induced by Aβ25-35 can be protected by thymol and carvacrol via Protein Kinase C (PKC) and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) pathways. So, we hypothesize that the mechanisms of thymol and carvacrol in improving the learning impairment in the AD rat model may be related to their effects on PKC. So, the activity of PKC and protein expression levels of PKCα were examined in the hippocampal cells of the AD rat model. Methods: To examine the thymol and carvacrol effects, we performed a behavioral test in AD rat models induced by Aβ25–35 neurotoxicity. To access the underlying mechanism of the protective effects, western blotting was performed with antibodies against PKCα. We also measured the PKC activity assay by Elisa. Histopathological studies were carried out in the hippocampus with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining.  Results: The escape latency increased in Aβ-received rats compared to the control group, and thymol and carvacrol reversed this deficit. Furthermore, these compounds could enhance the PKC activity and increase the PKCα expression ratio. Moreover, H&E staining showed that Aβ caused shrinkage of the CA1 pyramidal neurons. However, thymol and carvacrol treatments could prevent this effect of Aβ peptides. Conclusion: This study suggests that Amyloid-Beta (Aβ) results in memory decline and histochemical disturbances in the hippocampus. Moreover, these results revealed that thymol and carvacrol could have protective effects on cognition in AD-like models via PKC activation.}, Keywords = {Thymol, Carvacrol, Protein kinase C, Amyloid β, Alzheimer disease}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {295-304}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.666.2 }, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2028-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2028-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Kakooei, Sina and Afarinesh, Mohammadreza and Parirokh, Masoud and Nikzad, Reza and Mostafavi, Mahshid and Nekouei, Amir and Sabzalizadeh, Mansoureh and Sheibani, Vahi}, title = {Effect of Administration of Lidocaine at Body Temperature on Anesthesia Success in Rodent Model: A Behavioral and Electrophysiology Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Success in anesthesia administration relieves the perception of pain during surgery. Lidocaine is the most commonly used local anesthetic agent in clinical medicine. Moreover, anesthetic agents’ temperature changes can influence cell membrane permeability. Here, the effectiveness of different temperatures of Lidocaine (Lid.) on anesthesia success rate has been investigated in rats. Methods: Wistar male rats were pretreated by fast injection of lidocaine or saline into the hind paw or intradermal cheek at Room Temperature (RT) and Body Temperature (BT) (22°C and 37°C, respectively). Then, rat behaviors were evaluated by formalin-induced hind paw pain and orofacial pain tests, respectively. Moreover, using a single-unit recording technique, the spontaneous activity of the marginal nerve was recorded at room temperature in the RT-Lid. and BT-Lid. groups. Results: Data analysis revealed that lidocaine had significant antinociceptive effects in both the BT-Lid. and RT-Lid. groups compared to the control groups (P<0.05). Also, the number of spikes in the BT-Lid. and RT-Lid. groups were significantly lower than their baselines (P<0.05). However, lidocaine at body temperature decreased the total time spent licking the hind paw, the number of lip rubbings, and the number of spikes firing by about 10%-15% compared to room temperature. Conclusion: In both behavioral and neural levels of the study, our results showed that an increase in the temperature of lidocaine toward body temperature could increase anesthesia success rate compared to administration of lidocaine at room temperature. These findings can be considered in the treatment of patients.}, Keywords = {Lidocaine, Local anesthesia, Formalin test, Rat, Success rate}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {305-314}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1102.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2077-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2077-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Noorbakhsh, Negar and Galehdari, Hamid and Shafiei, Mohamm}, title = {The Effect of Sialic Acid on MiR-320a and Let-7e Expression in Human Glial Cell Line}, abstract ={Introduction: Sialic acid is pivotal in various critical physiological events at molecular and cellular levels and pathological processes. Changes in sialic acid concentration are observed in many pathological processes; for example, some available data exist on the evaluated level of sialic acid and neurodegenerative prevalence. Presumably, sialic acid can play a significant role in regulating a diverse range of uncovered neurodegeneration factors and downstream targets. matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9) is one factor that changes the exposure of different concentrations of sialic acid solution. Hence, we aimed to examine the possible effect of sialic acid solution exposure on the glial cell line in the expression patterns of miR-320a and let-7e as two upstream factors.  Methods: Human glial cell line was prepared from the Pasteur Institute of Iran and cultured in a dulbecco’s modified eagle medium (DMEM) with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). The IC50 value of sialic acid was obtained by colorimetric assay for assessing cell metabolic activity 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl (MTT), and the glial cell line was treated with sialic acid in 300, 500, 1000 µg/mL for 24 h to investigate the effect of the sialic acid ligand on the expression pattern of the miR-320a and let-7e. Total RNA was isolated from approximately 10×106 glial cells and was used from each sample for complementary dna (cDNA) synthesis. For quantitative analysis of miR-320a and let-7e, we used real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for statistical analysis, the SPSS v. 21 software was applied.  Results: Analyzing the real-time data revealed that the expression of miR-320a and let-7e was significantly increased (P<0.0001) in 300, 500, and 1000 µg/mL treated glial cells by sialic acid compared to the control group.  Conclusion: A possible linkage of sialic acid on miR-320a and let-7e regulation was observed in the glial cell line as proinflammatory factors in the inflammation pathway.}, Keywords = {Inflammation, Neuroinflammatory Diseases, Sialic Acids, Neuroglia, MicroRNAs}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {315-324}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2090.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1618-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1618-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ahmadkhaniha, Hamidreza and Ayazi, Nazanin and Alavi, Kaveh and Najjarzadehgan, Mohammadreza and Hadi, Fatemeh}, title = {The Comparison Between Positive and Negative Symptoms Severity in Prolonged Methamphetamine-induced Psychotic Disorder and Schizophrenia}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aims to compare the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in patients who had psychotic symptoms more than one month after discontinuation of methamphetamine abuse. These factors were analyzed by the positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) questionnaire. Methods: Sixty participants were selected from patients referred to Iran Psychiatric Hospital with psychotic symptoms (delusions or hallucinations, disorganized behavior, and speech). The control group was 30 patients with schizophrenia based on a semi-structured interview according to DSM-IV-TR (SCID). Thirty patients with a prolonged methamphetamine-induced psychotic disorder were also placed in the case group. For both groups of patients, questionnaires of PANSS, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), and Global Assessment Of Functioning (GAF) were filled out after obtaining the companions’ consent. The scale scores were compared between groups. We used the Mann-Whitney and the Chi-square test to evaluate the mean values of PANSS, BPRS, and GAF scores between the two groups. Results: here was an insignificant difference in positive and general pathology scores between the two groups, but the total score of negative symptoms in the schizophrenia group was significantly higher than in the group of prolonged methamphetamine psychotic disorders (P=0.034). Average scores of uncooperativeness (0.008), difficulty in abstract thinking (0.004), motor retardation (0.002), unusual thought content (0.001), and hostility (0.011) in the schizophrenia group were significantly higher than those in the prolonged methamphetamine psychosis. Conclusion: The results showed that most of the disturbances in patients with schizophrenia might be more influenced by the expression of cognitive disabilities than those with methamphetamine psychosis. The difference in negative symptom scores suggests that schizophrenia and prolonged methamphetamine psychotic disorder can be two different disorders.}, Keywords = {Methamphetamine, Schizophrenia, Psychotic disorder, Positive and negative symptoms severity, Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, Prolonged methamphetamine-induced psychosis}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {325-334}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2837.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-987-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-987-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Savareh, Ebrahim and Davoodian, Nahid and Mousaviyan, Ronak and Ghasemi-Kasman, Maryam and Atashabparvar, Ali and Eftekhar, Ebrahim}, title = {Prenatal Zinc Supplementation Ameliorates Hippocampal Astrocytes Activation and Inflammatory Cytokines Expression Induced by Lipopolysaccharide in a Rat Model of Maternal Immune Activation}, abstract ={Introduction: Evidence suggests that gestational exposure to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) results in fetal zinc deficiency and eventually neurodevelopmental abnormalities. In this study, we utilized a rat model of Maternal Immune Activation (MIA) to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of zinc supplementation during pregnancy on hippocampal astrocytes activation as well as inflammatory cytokines expression in adult offspring. Methods: Pregnant rats received intraperitoneal injections of either LPS (0.5 mg/kg) or saline on Gestational Days (GD) 15 and 16, and orally gavaged with zinc sulfate (30 mg/kg) during pregnancy. Astrocyte density and histological assessment were evaluated in the hippocampus of adult offspring on Postnatal Days (PND) 60 to 62. Also, the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, NF-κB, and GFAP were measured using qPCR analysis. Results: Prenatal exposure to LPS resulted in upregulated expression levels of IL-6, TNF-α, NF-κB, and GFAP in the hippocampus of adult pups. Moreover, the offspring from the LPS group showed an increased astrocyte density in the CA1 region with no histological alterations in CA1 and CA3 areas. However, maternal zinc supplementation ameliorated the LPS-induced inflammatory alterations. Conclusion: This study supports the premise that zinc supplementation during pregnancy might be an early treatment option to inhibit hippocampal inflammation induced by the maternal immune response to infectious agents. }, Keywords = {Maternal immune activation, Maternal zinc supplementation, Schizophrenia, Lipopolysaccharide, Hippocampus, Inflammatory markers}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {335-348}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3361.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2153-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2153-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rezvanian, Samira and Saraei, Mohammadamin and Mohajeri, Hossein and Hassani-Abharian, Peym}, title = {The Effect of Different Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Protocols on Drug Craving and Cognitive Functions in Methamphetamine Addicts}, abstract ={Introduction: Drug craving is a major problem in addiction treatment. Neuroimaging research has revealed various areas for drug craving, among which two key areas are the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) and the cerebellum. The DLPFC is involved in different cognitive tasks, such as inhibitory control over seductive options that promise an immediate reward. The cerebellum is related to cognition and memory and activated by drug-related cues. Therefore, we decided to study the effect of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on six different protocols in reducing drug craving and increasing cognitive functions in methamphetamine addicts.  Methods: The present study is quasi-experimental, with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. Based on a simple sampling method, 15 male methamphetamine addicts were recruited from two rehabilitation centers in Tehran City, Iran. The participants were aged 18-65 years with a minimum of 12-month history of methamphetamine dependence. The Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the go/no-go task and the n-back task were administered before and after a single session of tDCS. The tDCS was applied on six protocols: 1) the right DLPFC anodal and the left DLPFC cathodal stimulation, 2) the right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation, 3) the right DLPFC anodal and the right arm cathodal stimulation, 4) the left DLPFC anodal and the left arm cathodal stimulation, 5) the right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) anodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) cathodal stimulation, and 6) the right cerebellar hemisphere (O2) cathodal and the left cerebellar hemisphere (O1) anodal stimulation. The data were analyzed by covariance method using SPSS software v. 22. Results: Study results indicated that while single-session tDCS effects on craving were not significant, it increased cognitive inhibition, especially in protocol 2: the right DLPFC cathodal and the left DLPFC anodal stimulation. Conclusion: Single-session tDCS affects craving insignificantly, but it can increase cognitive inhibition significantly. These findings support the results of previous studies on the effects of brain stimulation on reducing drug craving in other drug-type settings. }, Keywords = {Cerebellum, Cognitive Function, Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex, Drug Craving, Methamphetamine Addict, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {349-356}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1929.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1554-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1554-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karimifar, Kiana and Alipanah, Hiva and SolataniHekmat, Ava and Bigdeli, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Attenuating NF-κB/VCAM-1 Expression in the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model by Viola Odorata: Protection Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The death of neurons and cerebral edema are the main consequences of stroke. However, inflammatory processes play key roles in aggravating cerebral damage following a stroke. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Viola odorata extract (VOE) on the infarct volume (IV), neurologic deficits (ND), and the expression of NF-κB and VCAM-1 in the Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) model. Methods: The animals were randomly separated into 6 groups: (1) control group, (2) vehicle-treated group, (3) MCAO group, (4) VOE25 group, (5) VOE50 group, and (6) VOE75 group (n= 12). VOE (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg) and distilled water were administered daily for 30 days. Two hours after the last gavage, the rats were exposed to MCAO for 60 minutes. Twenty-four hours later, IV, ND, and NF-κB/VCAM-1 expressions were evaluated. Results: Viola odorata extract exhibited excellent neuroprotective effects by reducing IV (mainly in the core and subcortex areas), and induced downregulation of NF-κB and VCAM-1 expression. Conclusion: Viola odorata could also activate intracellular pathways, reducing the expression of NF-κB and VCAM-1. It is useful for developing a novel medical herb for treating cerebral ischemia.}, Keywords = {Cerebral infarction, Inflammation, NF-κB, VCAM-1, Viola odorata}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {357-372}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.12.6.2061.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1609-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1609-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Eghtesad, Masoumeh and ElahdadiSalmani, Mahmoud and Lashkarbolouki, Taghi and Goudarzi, Ir}, title = {Lateral Hypothalamus Corticotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor-1 Inhibition and Modulating Stress-induced Anxiety Behavior}, abstract ={Introduction: Stress is a reaction to unwanted events disturbing body homeostasis and its pathways and target areas. Stress affects the brain through the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA), the orexinergic system that mediates the effect of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) through CRH Receptor Type 1 (CRHr1). Therefore, this study explores the outcome of stress exposure on anxiety development and the involvement of the LHA through LHA-CRHr1. Methods: Male Wistar rats (220-250 g) implanted with a cannula on either side of the LHA received acute or chronic stress. Subsequently, exploratory behavior was examined using the Open Field (OF), and anxiety was tested by Elevated Plus Maze (EPM). Before sacrifice, the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the blood were sampled. Nissl stain was performed on fixed brain tissues. Results: Acute stress reduced exploration in of and increased anxiety in EPM. LHA-CRHr1 inhibition reversed the variables to increase the exploration and decrease anxiety. In contrast, chronic stress did not show any effect on anxiety-related behaviors. Chronic stress decreased the cell population in the LHA, which was prevented by the CRHr1 inhibition. However, the CRHr1 inhibition could not reverse the chronic stress-induced increase in the CSF orexin level. Furthermore, plasma corticosterone levels increased through acute or chronic stress, impeded by the inhibition of CRHr1.  Conclusion: Our results recognize LHA-CRHr1 as a capable candidate that modulates acute stress-induced anxiety development and chronic stress-induced changes in the cellular population of the region.}, Keywords = {Lateral hypothalamic area, Orexin, Stress, Anxiety, Corticotropin releasing hormone receptor type-1 (CRHr1)}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {373-384}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.445.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1780-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1780-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ebrahimi, Hossein Ali and Jafari, Mandana and Khanjani, Narges and Moradi, Najmeh}, title = {Evaluation of Date Extract on Nerve Conduction Velocity in Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Neuropathy is a condition in which the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is disordered. Studying the effects of antioxidants on the performance improvement of this system is vital. This study aimed to investigate the effects of date extract on Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), Distal Motor Latency (DML), and wave height of the sciatic nerve in male rats. Methods: This laboratory study used 24 male Wistar rats weighing 250-300 g, divided into the test and control groups. The test group received 10% date extract daily, at 4 mL /kg of body weight, for three weeks. In the beginning, nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), Distal Motor Latency (DML), and wave height of the sciatic nerve were examined in all animals and re-examined for NCV three weeks later. P-values lower than 0.05 were considered significant.  Results: Sciatic NCV and wave height were significantly increased; however, compared to the control group, DML of the knee significantly declined in the test group. Conclusion: The compositions of date extract accelerate electrical signal transmission.}, Keywords = {Date extract, Nerve conduction velocity, Male rats, Sciatic nerve}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {385-392}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.878.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1067-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1067-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Akinluyi, Elizabeth and Aderibigbe, Adegbuyi and Adeoluwa, Olusegun and Adebesin, Adaeze and Adeoluwa, Gladys}, title = {Ameliorating Effect of Morin Hydrate on Chronic Restraint Stress-induced Biochemical Disruption, Neuronal, and Behavioral Dysfunctions in BALB/c Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Morin hydrate (MH) is a bioflavonoid component of many fruits and vegetables. Our previous research demonstrated that MH provides neuroprotection in mouse models of acute restraint stress and sleep deprivation by attenuating hippocampal neuronal damage and enhancing memory. Based on these findings, our study investigated the role of MH in chronic stress-induced neuronal and biochemical perturbations in BALB/c mice. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were divided into 6 groups (n=6). Groups 1 and 2 received vehicle (10 mL/kg normal saline), groups 3-5 received MH (5, 10, 20 mg/kg IP), while group 6 received ginseng (25 mg/kg) daily and 30 minutes afterward were restrained in a plastic cylindrical restrainer for 14 days.  Results: Immobility time in the forced swim test increased in the MH-treated group, indicating an antidepressant-like effect. Also, a reduction in frequency and duration of open arms exploration was observed in the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test in stressed mice, and administration of MH (5, 10, 20 mg/kg, IP) reversed these effects. An increase in blood levels of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and brain malondialdehyde and nitrite levels was observed in the stressed groups, which was reversed by MH. Furthermore, MH reversed the stress-induced reduction in HDL cholesterol and glutathione (GSH) levels and attenuated stress-induced alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.  Conclusion: Our findings suggest that MH attenuated chronic restraint stress-behavioral and biochemical perturbations, probably due to its capability to decrease oxidative stress and brain neuronal damage}, Keywords = {Morin hydrate, Stress, Anxiety, Oxidative stress, Neuroprotection}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {393-406}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1059.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1539-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1539-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Karimi, Sara and Zibaii, Mohammad I and Hamidi, Gholam Ali and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Differential Effects of the Lateral Hypothalamus Lesion as an Origin of Orexin and Blockade of Orexin-1 Receptor in the Orbitofrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex on Their Neuronal Activity}, abstract ={Introduction: Introduction: Several studies have demonstrated that orexins may regulate different forms of affective and cognitive processes during wakefulness. The Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) and Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), as an essential part of the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC), have a crucial role in cognitive processes such as reward and decision-making. They also have a high amount of orexin receptor type 1 (OX1Rs).  Methods: In the present study, we inhibited OX1Rs in this area after a 10-min baseline recording to find out the role of OX1Rs in the OFC neuron’s firing rate. Next, we inhibited the lateral hypothalamus (LH) as the primary source of orexinergic neurons. Afterward, using a single-unit recording technique in rats, we detected the effects of the lateral hypothalamus on the firing rate and activity pattern of the ACC or OFC neurons. Results: Data showed that the blockade of OX1Rs in the OFC could excite 8 and inhibit 1 neuron(s) out of 11. In addition, the blockade of OX1Rs in the ACC could excite 6 and inhibit 3 neurons out of 10. LH inactivation excited 5 out of 12 neurons and inhibited 6 in the ACC. It also excited 8 and inhibited 6 neurons out of 14 in the OFC. These data suggest that the blockade of OX1Rs excites 72% of the neurons, but LH inactivation had a stimulating effect on only 50% of neurons in two main subregions of the PFC.  Conclusion: Accordingly, PFC neurons may receive the orexinergic inputs from the LH and indirectly from other sources.}, Keywords = {Neuronal activity, Orexin-1 receptor, Lateral hypothalamus, Orbitofrontal cortex, Anterior cingulate cortex, Single-unit recording}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {407-420}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2029.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1597-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1597-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Arieh, Hasan and Abdoli, Behrouz and Farsi, Alireza and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Pain-Induced Impact on Movement: Motor Coordination Variability and Accuracy-Based Skill}, abstract ={Introduction: Studies on pain are generally conducted for two purposes: first, to study patients with pain who have physical changes due to nerve and muscle lesions, and second, to regain the appropriate kinematic post-pain pattern. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of pain on the coordination variability pattern and throwing accuracy. Methods: The study participants included 30 people aged 18-25 years who volunteered to participate in the study. Participants practiced and acquired skills in 10 blocks of 15 trials. In the test phase associated with pain, Individuals were randomly divided into three groups: local pain, remote pain, and control. In their respective groups, participants were tested in a 15-block trial, 24 hours, and 1 week after acquisition. Results: The results revealed that pain did not affect the throwing accuracy (P=0.456). Besides, in the phase of acceleration in throwing, movement variability in the pain-related groups in the shoulder and elbow joints (P=0.518), elbow and wrist (P=0.399), and the deceleration and dart drop phase movement variability in the pain-related groups in the shoulder and elbow joints (P=0.622), elbow and wrist (P=0.534).  Conclusion: Based on the results, the accuracy and coordination variability in pain-related groups were similar. However, to confirm these results, more research is needed on performing motor functions in the presence of pain.}, Keywords = {Local pain, Remote pain, Coordination variability pattern, Motor skill, Throw accuracy}, volume = {13}, Number = {3}, pages = {421-432}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2930.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1946-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1946-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Aliyari, Hamed and Sahraei, Hedayat and Gholabi, Sahar and Menhaj, Mohammad Bagher and Kazemi, Masoomeh and Hosseinian, Seyed Hossei}, title = {The Effect of Electrical Fields From High-voltage Transmission Line on Cognitive, Biological, and Anatomical Changes in Male Rhesus macaque Monkeys Using MRI: A Case Report Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Living near high-voltage power lines and exposure to high-frequency electromagnetic fields (EMFs) is a potentially serious hazard to animal and human health. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of high-frequency EMFs from simulated high-voltage electric towers on cognitive, anatomical, and biological changes in the male macaque. Methods: In this study, two Rhesus macaque were recruited, one experimental and one control. The experimental subject was exposed to EMFs from 3 kV/m simulated electric towers with a specific protocol and the control subject was tested without irradiation (4h per day, for 30 days). All required tests were performed before and after the intervention on experimental and control monkeys. The anatomical alternation of the prefrontal area (PFA) was measured by MRI images. All tests were performed on irradiated and control animals before and after the intervention and the results were compared between irradiated and control animals. Results: The results of the present study indicated increased white blood cell counts after high-frequency EMFs irradiation. Also, the red blood cell counts showed a decreasing trend after irradiation. The plasma adrenaline level increased after irradiation. Besides, the blood glucose levels increased after irradiation. The PFA was different before and after the irradiation. Moreover, some behavioral disorders, such as fatigue, drowsiness, anorexia, and insomnia were observed after irradiation. Conclusion: The results of biological tests and MRI showed an elevated risk of immunodeficiency disorders, weakness, and behavioral disorders. People who live or work near high-voltage electric towers with high-frequency EMFs are warned.}, Keywords = {MRI, Rhesus macaque, Electromagnetic fields (EMFs), High-voltage transmission line, Adrenaline hormone}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {433-442}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1854-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1854-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rezaeian, Leila and Khaksari, Mehdi and Rafaiee, Raheleh and KalalianMoghaddam, Hami}, title = {Neuroprotective Effects of Berberine Hydrochloride on Methamphetamine-induced Cognitive Dysfunction: Immunohistochemical and Behavioral Studies in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Methamphetamine (MA) as an addictive psychostimulant drug affects the central nervous system. The current research aimed to evaluate the impact of berberine hydrochloride on improving cognitive function and neuroprotective effects in rats addicted to MA. Methods: In this study, 27 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to three groups, including control, MA addiction, and MA addiction with berberine hydrochloride (100 mg/kg/d) orally during the three weeks of withdrawal. Two groups received self-administered inhaled MA for two weeks (up to 10 mg/kg). Following the experimental procedures, a Morris water maze (MWM) and shuttle box were used to assess memory, and hippocampal sections from the animals were examined for caspase-3, Ki-67, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. Results: The obtained results from the Morris water maze (MWM) showed that berberine hydrochloride decreases (P<0.01) the distance moved and the time spent to reach the hidden platform in the four-day learning trails phase and significant differences were observed in the distance moved, spent time, and frequency of motion in target quadrant on probe test day between groups. Berberine hydrochloride also reduced the latency of animals entering the dark chamber in the treated group compared to the control group (P<0.05). A significant decrease in activation of caspases-3, higher percentages of Ki-67 expression, and an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression of cells was observed in the addicted group compared to the berberine-treated and control groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: Administration of berberine hydrochloride for 3 weeks improves cognitive function in MA addiction and it has potential neuroprotective efficacy.}, Keywords = {Methamphetamine (MA), Berberine hydrochloride, Cognitive function, Neuroprotective effects, Rat}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {443-454}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1444.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1758-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1758-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirtorabi, Seyed Davood and Saleki, Sharif and Rahmanian, Mohammad Sadegh and Hadizadeh, Hadi and Rostami, Reza and Yoonessi, Ali}, title = {Direct and Indirect Measures of Attention Indicating a Bias Toward Cues in Methamphetamine Users}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aims to investigate the attentional bias toward drug-related stimuli along with subjective craving after encountering such stimuli in methamphetamine users. Studies of cue reactivity have confirmed a bias in attention and gaze toward drug-related stimuli for most substances; however, methamphetamine drugs are less studied through a direct measure, such as eye tracking. Methods: A total of 30 male subjects in the case group (methamphetamine users) and 36 subjects in the control group (no prior drug use) participated in this study. The participant’s eye movement data were collected while they were viewing pairs of drug-related and non-drug images in a dot-probe paradigm. Craving was assessed via a self-report questionnaire on a scale of 0 to 10 before and after the psychophysical task. Results: The analysis of eye-movement data showed a meaningful gaze bias toward cue images (drug-related) in the case group. Additionally, the gaze duration on cue images was significantly higher in the case group, in contrast to the control group. The same effect was observed in analyzing the dot-probe task; that is, the mean reaction time to a probe that replaced a cue image was significantly lower. The mean of the first-fixation measure in the control group was not significantly higher than chance; however, the percentage of the first-fixation on cue images in the drug users was meaningfully biased. Reported craving was significantly greater after performing the task compared to before. Conclusion: Our results indicated an attentional bias toward drug-related cues in methamphetamine users as well as subjective craving after encountering such cues.}, Keywords = {Attentional bias, Methamphetamine, Craving, Substance addiction, Eye movement, Measurements}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {455-464}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.12.6.1589.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1365-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1365-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rabiei, Zahra and Shirchi, Manouchehr and Rafieian-Kopaei, Mahmoud and Asgharzade, Samir}, title = {Effects of Satureja Bachtiarica Essential Oil in Preventing Seizure in Pentylenetetrazol-Kindled Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Epilepsy is a group of chronic neurological disorders characterized by seizures. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of Satureja bachtiarica essential oil in preventing epilepsy. Methods: In this experimental study, 50 mice were randomly assigned to five groups of 10 each. The control group received normal saline plus tween-80 and after 30 min pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Groups 2 and 3 were treated first with S. bachtiarica essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg , respectively and then after 30 min received PTZ. Group 4 received diazepam and 30 min later PTZ. Group 5 received flumazenil and 30 min later PTZ. After the last injection of PTZ, the time of seizure onset, seizure severity and score, the completion time of each seizure (attack episode), and mortality rate in different groups were recorded and compared. Results: The administration of S. bachtiarica essential oil at 50 and 100 mg/kg to PTZ-treated mice caused a significant increase in latency to the first seizure and survival of mice, as well as a significant decrease in the frequency of the head and upper limbs seizure, total body seizures, tonic seizures, and jumping. S. bachtiarica essential oil at 100 mg/kg caused a significant decrease in the head tic frequency. The administration of flumazenil significantly inhibited S. bachtiarica essential oil-induced effects and increased the head and upper limbs seizures, tonic seizures, and jumping. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that S. bachtiarica essential oil could prevent PTZ-induced seizure and these findings authenticate the traditional claims about the use of S. bachtiarica in treating epilepsy.}, Keywords = {Satureja bachtiarica, epilepsy, GABAergic activity, PTZ-kindled}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {465-476}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1665.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1399-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1399-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {RoozrokhArshadiMontazer, Mahsa and Zahediannasab, Roohollah and Nami, Mohammad and Tahamtan, Mahshid and Sharifian, Roxana and Nasiri, Mahdi}, title = {Psychometric Evaluation of Self-assessment Persian Version of the Alzheimer Questionnaire (AQ)}, abstract ={Introduction: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is a primary disorder intensified by aging. Rapid diagnosis of MCI can prevent its progression towards the development of dementia. Thus, the present study was conducted to evaluate the psychometric features of the self-assessment Persian version of the Alzheimer questionnaire (AQ) in the elderly to detect MCI. Methods: First, the AQ was translated into the Persian language; then, its content validity was evaluated by the content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) method, and face validity was determined by two checklists for expert panel and the elderly. The convergent validity of the self-assessment AQ with the Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) was assessed using the Pearson correlation. The test-retest and internal consistency reliability were evaluated using intra-class correlation (ICC) and Kuder-Richardson coefficients, respectively. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off point of self-assessment AQ. Among 148 older people who took part in this study, 93 met our inclusion criteria (aged 60 years old or older, had reading and writing skills, and were able to speak and communicate). Results: A translated version of the questionnaire was named “M-check.” The developed test showed good content and face validity. Statistically significant correlations were found between M-check and MoCA (r=-0.83, P<0.05). The Kuder–Richardson and ICC coefficients were obtained as 0.84 and 0.92, respectively. Area under the curve presented satisfactory values (Area under curve [AUC]=0.852, sensitivity=0.62, specificity=0.94). Conclusion: The M-check can be used as a valid and reliable instrument for assessing cognitive state and screening MCI in older adults.}, Keywords = {Aging, Cognitive dysfunction, Self-assessment, Psychometrics, Persian}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {477-488}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2238.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1663-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1663-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Shabani, Mohsen and Salehi, Javad and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Comparing Autobiographical Brand Images and Neutral Images Regarding False Memory Formation}, abstract ={Introduction: Consumers’ prior experiences form an episodic memory that largely influences their decision-making process. This episodic memory is mainly linked to cognitive and emotional perception and we know that brand image influences our cognitive and emotional perception. Nevertheless, it has not been well described how autobiographical memories of brand images differ from other types of images. Methods: In this study, we hypothesized that brand pictures have a higher chance to create false memories as compared to neutral ones. Results: We investigated this hypothesis using the Deese–Roediger–McDermott paradigm with lists of brand pictures from the local market and associated neutral images from the international affective picture system. Thirty graduate students were exposed to image stimuli, followed by a distractor task and a recognition task. After the normality test, reaction times (RT), and false recognition rate of brands and neutral images were statistically compared using a pairwise t-test. Conclusion: The results showed a significant decrease in reaction time (RT) and an increase in the false recognition rate of brand pictures compared to neutral images. Interestingly, the effect of gender on the creation of false memory by autobiographical brand images was not significant. We hope these findings can pave the way for a better understanding of the false memory mechanism.}, Keywords = {Brand autobiographical memory, False memory, Deese-Roediger-McDermott paradigm (DRM)}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {489-500}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2275.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1932-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1932-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mandegary, Ali and Sharififar, Fariba and Sheibani, Vahid and Nasehi, Naghmeh and Asadi, Amir and Mirtadzadini, Mansour and Hassanabadi, Navi}, title = {Ameliorating Effect of Standardized Extract From Textured Soy Protein (Glycine max L.) on Memory Deficit and Learning Insufficiency in Scopolamine-induced Amnesia}, abstract ={Introduction: Textured soy protein (TSP) and nuts are two processed forms of soybean (Glycine max L.) that are widely consumed for nutritional purposes in Iran. Recently, we have reported the antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of raw soybean (RS) attributed to isoflavones, such as genistein. In this work, we aimed to compare in vitro antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of TSP, nuts, and RS to select the most effective one for learning capacity and spatial memory studies. Methods: Genistein content was determined using high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), while diphenylpicrylhydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were used to study antioxidant evaluation and Ellman’s colorimetric method was used to measure anticholinesterase. TSP extract (TSPE) was administered to male rats (100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p] for 7 days) before scopolamine injection (1 mg/kg). Learning capacity and spatial memory were evaluated using passive avoidance test (PAT) and Morris water maze (MWM) methods compared to physostigmine and piracetam. Results: The greatest antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect was observed for TSPE, which significantly prolonged initially latency in PTA (P<0.05) and improved all indicators in the MWM test at 200 mg/kg. Conclusion: The memory-improving effect of TSPE may be due to its antioxidant and anticholinesterase effect as well as neuroprotective effects of its isoflavones.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, Textured soy protein, Morris water maze, Antioxidant, Scopolamine}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {501-510}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2446.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1729-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1729-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Malekian, Maryam and Kazemi, Yalda and Zarifian, Talieh}, title = {Psychometric Properties of the Persian Word Pairs Task to Evaluate Declarative Memory}, abstract ={Introduction: According to the declarative/procedural (DP) model, the semantic aspect of language depends on the brain structures responsible for declarative memory. The word pairs task is a common tool to evaluate declarative memory. The current study aimed to design a valid and reliable task to evaluate declarative memory in Persian-speaking children at the learning and retention stages and investigate its relationship with the semantic aspect of language. Methods: A panel of experts agreed on the content validity of the proposed task. The reliability of the task was determined using internal consistency and test-retest reliability. A total of 31 typically developing children aged 7-9 years participated in this study. Results: The content validity of all the 42-word pairs was calculated as one. The test-retest reliability showed a correlation coefficient of 0.825 (P<0.001). The task showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.880). The results of correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between declarative memory and semantic aspect. However, the regression analysis showed that the retention stage can explain 24.2% of the variations in the semantic aspect. Conclusion: It seems that the word pairs task has good validity and reliability to evaluate declarative memory. The task applied to evaluate the semantic aspect can be one of the potential causes of the lack of a relationship between the semantic aspect and declarative memory. The participants’ scores in the retention stage can be predicted concerning their performance at the semantic aspect.}, Keywords = {Declarative memory, Word pairs task, Semantic, Content validity}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {511-518}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2585.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1794-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1794-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azizi, Elnaz and Ayoobi, Fatemeh and Shamsizadeh, Ali and Moghadam-Ahmadi, Amir and Shafiei, Seyed Ali and Khoshdel, Alireza and Mirzaei, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Effect of Short-time Exposure of Local Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Fields on Sleepiness in Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Lack of high-quality sleep causes severe side effects like anxiety and changes in plasma concentration of oxalate. The current study investigated the impact of local extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) on inducing sleep (sleepiness) and anxiety in male rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male rats were divided into four groups (n=10 for each group). The ELF-MF exposure (0, 10, and 18 Hz) was applied with an intensity of 200µT for three days (10 min/d). The sham-treated animal did not receive ELF-MF. Serum levels of oxalic acid (OA) and sleepiness were measured before and after the last exposure to ELF-MF or sham. Anxiety, sleepiness, and OA were measured using the elevated plus maze, open-field test (OFT), and ELISA test. Results: A comparison of oxalate levels before and after exposure to ELF-MF revealed that ELF-MF (10 Hz) decreased the serum level of oxalate (P<0.05). Comparing open/closed arm entry (in an elevated plus maze) between before and after exposure to ELF-MF revealed significant differences. Also, frequency, velocity, and distance moved were decreased in the open-field test. Conclusion: Results of the present study demonstrated that ELF-MF with short-time exposure may modulate the metabolism of OA and may modulate anxiety-like behavior or kind of induction of sleepiness in male rats.}, Keywords = {Magnetic field, Extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs), Oxalic acid, Anxiety, Sleepiness}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {519-530}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2610.1 }, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1805-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1805-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Hoodgar, Mahdi and Khosrowabadi, Reza and Navi, Keivan and Mahdipour, Ebrahim}, title = {Brain Functional Connectivity Changes During Learning of Time Discrimination}, abstract ={Introduction: The human brain is a complex system consisting of connected nerve cells that adapt to and learn from the environment by changing its regional activities. The synchrony between these regional activities is called functional network changes during life and results in the learning of new skills. Time perception and interval discrimination are among the most necessary skills for the human being to perceive motions, coordinate motor functions, speak, and perform many cognitive functions. Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism of changes in brain functional connectivity patterns during learning time intervals still need to be well understood. Methods: This study aimed to show how electroencephalography (EEG) functional connectivity changes are associated with learning temporal intervals. In this regard, 12 healthy volunteers were trained with an auditory time-interval discrimination task over six days while their brain activities were recorded via EEG signals during the first and the last sessions. Then, changes in regional phase synchronization were calculated using the weighted/phase lag index (WPLI) approach, the most effective EEG functional connections at the temporal and prefrontal regions, and in the theta and beta bands frequency. In addition, the WPLI reported more accurate values. Results: The results showed that learning interval discrimination significantly changed functional connectivity in the prefrontal and temporal regions. Conclusion: These findings could shed light on a better understanding of the brain mechanism involved in time perception.}, Keywords = {Electroencephalography (EEG), Functional connectivity, Time perception, Interval discrimination, Phase lag index}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {531-550}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3963.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2403-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2403-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Faridi, Farnaz and Alvand, Ashkan and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Brain Structural Correlates of Intelligence in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Individuals}, abstract ={Introduction: Neuroimaging evidence has shown the relationship of intelligence with several structural brain properties in normal individuals. However, this relationship with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) needs to be investigated. Methods: We estimated grey matter (GM) density of the brain using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan on 56 ADHD individuals, including 30 combined individuals (Mean±SD age: 10.44±2.41, intelligence quotient: [IQ]=112.13±13.15, male, 24 right hands) and 26 inattentive individuals (mean age =11.39±2.1, IQ=107.44±13.98, male, 28 right hands) as well as 30 IQ matched healthy control group (mean age=11.08±2.15, IQ=115±13.56, male, 23 right hands). Results: In this study, two statistical approaches were used. In the first approach, region-based as well as the whole association patterns between full-scale IQ and GM were computed and compared between groups. The second approach was to examine the differential pattern of GM density without considering IQ in three groups. Conclusion: Results showed significant differences between the ADHD group and the control. This finding could indicate that intelligence is not purely based on the density of GM in certain brain regions; it is a dynamic phenomenon and drastically changes neurodevelopmental disorders.}, Keywords = {Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Intelligence, Grey matter density}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {551-572}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2244.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1560-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1560-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Narmashiri, Abdolvahed and Hatami, Javad and Khosrowabadi, Reza and Sohrabi, Ahm}, title = {Resting-State Electroencephalogram (EEG) Coherence Over Frontal Regions in Paranormal Beliefs}, abstract ={Introduction: Paranormal beliefs are defined as the belief in extrasensory perception, precognition, witchcraft, and telekinesis, magical thinking, psychokinesis, superstitions. Previous studies corroborate that executive brain functions underpin paranormal beliefs. To test this hypotheses, neurophysiological studies of brain activity are required.  Methods: A sample of 20 students (10 girls, Mean±SD age: 22.50±4.07 years) were included in the current study. The absolute power of resting-state electroencephalogram (EEG) was analyzed in intra-hemispheric and inter-hemispheric coherence with eyes open. The paranormal beliefs were determined based on the total score of the revised paranormal belief scale (RPBS). Results: The results of this study demonstrated a significant negative relationship between paranormal beliefs and resting-state EEG in alpha band activity in the frontal lobe (left hemisphere), EEG coherence of alpha and β1, β2, and gamma band activities in the frontal lobe (right hemisphere) and coherence of alpha and β1, β2 and gamma band activities between frontal regions (two hemispheres). In addition, the results showed that coherence of α, α1, β, and β2 band activities between the frontal lobe (right hemispheres) and the EEG coherence of Δ, α1, and beta band activities in the frontal lobe (two hemispheres) predict paranormal beliefs. Conclusion: This study confirms the connection of executive brain functions to paranormal beliefs and determines that frontal brain function may contribute to paranormal beliefs.}, Keywords = {Paranormal beliefs, Resting-state, Frontal regions, Coherence, Executive brain functions, Electroencephalogram (EEG)}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {573-584}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.923.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2051-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2051-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ShahrabiFarahani, Fatemeh and Khosrowabadi, Reza and Jaafari, Gholamrez}, title = {Risk-taking Behavior Under the Effect of Emotional Stimuli Among Children and Adults}, abstract ={Introduction: Risk-taking has an important role in human life, either positive or negative. Finding a method to control or drive this in a particular way can affect the health of individuals and communities by discouraging negative risks, such as reckless driving, or encouraging positive risks. It has been shown that emotion induction can enhance risk-taking behavior. Nonetheless, studies are mainly conducted on adults and a gap to focus on adolescents group as the peak age of risk-taking is required. Therefore, a new risk-taking task is introduced and development of risk-taking behavior in children is compared with a group male adults. In addition, influence of positive and negative emotional images on the risk-taking behavior is also evaluated.  Methods: A total of 21 children and 20 adults participated in this experiment. Their risk taking behavior is obtained using a new version of the dice game task with emotional stimuli. Subsequently, performances of two groups before and after emotional priming are statistically compared. Results: The results showed that children have a higher tendency to choose riskier options when they are affected by positive emotion, while adults are more risk-averse after being primed by negative emotion. Conclusion: These findings can be helpful for policymakers and tutoring planners to control risk-taking behavior at different ages using the priming effect of positive and negative emotions.}, Keywords = {Risk-taking behavior, Emotional priming, Dual system theory, Development}, volume = {13}, Number = {4}, pages = {585-594}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2508.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1755-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1755-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirhoseini, Mehri and RezanejadGatabi, Zahra and Das, Sayantan and Joveini, Sepideh and RezanezhadGatabi, Im}, title = {Applications of Electrical Impedance Tomography in Neurology}, abstract ={Introduction: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive technique utilized in various medical applications, including brain imaging and other neurological diseases. Recognizing the physiological and anatomical characteristics of organs based on their electrical properties is one of the main applications of EIT, as each variety of tissue structure has its own electrical characteristics. The high potential of brain EIT is established in real-time supervision and early recognition of cerebral brain infarction, hemorrhage, and other diseases. In this paper, we review the studies on the neurological applications of EIT. Methods: EIT calculates the internal electrical conductivity distribution of an organ by measuring its surface impedance. A series of electrodes are placed on the surface of the target tissue, and small alternating currents are injected. The related voltages are then observed and analyzed. The electrical permittivity and conductivity distributions inside the tissue are reconstructed by measuring the electrode voltages. Results: The electrical characteristic of biological tissues is remarkably dependent on their structures. Some tissues are better electrical conductors than the others since they have more ions that can carry the electrical charges. This difference is attributed to changes in cellular water content, membrane properties, and destruction of tight junctions within cell membranes.  Conclusion: EIT is an extremely practical device for brain imaging, capturing fast electrical activities in the brain, imaging epileptic seizures, detecting intracranial bleeding, detecting cerebral edema, and diagnosing stroke.}, Keywords = {Neurology, Electrical impedance tomography, Medical application, Brain imaging}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {595-608}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3087.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2010-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2010-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Yousefifard, Mahmoud and Janzadeh, Atousa and MohamedAli, Kosar and Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi, Mohammad Hossein and Sarveazad, Arash and MadaniNeishaboori, Arian and Hosseini, Mostaf}, title = {Chondroitinase ABC Administration in Locomotion Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, abstract ={Introduction: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to conduct a comprehensive and complete search of electronic resources to investigate the role of administrating Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) in improving complications following Spinal Cord Injuries (SCI). Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Sciences databases were searched until the end of 2019. Two independent reviewers assessed the studies conducted on rats and mice and summarized the data. Using the STATA 14.0 software, the findings were reported as pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).  Results: A total of 34 preclinical studies were included. ChABC administration improves locomotion recovery after SCI (SMD=0.90; 95% CI: 0.61 to 1.20; P<0.001). The subgroup analysis showed that the differences in the SCI model (P=0.732), the severity of the injury (P=0.821), the number of ChABC administrations (P=0.092), the blinding status (P=0.294), the use of different locomotor score (P=0.567), and the follow-up duration (P=0.750) have no effect on the efficacy of ChABC treatment. Conclusion: The findings of the present study showed that prescribing ChABC has a moderate effect in improving locomotion after SCI in mice and rats. However, this moderate effect introduces ChABC as adjuvant therapy and not as primary therapy. }, Keywords = {Spinal cord injuries, Chondroitinase ABC, Animal, Locomotion}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {609-624}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1422.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2074-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2074-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Moayeri, Ardeshir and Alizadeh, Rafieh and GhasemiHamidabadi, Hatef and NazmBojnordi, Maryam and Niapour, Ali and Hedayatpour, Azim and Darvishi, Marzieh and Heidari, Fatemeh and Soleimani, Maryam and Elyasi, Leil}, title = {Transdifferentiation of Human Umbilical Cord-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Dopaminergic Neurons in a Three-Dimensional Culture}, abstract ={Introduction: The induction of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) toward dopaminergic neurons is a major challenge in tissue engineering and experimental and clinical treatments of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease. This study aims to differentiate HUC-MSCs into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Methods: Following the isolation and characterization of HUC-MSCs, they were transferred to Matrigel-coated plates and incubated with a cocktail of dopaminergic neuronal differentiation factors. The capacity of differentiation into dopaminergic neuron-like cells in 2-dimensional culture and on Matrigel was assessed by real-time polymerase chain reaction, immunocytochemistry, and high-performance liquid chromatography. Results: Our results showed that dopaminergic neuronal markers’ transcript and protein levels were significantly increased on the Matrigel differentiated cells compared to 2D culture plates. Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study suggest that HUC-MSCs can successfully differentiate toward dopaminergic neuron-like cells on Matrigel, having great potential for the treatment of dopaminergic neuron-related diseases.}, Keywords = {Differentiation, Dopaminergic neurons, Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells, In vitro}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {625-636}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.973.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1873-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1873-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {RahimiJaberi, Khojasteh and Safari, Manouchehr and Semnani, Vahid and Sameni, Hamid Reza and Zarbakhsh, Sam and Ghahari, Lay}, title = {Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester With Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Behavioral and Histopathological Changes in the Rat Model of Parkinson Disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson disease (PD) results from the destruction of dopaminergic neurons in the brain. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects of natural antioxidants such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) to maintain these neurons. Methods: CAPE is one of the main ingredients of propolis. Intranasal administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-2;3;4;6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to generate a PD model in rats. A total of 2×bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) were injected from the tail vein. Behavioral tests, immunohistochemistry, DiI, cresyl fast violet, and TUNEL staining were used to evaluate the rats 2 weeks after treatment. Results: In all treatment groups with stem cells, the DiI staining method revealed that the cells migrated to the substantia nigra pars compacta after injection. Treatment with CAPE significantly protects dopaminergic neurons from MPTP. The highest number of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons was seen in the pre-CAPE+PD+stem cell (administration of CAPE, then the creation of PD, finally injection of stem cells) group. The number of TH+cells in all groups that received CAPE was significant compared to groups that received the stem cells only (P<0.001). Intranasal administration of MPTP significantly increases the number of apoptotic cells. The lowest number of apoptotic cells was in the CAPE+PD+stem cell group.  Conclusion: The results showed that the use of CAPE and stem cells in Parkinson rats caused a significant reduction in the apoptotic cells.  }, Keywords = {Parkinson disease, MPTP, Antioxidant, Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, TUNNEL staining}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {637-646}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1398.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1857-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1857-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ChoudhuryBarua, Chandana and Buragohain, Lipika and Rahman, Farida and Elancheran, Ramakrishna and Rizavi, Hooriyah}, title = {Zanthoxylum Alatum Attenuates Chronic Restraint Stress Adverse Behavioral Effects Via the Mitigation of Oxidative Stress and Modulating the Expression of Genes Involved in Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are important, particularly in the proteins’ synthesis, folding, modification, and transport. Based on traditional medicine and our previous studies on Zanthoxylum alatum in lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive behavior and scopolamine-induced impaired memory, the present study explored the role of hydroalcoholic extract of Z. alatum (ZAHA) seeds in reducing the ER stress in mice. Methods: The mice were restrained for 28 days in polystyrene tubes. ZAHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, PO) and imipramine (10 mg/kg, IP) were administered daily, 45 min before restraint from day 22 to 28. The mice were assessed by the forced swim test. Also, the antioxidant enzyme levels of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were measured in the hippocampus of mice. The expression of 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78), 94 kDa Glucose-Regulated Protein (GRP94), and C/EBPhomologous protein (CHOP) genes was assessed by real-time PCR to explore the molecular mechanism. Results: ZAHA (100 and 200 mg/kg, PO, and imipramine, IP) counteracted the stress by significantly reducing the immobility time in the force swimming test, receding oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. The antioxidant enzyme (SOD and GSH) levels were elevated in the restraint stress group. Down-regulation of genes (GRP78, GRP94, and CHOP) compared to the chronic restraint stress group indicated stress modulating properties of the seeds in ER stress. Hesperidin, magnoflorine, melicopine, and sesamin, isolated from the active extract, were hypothesized to exert the activity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that Z. alatum reverted chronic restraint stress through its antioxidant properties and down-regulation of genes involved in ER stress. }, Keywords = {Chronic restraint stress, Depression, Lipid peroxidation, Oxidative stress, Zanthoxylum alatum}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {647-660}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1477.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1329-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1329-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Zamani, Nastaran and Moazedi, Ahmad Ali and AfarineshKhaki, Mohamad Reza and PourmehdiBoroujeni, Mehdi}, title = {Effects of Memantine on the Spontaneous Firing Frequency of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Neurons in Intact and Alzheimer Rat Model: An Electrophysiological Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Memantine (MEM) is a noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonist clinically used for the treatment of Alzheimer disease (AD) in mild to severe conditions. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of memantine on the spontaneous firing frequency of CA1 pyramidal neurons in rats caused by an electrical lesion of Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM). Then, this model of AD rats was compared with the intact adult male rats. Methods: In this study, adult male rats were divided into two groups. Group I (lesion of NBM, n=53) includes the following subgroups: lesion+saline, sham+saline, lesion+MEM 5 mg/kg, lesion+MEM 10 mg/kg, and lesion+MEM 20mg/kg. Group II (intact, n=48) includes the following subgroups: intact+saline, intact+MEM 3mg/kg, intact+MEM 5mg/kg, and intact+MEM 10mg/kg. Extracellular single-unit recording (15 min baseline+105 min after MEM or saline) was performed under urethane-anesthetized rats.  Results: The results showed that the mean frequency of CA1 pyramidal neurons after saline in the lesion+saline (P<0.001) group significantly decreases compared with the intact+saline and sham+saline groups. In addition, after saline and memantine, the mean frequency of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the lesion+MEM 10 mg/kg (P<0.01) and lesion+MEM 20 mg/kg (P<0.001) groups significantly increased compared with the lesion+saline group. Also, the mean frequencies of CA1 pyramidal neurons in the intact+MEM 10 mg/kg (P<0.001) group significantly decreased compared with the intact+saline group.  Conclusion: Results showed that memantine increases the electrical activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons in a rat model of AD. Furthermore, in the intact adult male rats, the low-dose memantine, contrary to high dose, does not decrease the electrical activity of CA1 pyramidal neurons.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Acetylcholine, Memantine, Hippocampal neurons, Single-unit recording}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {661-674}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1970.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1574-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1574-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Farzinvash, Zahra and Abutorabi-Zarchi, Marzie and Manaviat, Masoudreza and ZareMehrjerdi, Habib}, title = {Retinal Ganglion Cell Complex in Alzheimer Disease: Comparing Ganglion Cell Complex and Central Macular Thickness in Alzheimer Disease and Healthy Subjects Using Spectral Domain-Optical Coherence Tomography}, abstract ={Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia worldwide. The modalities to diagnose AD are generally expensive and limited. Both the central nervous system (CNS) and the retina are derived from the cranial neural crest; therefore, changes in retinal layers may reflect changes in the CNS tissue. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) machine can show delicate retinal layers and is widely used for retinal disorders. This study aims to find a new biomarker to help clinicians diagnose AD via retinal OCT examination.  Methods: After considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 25 patients with mild and moderate AD and 25 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. OCT was done for all eyes. The central macular thickness (CMT) and the ganglion cell complex (GCC) thickness were calculated. The groups were compared using the SPSS software, v. 22. Results: Both GCC thickness and CMT were significantly decreased in patients with AD when compared to healthy age- and sex-matched individuals. Conclusion: Retinal changes, specifically CMT and GCC thickness, may reflect the AD process in the brain. OCT can be considered a non-invasive and inexpensive method to help diagnose AD. }, Keywords = {Alzheimer disease, Optical coherence tomography, Ganglion cell complex, Central macular thickness}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {675-684}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2040.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1602-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1602-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Nikbakht, Negar and Rezaee, Mehdi and Kalantari, Minoo and Tabatabaee, Seyed Mehdi and Shahidi, Gholam Ali}, title = {Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of Penn Parkinson Daily Activities Questionnaire-15}, abstract ={Introduction: Appropriate information about the ability of patients with Parkinson disease (PD) to perform cognitive instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) is necessary. The present study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Penn Parkinson daily activities questionnaire-15 (PDAQ-15). Methods: A total of 165 knowledgeable informants of PD patients completed the PDAQ-15. The clinical dementia rating scale, Hoehn and Yahr staging, hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), and Lawton IADL scale were used in the study. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were evaluated by the Cronbach α coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), respectively. To examine the dimensionality of the questionnaire, exploratory factor analysis was used. The construct validity was assessed using the Spearman rank correlation test. To assess the discriminative validity, PDAQ-15 scores were compared across cognitive stages. Results: The PDAQ-15 showed strong internal consistency (the Cronbach α=0.99) and test-retest reliability (ICC= 0.99). Only one dimension was identified for the PDAQ-15 in the factor analysis. There was a strong correlation between PDAQ-15 with the depression domain of the HADS scale and the Lawton IADL scale (rs=|0.71–0.95|). The correlation of PDAQ-15 with the anxiety domain of the HADS scale was moderate (rs=0.66). Discriminative validity analysis showed that the PDAQ-15 has significant power to discriminate between PD patients across cognitive stages. Conclusion: These results suggest that the PDAQ-15 is a valid and reliable PD-specific instrument and can be useful in clinical and research settings.}, Keywords = {Psychometric properties, Parkinson disease, Cognition, Instrumental activities of the daily living, Persian version}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {685-694}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2410.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1706-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Igbo, Enya Joseph and Okoliko, Ukwenya and Aminu, Imam and Kopada, Aisha and Olorunnado, Samson and Akinola, Oluwole B.}, title = {Structural Changes in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex and Anterior Cingulate Cortex of Dehydroepiandrosterone-Induced Wistar Rat Model of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome}, abstract ={Introduction: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder in women that is associated with an increased risk of infertility. This study aims to evaluate the neurobehavioral and neurochemical changes along with the associated changes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of the dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS model rats. Methods: A total of 12 female juvenile Wistar rats (30 to 50 g) about 22 to 44 days old were divided into 2 groups. The control group received sesame oil while the PCOS group received sesame oil plus DHEA. All treatment was done via daily subcutaneous injection for 21 days. Results: Subcutaneous DHEA-induced PCOS significantly depleted the line crossing and rearing frequency in the open field, along with the percentage of the time in the white box, line crossing, rearing, and peeping frequency in the black and white box, and the percentage of alternation in the Y-maze. PCOS significantly increased the immobility time, freezing period, and the percentage of time in the dark area in the forced swim test, open field test, and black and white box, respectively. The level of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) increased significantly, while norepinephrine depleted significantly with an obvious decrease in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor level in the PCOS model rats. PCOS rats exhibited cystic follicles in the ovaries and necrotic or degenerative like features in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. Conclusion: DHEA-induced PCOS results in anxiety and depressive behavior with structural alteration in rats, possibly through the elevation of MDA, ROS, and IL-6 levels, which also attributes to impaired emotional and executive functions in the mPFC and ACC.}, Keywords = {Polycystic ovary syndrome, Medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC), Anterior Cingulate Cortex, Dehydroepiandrosterone}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {695-708}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2985.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1975-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1975-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Motaghed, Marjaneh and Sanooghi, Davood and Bagher, Zohreh and Faghihi, Faezeh and Lotfi, Abolfazl and Shahbazi, Ali and TaghiJogataei, Mohamm}, title = {In Vitro Assessment of the Gene Expression of EZH-2 and P300 During Motor Neuron Differentiation of Human Umbilical Cord Blood Mesenchymal Stem Cells}, abstract ={Introduction: Maintenance of neurogenesis depends on the function of some histone-modifying enzymes; including Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) and histone acetyltransferases (P300). The mechanism of epigenetic regulation and gene expression underlying the transition of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) into MNs has not been fully clarified.  Methods: Two morphogens; sonic hedgehog (Shh: 100 ng/mL) and retinoic acid (RA: 0.01 mM) were involved in the specification of hUCB-MSCs into MNs after MSC characterization using Flow cytometry. Real time-quantitative PCR and immunocytochemistry were performed to find the expression of the genes at the level of mRNA and protein.  Results: The expression of MN-related markers was confirmed at the level of mRNA and protein by induction of differentiation. The results were confirmed by immunocytochemistry and showed those mean cell percentages of 55.33%±15.885% and 49.67%±13.796% could express Islet-1 and ChAT, respectively. The gene expression level of Islet-1 and ChAT was significantly increased in the first and second week of exposure, respectively. After two weeks, the expression level of P300 and EZH-2 genes increased remarkably. No significant expression of Mnx-1 was detected when compared to the control sample. Conclusion: MN-related markers, Islet-1 and ChAT, were detected in differentiated cells of hUCB-MSCs, supporting the potency of cord blood cells in the regeneration of MN-related disorders. Assessing these epigenetic regulatory genes at the protein level can be suggested to confirm their functional epigenetic modifying effects during motor neuron differentiation.}, Keywords = {Cord blood, Motor Neuron, P300, EZH-2}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {709-718}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2997.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1984-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1984-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Razavi, Yasaman and Najafi, Mohammad and Haghparast, Abbas and Keyhanfar, Fariborz and Shabani, Ronak and Mehdizadeh, Mehdi}, title = {Cannabidiol Modulating the Expression of Neurotrophin Signaling Pathways in Chronic Exposure to Methamphetamine in Rats During Abstinence Period}, abstract ={Introduction: Several neuropsychiatric disorders, such as addiction, have indicated variations in the levels of neurotrophic factors. As an extremely addictive stimulant, methamphetamine (METH) is associated with rising levels of abuse worldwide. We have recently demonstrated that repeated intracerebroventricular (ICV) of cannabidiol (CBD), the most important non-psychotomimetic compound, can lead to diminished impairing memory and hippocampal damage caused by chronic exposure to METH (CEM) in rats over the abstinence period. Furthermore, the results indicated a possible contribution of the neurotrophin signaling pathway (NSP) in regulating neurogenesis and survival. This study intends to evaluate whether these effects remained as measured in molecular pathways after the abstinence period. Methods: The animals were given 2mg/kg METH twice a day for 10 days. Then, we adopted real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) throughout the 10-day abstinence period to assess the CBD’s effect (10 and 50μg/5μL) on the levels of the mRNA expression of the NSP. Results: The findings suggested that CEM, when compared to the control group in the hippocampus, downregulated mRNA expression of NSP. Moreover, a dosage of 50 μg/5μL CBD may possibly enhance the mRNA expression level of BDNF/TrkB and NGF/TrkA in the hippocampus. Besides, the expression of RAF-1 mRNA level could be reversed significantly by both doses of CBD. Conclusion: According to our results, CBD may partly bring about neuroprotective effects by modulating the NSP. These findings set forth solid evidence demonstrating that CBD is a protective factor attributed to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as METH addiction.}, Keywords = {Methamphetamine, Cannabidiol, Neurotrophin signaling pathway, Chronic exposure, Abstinence, Hippocampus}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {719-730}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3059.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2009-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2009-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Jamali, Shole and AliyariShoorehdeli, Mahdi and Daliri, Mohammad Reza and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Differential Aspects of Natural and Morphine Reward-related Behaviors in Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm}, abstract ={Introduction: Natural rewards are essential for survival. However, drug-seeking behaviors can be maladaptive and endanger survival. The present study was conducted to enhance our understanding of how animals respond to food and morphine as natural and drug rewards, respectively, in a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. Methods: We designed a protocol to induce food CPP and compare it as a natural reward with morphine CPP in rats. The protocol for reward induction in both groups (foods and morphine) consisted of three phases: pre-test, conditioning, and post-test. In morphine groups, we injected morphine as a reward (5 mg/kg, SC). To induce natural reward, we used two different protocols. In the first one, the rats were deprived of food for 24 h. In the other method, the rats were restricted to food for 14 days. During the conditioning period, the animals received daily chow, biscuits, or popcorn as a reward inducer. Results: Results revealed that CPP was not induced in food-deprived rats. A combination of food restriction (as a facilitator) and a biscuit or popcorn-induced reward using CPP. In contrast, food deprivation did not facilitate food CPP in response to regular food. Interestingly the CPP score of the group which received biscuits during a 7-day conditioning period was more than that of the morphine group. Conclusion: In conclusion, food restriction could be a better protocol than food deprivation to facilitate food reward.}, Keywords = {Natural reward, Morphine reward, Food deprivation, Food restriction, Conditioned place preference, Rat}, volume = {13}, Number = {5}, pages = {731-744}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3071.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2005-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2005-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ShamsVahdati, Samad and Ala, Alireza and Vahed, Nafiseh and Mohammadi, Sahar and Ameli, Hoorolnes}, title = {Complete Blood Count Parameters as Prognostic Factor of Stroke: A Systematic Review}, abstract ={Introduction: Stroke is known as a common cause of disability all over the world. Stroke prognosis estimation has always been a topic of interest. In this study, it was tried to investigate the prognostic value of laboratory findings of complete blood count in a systematic review. Methods: In this systematic review, literature from Medline via (PubMed, Ovid) Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest between 1988 and 2020 were included. A combination of Mesh and free terms were included in the search strategy: “Stroke”, “Red Cell Distribution Width”, “Blood Cell Count”, “Mean corpuscular hemoglobin”, and “Mean Corpuscular Volume” and with the abbreviation, in all fields. Data synthesis was achieved using content analysis. Results: Elevated red blood cell distribution width was associated with stroke, cardiovascular events, and all-cause deaths among patients with prior stroke. Mean platelet volume has not any prognostic significance in ischemic stroke. There was a poor association between mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and stroke prognosis. Globulin and hemoglobin level predicted short-term mortality following acute ischemic stroke. Conclusion: Complete blood count as a routine and efficient test performed in health care centers can be used to estimate the prognosis of stroke.}, Keywords = {Stroke, Erythrocyte indices, Blood cell count, Prognosis}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {745-754}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2168.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1731-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1731-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {FotoohEstahbanati, Mahmood and Rezaeinasab, Maryam and AkbariChermahini, Soghra and Mirzaeekia, Hossein and Azin, Mahdieh and Shamsizadeh, Ali}, title = {The Effect of Involuntary Tactile Stimulation on the Creativity and Rey Auditory-Verbal Memory of Young Adults}, abstract ={Introduction: Recent studies have revealed the possibility of learning skills through alternative methods and repetitive tactile stimulation without explicit training. This study aimed to examine the effect of involuntary tactile stimulation on the memory and creativity of healthy participants. Methods: A group of 92 right-handed students participated in this study voluntarily. They were assigned to the experimental (n=45) and control (n=47) groups. The participants performed two creativity tests (divergent and convergent thinking) and a verbal memory task as the pretest. Then, the experimental group received 30-min involuntary tactile stimulation on the right index finger, and the control group did not. In the posttest, both groups were asked to perform the creativity and verbal memory tasks again. Results: The learning score and speed of the Rey auditory-verbal learning test in the stimulation group significantly increased (P=0.02). Moreover, in the creativity-related tests, there was a significant effect of the intervention on convergent thinking, i.e., the remote association task (P=0.03), but not for the divergent thinking, i.e., the alternative uses test (P>0.05). Conclusion: Using involuntary tactile stimulation on the index finger of the right hand of individuals could enhance their performance in verbal memory and creativity-convergent thinking.}, Keywords = {Tactile stimulation, Creativity, Remote association task, Alternative uses test, Memory}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {755-764}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.147.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2162-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2162-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Ghandali, Roya and Hassani-Abharian, Peyman and Sadeghi-Firoozabadi, Vahid and Nooripour, Roghieh}, title = {The Effect of Violent and Melodrama Movies on Risky Decision-making and Behavioral Inhibition in Adolescents}, abstract ={Introduction: Brain functional performance is a collection of outstanding mental processing that provides a framework for achieving goals based on targeted behaviors. Disorders in executive functions make it difficult for a person to perform everyday tasks. One of the phenomena highlighted in various media is the violence that adolescents welcome with the production of violent movies. This study aimed to investigate the effect of violent movies on risky decision-making and behavioral inhibition of adolescents and compare the effects of violence with melodrama movies Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted with a pretest-posttest design with a control group among 60 adolescents (30 girls and 30 boys) living in Tehran City, Iran. They were selected using the available sampling method. For this purpose, neurological tests of Iowa Gambling and go-no go were used. Results: The results showed that violent movies caused a significant increase in risky decision-making (P<0.05). In addition, these types of movies caused a significant decrease in behavioral inhibition among adolescents (P<0.05). Conclusion: Movies with ill-mannered stories and content that glorify violence harm adolescents’ decision-making and deterrence, leading them to make risky decisions and weaken their inhibition power. }, Keywords = {Violence, Risk Behavior, Movie, Decision Making, Adolescents}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {765-776}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.194.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1130-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1130-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Talebi, Farideh and Ghorbani, Samira and Alizadeh, Leila and Akhlaghi, Fatemeh and Moeeni, Sedigheh Sadat and Karimzadeh, Farib}, title = {Alteration in Neuregulin 1/ERbB4 in Absence Epilepsy: Regulatory Effect on TRPV1 Expression}, abstract ={Introduction: The footprint of Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) / ERbB4 in the pathophysiology of some neurological disorders and TRPV1 regulation has been indicated. The alterations in NRG1 and ErbB4 as well as the TRPV1 signaling pathway were investigated during the development of absence epilepsy in the genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Methods: Male WAG/Rij and Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups of two and six months of age. The protein levels of NRG1, ERbB4, and TRPV1 were measured in the somatosensory cortex and hippocampus.  Results: The cortical protein levels of NRG1 and ErbB4 in the 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats were lower than in Wistar rats. Protein levels of TRPV1 were lower in two- and six-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats. Hippocampal protein levels of NRG1 in 6-month-old WAG/Rij rats were lower than two-month-old WAG/Rij rats. Low levels of ErbB4 protein in two-month-old and high levels in six-month-old WAG/Rij rats were found compared to Wistar rats. Protein levels of TRPV1 were lower in the two-month-old and higher in the six-month-old WAG/Rij rats compared to age-matched Wistar rats.  Furthermore, a high correlation between NRG1/ERbB4 and TRPV1 expressions in the cortex and hippocampus was indicated. The expression of NRG1/ERbB4 and TRPV1 followed a similar pattern during the life span of Wistar and WAG/Rij rats. Conclusion: Our findings indicated the potential role of the NRG1/ErbB4 pathway as well as TRPV1 in the pathogenesis of absence epilepsy. The regulatory effect of the ERbB4 receptor on the TRPV1 expression has been suggested following the similar pattern of expression.}, Keywords = {Epilepsy, Cerebral Cortex, Neuregulins, Transient Receptor Potential Channels, Receptor, ErbB-4}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {777-788}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.731.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2083-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2083-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {OlaiyaOmotoso, Gabriel and AdeniyiOlanrewaju, Ridwan and Amedu, Nathaniel O. and MamaKolo, Rhoda and TemitayoGbadamosi, Ismail}, title = {Calcium Supplementation Ameliorates Cerebellar Oxidative Stress in Lactational Aluminum-induced Neurotoxicity in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The neurotoxic effects of aluminum exposure during the critical period of neurodevelopment have been well documented. This study investigated the known protective effects of calcium supplementation on the cerebellum of juvenile Wistar rats following aluminum-induced neurotoxicity during lactation. Methods: Four groups of juvenile rats were exposed via lactation to distilled water (control group), aluminum (40 mg/kg/d), calcium supplement (50 mg/kg/d), and a combination of both aluminum and calcium from postnatal day 4 to day 28. The cerebella of the animals were excised to access the levels of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPx]), lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde), histomorphological alterations (hematoxylin and eosin staining), Nissl profile (cresyl fast violet staining), and glial activation (glial fibrillary acidic protein immunohistochemistry). Results: Lactational aluminum significantly decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase while exacerbating lipid peroxidation and reactive astrocyte in cerebellar lysates. Lactational calcium supplementation normalized the activities of SOD and GPx, thereby preventing excessive lipid peroxidation and glial activation. Despite no apparent changes in the general histology of the cerebellum, aluminum-induced chromatolysis changes in the Purkinje cell layer, which was counteracted by the antioxidant propensities of calcium supplementation. Conclusion: These findings support that calcium supplementation significantly protects the cerebellum against aluminum-induced oxidative stress, chromatolysis, and neuroinflammation.}, Keywords = {Aluminum, Calcium, Cerebellum, Lactation, Oxidative stress, Glial activation, Astroglia}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {789-798}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1347.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1489-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1489-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirhosseini, Hamid and Kargar, Masoud and Nitsche, Michael and SheikhiAbarghouei, Mohammad Ali and Nazari, Mohammad Ali and Dastjerdi, Ghasem}, title = {Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Ultra-Rapid Opioid Detoxification Outcome}, abstract ={Introduction: The persistence of post-detoxification problems in drug addiction is one of the disadvantages of the ultra-rapid opioid detoxification (UROD) method. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been introduced in experimental addiction treatment for some years. Results of pilot studies suggest that it might be a promising method for addiction treatment. This study explores the adjunctive application of tDCS during treating opiate addiction with the UROD approach. Methods: This double-blind, sham-controlled clinical trial was carried out on patients with substance abuse admitted to the Bahman Clinic of Yazd City in Iran (from March to September 2014). Forty participants were randomly allocated to treatment and control groups. Two sessions of tDCS (real or sham) over dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) were applied, accompanied by UROD. Withdrawal symptoms and craving were assessed by the drug desire questionnaire and objective opiate withdrawal scale before UROD and for the 24-hour interval after. Results: Transcranial direct current stimulation optimized the opiate addiction treatment through craving and withdrawal syndrome alleviation. Conclusion: The study results indicate that prefrontal tDCS may promote the efficacy of the UROD method in opioid addiction.}, Keywords = {Craving, Transcranial direct current stimulation, Substance withdrawal syndrome, Opioid-related disorders}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {799-806}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1573.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1360-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1360-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Safari, Anahid and Fadakar, Nima and Borhani-Haghighi, Afshi}, title = {The Association Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Vitamin D Level With the Evolution and Severity of Stroke}, abstract ={Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the evolution of ischemic stroke, but the data regarding the association between stroke severity and vitamin D level is scarce. Methods: Patients with first-ever ischemic stroke in the middle cerebral artery territory, within seven days after the stroke, were recruited. The control group included age- and gender-matched individuals. We compared 25-OH vitamin D (vitamin D), high sensitive C-reactive protein (hsCRP), serum amyloid A (SAA), and osteopontin levels between stroke patients and the control group. The association between stroke severity according to the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) and the Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS) and levels of vitamin D and inflammatory biomarkers were also studied. Results: There was an association between hypertension (P=0.035), diabetes mellitus (P=0.043), smoking (P=0.016), history of ischemic heart disease (P=0.002), higher SAA (P<0.001), higher hsCRP (P<0.001), and lower vitamin D levels (P=0.002) and stroke evolution in a case-control study. Meanwhile, in stroke patients, its severity was associated with higher SAA (P=0.04) and hsCRP (P=0.001), and lower vitamin D levels (P=0.043) according to clinical scale (higher admission NIHSS). According to the ASPECT score, higher SAA (P=0.017) and hsCRP (P=0.007), but not lower vitamin D levels, were associated with more infarct areas (P=0.149). Conclusion: Vitamin D may play a role in both the evolution and severity of stroke.}, Keywords = {Ischemic stroke, Cerebrovascular accident, Vitamin D, High sensitive C-reactive protein, Serum Amyloid A, Osteopontin}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {807-814}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1971.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1577-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1577-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Faridi, Farnaz and Seyedebrahimi, Afrooz and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Brain Structural Covariance Network in Asperger Syndrome Differs From Those in Autism Spectrum Disorder and Healthy Controls}, abstract ={Introduction: Autism is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder associated with social, cognitive and behavioral impairments. These impairments are often reported along with alteration of the brain structure such as abnormal changes in the grey matter (GM) density. However, it is not yet clear whether these changes could be used to differentiate various subtypes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Method: We compared the regional changes of GM density in ASD, Asperger's Syndrome (AS) individuals and a group of healthy controls (HC). In addition to regional changes itself, the amount of GM density changes in one region as compared to other brain regions was also calculated. We hypothesized that this structural covariance network could differentiate the AS individuals from the ASD and HC groups. Therefore, statistical analysis was performed on the MRI data of 70 male subjects including 26 ASD (age=14-50, IQ=92-132), 16 AS (age=7-58, IQ=93-133) and 28 HC (age=9-39, IQ=95-144). Result: The one-way ANOVA on the GM density of 116 anatomically separated regions showed significant differences among the groups. The pattern of structural covariance network indicated that covariation of GM density between the brain regions is altered in ASD. Conclusion: This changed structural covariance could be considered as a reason for less efficient segregation and integration of information in the brain that could lead to cognitive dysfunctions in autism. We hope these findings could improve our understanding about the pathobiology of autism and may pave the way towards a more effective intervention paradigm.}, Keywords = {Autism spectrum disorder, Asperger syndrome, Grey matter, Magnetic resonance imaging, Structural covariance network}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {815-838}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2262.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1671-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1671-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {ElizabethMemudu, Adejoke}, title = {The Efficacy of N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC) Supplementation in FST Model for Screening Antidepressants}, abstract ={Introduction: The model for screening antidepressant-like activity in pre-clinical drug studies include, rat forced swimming test (FST). The reports on N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as an antioxidant supplement in stress related disorder is well documented. This study was aimed at potential antidepressant mechanism of N- Acetyl Cysteine (NAC), a glutamate precursor on FST animal model for screening antidepressant drugs using fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) as standard antidepressant drug. Methods: Thirty adult male Wistar rats used for this study were randomly divided into six groups each with five (n=5) rats. The control group (A) received 1 ml of normal saline daily, group B served as the FST model, group C received 200mg/kg/day of NAC, group D received 20mg/kg/day of fluoxetine, group E the FST model treated with 200mg/kg/day of NAC, and F is the FST model treated with 20mg/kg/day of fluoxetine. Drugs were given orally. The effects of NAC on brain weights, the FST paradigms, sucrose preference test (SPT) for anhedonia were assessed and data analyzed using ANOVA where Tukey post-hoc test for statistical significance was set at (p < 0.05). The brains fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, were processed and the paraffin embedded tissue were serially sectioned at 5 µm thick to be stained using Haematoxylin and Eosin (H and E) stain, immuno-histochemistry for synaptophysin (p38) and astrocytes (GFAP) activities in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Results: Findings showed that NAC prevented FST-induced anxiety-like behaviors demonstrated by an increased SPT (that alleviates anhedonia), mobility time, and reduced immobility time. NAC caused an increase in brain weights and prevented FST-induced neurodegeneration, the proliferation of reactive astrocytes, and diminished synaptophysin immunoreactivity in the PFC similar to that seen in fluoxetine a standard anti-depressant drug. Conclusion: NAC treatment significantly exhibits its neuroprotective mechanism via inhibiting the proliferation of reactive astrocytes, which protects neurons and synapses from oxidative tissue damage induced by FST, hence an increase in synaptophysin activity that culminates in increased neural activity, increased SPT, and reduced immobility time.}, Keywords = {N-acetylcysteine, Anxiety, Astrocytes, Synaptophysin, Anhedonia, Prefrontal cortex}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {839-854}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2356.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1944-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1944-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Park, Chan-A and Lee, Yeong-Bae and Kang, Chang-Ki}, title = {Resting-state Functional Connectivity During Controlled Respiratory Cycles Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aimed to assess the effect of controlled mouth breathing during the resting state using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Methods: Eleven subjects participated in this experiment in which the controlled “Nose” and “Mouth” breathings of 6 s respiratory cycle were performed with a visual cue at 3T MRI. Voxel-wise seed-to-voxel maps and whole-brain region of interest (ROI)-to-ROI connectome maps were analyzed in both “Nose>Mouth” and “Mouth>Nose” contrasts. Results: As a result, there were more connection pairs in the “Mouth” breathing condition, i.e., 14 seeds and 14 connecting pairs in the “Mouth>Nose” contrast, compared to 7 seeds and 4 connecting pairs in the “Nose>Mouth” contrast (false discovery rate [FDR] of P<0.05). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that mouth breathing with controlled respiratory cycles could significantly induce alterations in functional connectivity in the resting-state network, suggesting that it can differently affect resting brain function; in particular, the brain can hardly rest during mouth breathing, as opposed to conventional nasal breathing.}, Keywords = {Respiratory rate, Functional connectivity, Functional MRI}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {855-864}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2534.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1784-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1784-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Azad, Omi}, title = {Canonicity Effect on Sentence Processing of Persian-speaking Broca’s Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Fundamental notions of mapping hypothesis and canonicity were scrutinized in Persian-speaking aphasics.  Methods: To this end, the performance of four age-, education-, and gender matched Persian-speaking Broca's patients and eight matched healthy controls in diverse complex structures were compared via the conduction of two tasks of syntactic comprehension and grammaticality judgment. Results: The tested structures included subject agentive, agentive passive, object experience, subject experience, subject cleft, and object cleft constructions. Our results, while corroborating the predictions of the mapping hypothesis, showed that in structures, in which linguistic elements were substituted and dislocated out of their canonical syntactic positions, namely, agentive passive, subject experiencer, object experiencer, and object cleft constructions, Broca’s problems escalated. In contrast, in those structures whose constituent concatenations were aligned with canonical syntactic structures, namely subject agentive, and cleft structures, patients had above the chance performance. Ultimately, the theoretical and clinical implications of the study were discussed.  Conclusion: The number of predicates in a sentence, predicate types (psychological and agentive), as well as semantic heuristics and canonicity all by all could be regarded as the major culprits for aphasics' poor performance.}, Keywords = {Heuristics, Mapping hypothesis, Broca area, Object experience}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {865-874}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2777.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1875-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1875-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mollazadeh, Hanieh and Nazarbaghi, Surena and Pashaei, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Evaluation of the Relationship Between Celiac Disease and Refractory Epilepsy in Patients Referring to Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia}, abstract ={Introduction: Celiac disease can be associated with other diseases, including neurological disorders. In this study, the relationship between celiac disease and refractory epilepsy was evaluated in patients who were referred to Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, patients with refractory epilepsy who were referred to the neurology clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, during the second half of 2019 and cases with controlled epilepsy were studied as a control group. The statistical population of the present study included 50 patients with refractory seizures and 50 patients with controlled seizures. The mean age of patients was 32.96±11.35 years. Five milliliters of blood samples were taken from the patients, and a serum anti-tTG test was performed using the ELISA kit. Then, in patients with positive anti-tTG, a duodenal biopsy sample was prepared using an endoscopy. Results: This study showed that the mean serum level of anti-tTG in patients with refractory epilepsy was higher than in patients with controlled epilepsy. Anti-tTG test results were positive in five out of 50 patients with refractory epilepsy, and it was positive in two out of 50 patients with controlled epilepsy. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of serum levels of anti-tTG (P=0.14). Also, there was no significant relationship between serum levels of anti-tTG, age, and genus (P>0.05). Biopsy results in three patients in the refractory epilepsy group and one patient in the controlled epilepsy group were in favor of a definitive diagnosis of celiac disease. Patients with confirmed celiac disease using endoscopy had higher anti-tTG levels (P=0.006). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between celiac disease in cases with refractory epilepsy and controlled epilepsy.}, Keywords = {Celiac disease, Epilepsy, Refractory, Transglutaminase}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {875-882}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3341.1 }, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2142-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2142-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Rostami, Mohammad and Faridi, Farnaz and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Brain Functional Correlates of Intelligence Score in ADHD Based on EEG}, abstract ={Introduction: It has been shown that intelligence as a general mental ability is related to the structure and function of the brain regions. However, the specificity of these regional dependencies to the intelligence scores in the typical and atypical developed individuals needs to be well understood. In this study, we hypothesized that neural correlates of IQ should not have a fixed pattern rather they must follow a dynamic pattern to compensate for the functional deficits caused by a neurodevelopmental disorder. Therefore, electroencephalography (EEG) correlates of normal IQ in various subtypes of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) were compared with a group of healthy controls. Methods: Sixty-three ADHD subjects comprising combined, inattentive, and hyperactive individuals diagnosed by a psychiatrist using structural clinical interview for DSM-V, and 46 healthy controls with similar normal IQ scores were recruited in this study. The subjects’ EEG data were then recorded during an eye-closed resting condition. The subjects’ intelligence level was measured by Raven’s standard progressive matrices. Then, the association between IQ and the power of the EEG signal was computed in the conventional frequency bands. Subsequently, topographical representations of these associations were compared between the groups. Results: Our results demonstrated that the association between IQ score and EEG power is not the same in various ADHD subtypes and healthy controls.  Conclusion: This finding suggests a compensatory mechanism in ADHD individuals for changing the regional oscillatory pattern to maintain the IQ within a normal range.}, Keywords = {ADHD Subtype, Intelligence Score, EEG, Power Spectrum}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {883-892}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1904.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1726-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1726-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} } @article{ author = {Mirfazeli, Fatemeh Sadat and Mohebi, Fatemeh and Jahanbakhshi, Amin and Aryani, Omid and Almasi-Dooghaee, Mostaf}, title = {Repetitive Suicidal Behaviors in a Case With a New Mutation of Wolfram Syndrome: A Jump From the Gene to the Behavior}, abstract ={Wolfram syndrome (WS) is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease with variable symptoms, including neuropsychiatric manifestations. A 26-year-old man was reported with classic symptoms of WS and repetitive psychiatric hospitalizations and at least 16 suicidal attempts. The genetic study demonstrated a novel homozygous stop-codon mutation on the WFS1 gene. This special type of mutation may be related to repetitive suicidal behaviors in this case of WS. Psychological support should be a routine practice in patients with WS.}, Keywords = {Wolfram syndrome, Suicidal behavior, Gene, Mutation, WFS1 gene}, volume = {13}, Number = {6}, pages = {893-900}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.910.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2233-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2233-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2022} }