@article{ author = {MadadiAsl, Mojtaba and Vahabie, Abdol-Hossein and Valizadeh, Alirez}, title = {Dopaminergic Modulation of Synaptic Plasticity, Its Role in Neuropsychiatric Disorders, and Its Computational Modeling}, abstract ={Neuromodulators modify intrinsic characteristics of the nervous system in order to reconfigure the functional properties of neural circuits. This reconfiguration is crucial for the flexibility of the nervous system to respond on an input-modulated basis. Such a functional rearrangement is realized by modification of intrinsic properties of the neural circuits including synaptic interactions. Dopamine is an important neuromodulator involved in motivation and stimulus-reward learning process, and adjusts synaptic dynamics in multiple time scales through different pathways. The modification of synaptic plasticity by dopamine underlies the change in synaptic transmission and integration mechanisms, which affects intrinsic properties of the neural system including membrane excitability, probability of neurotransmitters release, receptors’ response to neurotransmitters, protein trafficking, and gene transcription. Dopamine also plays a central role in behavioral control, whereas its malfunction can cause cognitive disorders. Impaired dopamine signaling is implicated in several neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, drug addiction, schizophrenia, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and Tourette’s syndrome. Therefore, dopamine plays a crucial role in the nervous system, where its proper modulation of neural circuits may enhance plasticity-related procedures, but disturbances in dopamine signaling might be involved in numerous neuropsychiatric disorders. In recent years, several computational models are proposed to formulate the involvement of dopamine in synaptic plasticity or neuropsychiatric disorders and address their connection based on the experimental findings.}, Keywords = {Dopamine, Neuromodulation, Neuropsychiatric disorders, Synaptic plasticity}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {1-12}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.125}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1062-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1062-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nikkar, Esmaeil and Ghoshooni, Hassan and Hadipour, Mohammad Mahdi and Sahraei, Hedayat}, title = {Effect of Nitric Oxide on Basolateral Amygdala on Persistence of Anxiety and Depression in Stressed Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The current study aimed at investigating the role of Nitric Oxide (NO) in the maintenance of anxiety and depression induced by stress in male Wistar rats using intra-Basolateral Amygdala (BLA) injection of NO precursor, L-arginine, Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) inhibitor, and L-NAME.  Methods: Two 23-gauge stainless steel cannulas were placed in the BLA, stereotaxically. Seven days later, animals experienced electro foot shock stress based on the following protocol: animals experienced four sessions of stress for 60 minutes in four consecutive days. Five minutes before each stress session, the animals received different doses of L-arginine or L-NAME (1, 5 and, 10 μg/rat) or saline (0.5 μL/rat) intra-BLA. Six days after the stress termination, animals were tested for maintenance of anxiety-like behavior (elevated plus maze; EPM) and eight days after the stress they were examined for depression (forced swimming test; FST). Results: Stress reduced the time and number of open arms and decreased motor activity on EPM. Stress-induced anxiety was inhibited by L-arginine and L-NAME (1, 5, and 10 µg/rat). L-Arginine and L-NAME induced anxiety in non-stressed rats. Stress also increased the immobility time in animals in FST paradigm. Interestingly, both L-arginine and L-NAME, in all doses reduced the stress effect. Conclusion: BLA nitric oxide may play a pivotal role in anxiety and depression induced by stress in rats. Since the effects of both L-arginine and L-NAME were similar, NO might have a modulatory role in the BLA. }, Keywords = {Anxiety, Basolateral Amygdala, Depression, Nitric Oxide, L-Arginine, Stress}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {13-22}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.100}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1133-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1133-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Jahanmahin, Ahmad and Abbasnejad, Zahra and Haghparast, Abbas and Ahmadiani, Abolhassan and Ghasemi, Rasoul}, title = {The Effect of Intrahippocampal Insulin Injection on Scopolamine-induced Spatial Memory Impairment and Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinases Alteration}, abstract ={Introduction: It is well documented that insulin has neuroprotective and neuromodulator effects and can protect against different models of memory loss. Furthermore, cholinergic activity plays a significant role in memory, and scopolamine-induced memory loss is widely used as an experimental model of dementia. The current study aimed at investigating the possible effects of insulin against scopolamine-induced memory impairment in Wistar rat and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods: Accordingly, animals were bilaterally cannulated in CA1, hippocampus. Intrahippocampal administration of insulin 6 MU and 12 MU in CA1 per day was performed during first 6 days after surgery. During next four days, the animal’s spatial learning and memory were assessed in Morris water maze test (three days of learning and one day of retention test). The animals received scopolamine (1 mg/kg) Intraperitoneally (IP) 30 minutes before the onset of behavioral tests in each day. In the last day, the hippocampi were dissected and the levels of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and caspase-3 activation were analyzed by Western blot technique.  Results: The behavioral results showed that scopolamine impaired spatial learning and memory without activating casapase-3, P38, and JNK, but chronic pretreatment by both doses of insulin was unable to restore this spatial memory impairment. In addition, scopolamine significantly reduced Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinases (ERKs) activity and insulin was unable to restore this reduction. Results revealed that scopolamine-mediated memory loss was not associated with hippocampal damage. Conclusion: Insulin as a neuroprotective agent cannot restore memory when there is no hippocampal damage. In addition, the neuromodulator effect of insulin is not potent enough to overwhelm scopolamine-mediated disruptions of synaptic neurotransmission.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer Disease, Cholinergic neurons, Scopolamine, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Caspase-3, Apoptosis}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {23-36}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.165}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1096-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1096-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ziaei, Maryam and Togha, Mansoureh and Rahimian, Elham and Persson, Jonas}, title = {The Causal Role of Right Frontopolar Cortex in Moral Judgment, Negative Emotion Induction, and Executive Control}, abstract ={Introduction: Converging evidence suggests that both emotional and cognitive processes are critically involved in moral judgment, and may be mediated by discrete parts of the prefrontal cortex. The current study aimed at investigating the mediatory effect of right Frontopolar Cortex (rFPC) on the way that emotions affect moral judgments.  Methods: Six adult patients affected by rFPC and 10 healthy controls were included in the study. Participants made judgements on moral dilemmas after being shown either neutral or emotional pictures. The role of rFPC in executive control and emotional experience was also examined. Results: The study results showed that inducing an emotional state increased the number of utilitarian responses both in the patients and controls. However, no significant differences were observed between the patients and controls in response time or the number of utilitarian responses. Also, no significant differences were observed in personal and impersonal dilemmas before and after the emotion induction in intergroup comparisons. Results of the executive control tasks showed reduced performance in patients affected by rFPC compared with the controls.  Conclusion: The results of the current study suggested that rFPC might not have a direct role in mediating emotional processes during moral judgments, but possibly this region is important in a network supporting executive control functions.}, Keywords = {Emotion induction, Frontopolar cortex, Personal/impersonal Moral judgement, Executive control, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {37-48}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.225}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-651-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-651-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Tamadon, Hanieh and Ghasemi, Zahra and Ghasemi, Fatemeh and Hosseinmardi, Narges and Vatanpour, Hossein and Janahmadi, Mahyar}, title = {Characterization of Functional Effects of Two New Active Fractions Isolated From Scorpion Venom on Neuronal Ca2+ Spikes: A Possible Action on Ca2+-Dependent Dependent K+ Channels}, abstract ={Introduction: It is a long time that natural toxin research is conducted to unlock the medical potential of toxins. Although venoms-toxins cause pathophysiological conditions, they may be effective to treat several diseases. Since toxins including scorpion toxins target voltage-gated ion channels, they may have profound effects on excitable cells. Therefore, elucidating the cellular and electrophysiological impacts of toxins, particularly scorpion toxins would be helpful in future drug development opportunities. Methods: Intracellular recording was made from F1 cells of Helix aspersa in the presence of calcium Ringer solution in which Na+ and K+ channels were blocked. Then, the modulation of channel function in the presence of extracellular application of F4 and F6 toxins and kaliotoxin (KTX; 50 nM and 1 μM) was examined by assessing the electrophysiological characteristics of calcium spikes. Results: The two active toxin fractions, similar to KTX, a known Ca2+-activated K+ channel blocker, reduced the amplitude of AHP, enhanced the firing frequency of calcium spikes and broadened the duration of Ca2+ spikes. Therefore, it might be inferred that these two new fractions induce neuronal hyperexcitability possibly, in part, by blocking calcium-activated potassium channel current. However, this supposition requires further investigation using voltage clamping technique. Conclusion: These toxin fractions may act as blocker of calcium-activated potassium channels.}, Keywords = {Scorpion Venom, Intracellular recording, Calcium spike, Buthotus schach}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {49-58}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.175}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1056-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1056-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Talimkhani, Ailin and Abdollahi, Iraj and Mohseni-Bandpei, Mohammad Ali and Ehsani, Fatemeh and Khalili, Sanaz and Jaberzadeh, Shapour}, title = {Differential Effects of Unihemispheric Concurrent Dual-Site and Conventional tDCS on Motor Learning: A Randomized, Sham-Controlled Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Based on the literature, unihemispheric concurrent dual-site anodal transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (a-tDCSUHCDS) of primary Motor cortex (M1) and Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) would be more efficient than conventional a-tDCS of M1 to induce larger and longer-lasting M1 corticospinal excitability. The main objective of the present study was to compare the effects of a-tDCSUHCDS and conventional M1 a-tDCS on the extent and durability of the motor sequence acquisition in healthy individuals. Methods: In this randomized sham-controlled study, healthy volunteers were randomly divided into three groups: experimental (a-tDCSUHCDS), control (M1 a-tDCS), and sham stimulation groups. The participants practiced serial response time task over three consecutive days when they simultaneously received a-tDCS. Using the skill measure, we assessed motor learning up to 4 weeks after the completion of experimental conditions.  Results: Data analysis revealed that all groups exhibited the improved trend over the training course (P<0.001). There were no significant differences in skill acquisition among groups at post-intervention (P>0.05), while a significant improvement was observed between experimental and sham group at the retention time (P<0.05). Moreover, there were no significant differences between the control and two other groups with regard to the retention time (P>0.05).  Conclusion: These results revealed a significant increase in the skill acquisition by a-tDCSUHCDS technique with regard to retention issue, which could be a valuable finding in neuro-rehabilitation field. }, Keywords = {Transcranial direct current stimulation, Primary motor cortex, Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Learning, Motor skills }, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {59-72}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.350}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1057-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1057-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Akhoundzadeh, Kobra and Vakili, Abedin and Sameni, Hamid Rez}, title = {Bone Marrow Stromal Cells With Exercise and Thyroid Hormone Effect on Post-Stroke Injuries in Middle-aged Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: Based on our previous findings, the treatment of stem cells alone or in combination with thyroid hormone (T3) and mild exercise could effectively reduce the risk of stroke damage in young mice. However, it is unclear whether this treatment is effective in aged or middle-aged mice. Therefore, this study designed to assess whether combination of Bone Marrow Stromal Cells (BMSCs) with T3 and mild treadmill exercise can decrease stroke complications in middle-aged mice.  Methods: Under laser Doppler flowmetry monitoring, transient focal cerebral ischemia was produced by right Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion (MCAO) for 45 min followed by 7 days of reperfusion in middle-aged mice. BMSCs (1×105) were injected into the right cerebral ventricle 24 h after MCAO, followed by daily injection of triiodothyronine (T3) (20 µg/100 g/d SC) and 6 days of running on a treadmill. Infarct size, neurological function, apoptotic cells and expression levels of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) were evaluated 1 week after stroke. Results: Post-ischemic treatment with BMSCs or with T3 and or mild treadmill exercise alone or in combination did not significantly change neurological function, infarct size, and apoptotic cells 7 days after ischemia in middle-aged mice (P>0.05). However, the expression of GFAP significantly reduced after treatment with BMSCs and or T3 (P<0.01).   Conclusion: Our findings indicate that post-stroke treatment BMSCs with exercise and thyroid hormone cannot reverse neuronal damage 7 days after ischemia  in middle-aged mice. These findings further support that age is an important variable in stroke treatment}, Keywords = {Cerebral ischemia, Combination, Bone marrow stromal cells, Thyroid hormone, Exercise, Apoptosis, Glial fibrillary acidic protein, Middle-aged, Mice}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {73-84}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.355}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1105-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1105-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Eskandari-Roozbahani, Narges and Shomali, Tahoora and Taherianfard, Mahnaz}, title = {Neuroprotective Effect of Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil on Rats With Alzheimer Disease: A Mechanistic Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Finding herbs with promising effects to prevent or postpone Alzheimer Disease (AD) is highly demanded. The present study aimed at clarifying plausible effects and related mechanism(s) of Zataria Multiflora Essential Oil (ZMEO) against memory impairment in a rat model of the AD. Methods: Forty male adult rats were categorized into four groups and treated as follows: 1. The Negative Control (NC): no treatment; 2. Sham control (sham): distilled water by Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection; 3. The AD control (AD): Aβ 1-42 by ICV injection; and 4. The ZMEO group: Aβ 1-42 by ICV injection and ZMEO at 100 μL/kg/d orally for 20 days.  Results: After Congo red staining of the hippocampus, a relative decrease in amyloid deposits was observed in the ZMEO group. Moreover, rats showed better outcomes in Morris Water Maze (MWM) test, reduced hippocampal acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, and higher Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) content as compared with the AD group (P<0.05). However, no significant changes in antioxidant status was observed (P>0.05). Conclusion: ZMEO has a protective effect against memory impairment in rats with AD at least partly via reducing hippocampal AchE activity and enhancement of BDNF levels without a change in antioxidant status. These findings can pave the way for future studies on the usefulness of this herb in AD prevention.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer Disease, Acetylcholinesterase, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Antioxidants}, volume = {10}, Number = {1}, pages = {85-97}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.270}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1108-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1108-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Okojie, Akhabue Keneth and Rauf, Khalid and Iyare, Eghos}, title = {The Impact of Plasmodium Berghei Exposure In-utero on Neurobehavioral Profile in Mice}, abstract ={Introduction: The World Health Organization estimates that about 25 million pregnant mothers are currently at risk for malaria, and that malaria accounts for over 10,000 maternal and 200,000 neonatal deaths per year. The current hypothesis of early life programming supports the premise that many developmental delay and disorders may have their origin In-utero. Therefore, the current study aimed at evaluating the possible impact of experimental malaria exposure In-utero on neurobehavioral profile in mice offspring. Methods: Pregnant mice were intraperitoneally infected on gestational day 13 with 1.02×105 infected red blood cells. Pregnant mice (both infected and uninfected) were allowed to deliver and the offspring were monitored up to postnatal day 42 when anxiety-like, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and locomotor activity were evaluated using elevated plus maze, marble burying, and Open Field Test, respectively. Results: The current study showed that maternal infection with Plasmodium berghei resulted in an interesting behavior in offspring characterized by increased anxiety-like and OCD behaviors. Locomotor activity was however not affected. Conclusion: It may be concluded that In-utero exposure to experimental malaria in mice causes behavioral changes.}, Keywords = {Plasmodium berghei, Malaria, In-Utero, Anxiety, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {99-108}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.95}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1123-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1123-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Eskandary, Azade and Moazedi, Ahmad Ali and NajaphZade, Hossein and Akhond, Mohamad Rez}, title = {Effects of Donepezil Hydrochloride on Neuronal Response of Pyramidal Neuron of the CA1 Hippocampus in Rat Model of Alzheimer\'s Disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Donepezil (DON), an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor (AChEI), is widely used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The current study aimed at evaluating the effect of donepezil hydrochloride on pyramidal neuron response in CA1 region of a rat model of AD. Methods: In the current experimental study, adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups: Nucleus Basalis Magnocellularis (NBM) lesion (the lesions were induced by an electrical method of 0.5 m A, for 3 s in NBM) and three donepezil groups (lesions plus 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg donepezil intraperitoneal injection). Neuronal spontaneous activity to injection of the donepezil and saline were recorded in CA1 region of hippocampal. Results: The obtained results showed that IntraPeritoneal (IP) injection of donepezil (10 and 15 mg/kg) increased neuronal spontaneous activity in the rat model of AD. Conclusion: The current study results suggested that acute IP injection of donepezil increased neuronal response in CA1 region of hippocampal in a rat model of AD. }, Keywords = {Alzheimer’s Disease, Electrophysiology, Donepezil, Rats}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {109-118}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.305}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1175-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1175-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Derafshpour, Leila and Saboory, Ehsan and Vafaei, Abbas Ali and Rashidy-Pour, Ali and Roshan-Milani, Shiva and Rasmi, Yosef and Panahi, Yosef and Sameni, Hamidrez}, title = {Interactive Effects of Exercise, Sex Hormones, and Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism on Long-Term Potentiation in Hippocampal Slices of Rat Offspring}, abstract ={Introduction: The long-term adverse effects of transient thyroid function abnormalities at birth on intellectual development are proven. The effect of exercise increases in the presence of sex hormones. The current study aimed at investigating the possibility that a combination of sex hormones and exercise has synergistic effects on neural plasticity in Transient Congenital Hypothyroidism (TCH) rats.  Methods: To induce hypothyroidism in the mothers, Propylthiouracil (PTU) was added to drinking water (100 mg/L) on the 6th day of gestation and continued until the 21st Postnatal Day. From Postnatal Day (PND) 28 to 47, the female and male pups received 17β-estradiol and testosterone, respectively. The mild treadmill exercise began 30 minutes after the sex hormones or vehicle administration. On PND 48, electrophysiological experiments were performed on brain slices.  Results: Increase of Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) was observed in sedentary-non-hormone female rats of TCH group, compared with that of the control. The exercise enhanced LTP in control rats, but the hormones showed no significant effect. The effect of exercise and sex hormone was not significant in the TCH group. The combination of exercise and testosterone enhanced LTP in TCH male rats, while the combination of exercise and estradiol or each of them individually did not produce such an effect on LTP in TCH female rats.  Conclusion: The study findings showed an increase in excitatory transmission despite the returning of thyroid hormone levels to normal range in TCH female rats. Also a combination treatment including exercise and testosterone enhanced LTP in male rats of TCH group, which was a gender-specific event.}, Keywords = {Exercise, Hypothyroid, Sex hormones, Long-Term Potentiation}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {119-136}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.170}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1074-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1074-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sohrabi, Ahm}, title = {Age of Acquisition Effect: Evidence From Single-Word Reading and Neural Networks}, abstract ={Introduction: Many studies show that words learned early in life are read more easily than the ones learned later and are less vulnerable to brain damage. Methods: the first part of the current study, 25 primary school students in the 5th grade read the word groups learned initially during a previous grade. The words used in the experiments were 327 Farsi monosyllable words matched on the other factors involved in Farsi word naming.  Results: The analysis of covariance (the consistency and frequency as covariates) showed that words learned in earlier grades were read more easily than the ones learned later, showing the known effect of the Age of Acquisition (AoA). In the second part of the study, it was tried to simulate AoA in word naming by a neural network model developed earlier based on connectionist approach. While previous studies used random patterns, in the current study words from primary school books were used. Likewise, words learned early by the model were read better than words learned later. However, there was a failure in replicating previous simulation of AoA in English reading by an algorithm called Quick prop for Farsi. In addition, the model was lesioned by removing some hidden units to see its effect on word reading. As a result, words learned earlier were less vulnerable to damage compared with the ones learned later. Conclusion: The findings showed that words learned earlier, compared to those learned later, were read better and were less vulnerable to damage. These effects are explained by considering the nature of learning in neural networks trained by error back-propagation.}, Keywords = {Reading, Neural networks, Age of acquisition, Word recognition, Connectionism}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {137-146}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.120}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-505-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-505-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nazari, Atiye and Alavimajd, Hamid and Shakeri, Nezhat and Bakhshandeh, Mohsen and Faghihzadeh, Elham and Marzbani, Hengameh}, title = {Prediction of Brain Connectivity Map in Resting-State fMRI Data Using Shrinkage Estimator}, abstract ={Introduction: In recent years, brain functional connectivity studies are extended using the advanced statistical methods. Functional connectivity is identified by synchronous activation in a spatially distinct region of the brain in resting-state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. For this purpose there are several methods such as seed-based correlation analysis based on temporal correlation between different Regions of Interests (ROIs) or between brain’s voxels of prior seed. Methods: In the current study, test-retest Resting State functional MRI (rs-fMRI) data of 21 healthy subjects were analyzed to predict second replication connectivity map using first replication data. A potential estimator is “raw estimator” that uses the first replication data from each subject to predict the second replication connectivity map of the same subject. The second estimator, “mean estimator” uses the average of all sample subjects' connectivity to estimate the correlation map. Shrinkage estimator is made by shrinking raw estimator towards the average connectivity map of all subjects' first replicate. Prediction performance of the second replication correlation map is evaluated by Mean Squared Error (MSE) criteria. Results: By the employment of seed-based correlation analysis and choosing precentral gyrus as the ROI over 21 subjects in the study, on average MSE for raw, mean and shrinkage estimator were 0.2169, 0.1118, and 0.1103, respectively. Also, percent reduction of MSE for shrinkage and mean estimator in comparison with raw estimator is 49.14 and 48.45, respectively. Conclusion: Shrinkage approach has the positive effect on the prediction of functional connectivity. When data has a large between session variability, prediction of connectivity map can be improved by shrinking towards population mean. }, Keywords = {Resting-State fMRI, Functional connectivity, Shrinkage estimator, Mean Squared Error, Seed-based correlation analysis}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {147-156}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.140}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1040-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1040-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SoukhakLari, Roksana and Moezi, Leila and Pirsalami, Fatema and Abkar, Morteza and Moosavi, Maryam}, title = {Curcumin-Loaded BSA Nanoparticles Protect More Efficiently Than Natural Curcumin Against Scopolamine-Induced Memory Retrieval Deficit}, abstract ={Introduction: There is evidence indicating that the rate of AD is lower in curry consuming populations. Then, there is an effort to elucidate if curcumin -as the main ingredient of turmeric- might affect the process of AD. However, in clinical trials of AD, a six-month curcumin treatment failed to show any progress, which might be attributable to its low bioavailability. In this line, a recent human study revealed that a more bioavailable solid lipid curcumin enhances cognition in aged adults. By the application of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA), the current study aimed at converting curcumin to nano sizes and assessing its protective effects against scopolamine-induced passive avoidance memory retrieval deficit. Methods: Nanocurcumin was prepared via dissolution method. Male NMRI mice (20-25 g body weight) were used. The effective doses of nanocurcumin were selected according to the initial pilot test. The mice were treated with nanocurcumin 15 or 20 mg/kg/p.o or distilled water for 10 days. The animals were habituated and trained in passive avoidance apparatus on the day 10. The retention test was performed 24 hours later. Scopolamine (1 mg/kg/i.p.) or saline was injected 30 minutes before memory retention trial. Results: The findings indicated that nanocurcumin in doses 15 or 20 mg/kg/p.o prevented the retrieval deficit induced by scopolamine while natural curcumin in its equivalent doses did not have such an effect. Furthermore, nanocurcumin by itself improved memory retention comparing with the control group.  Conclusion: These findings implied that the potential anti-amnesic effects of curcumin might be observed by producing and using its nanoformulation form.}, Keywords = {Curcumin, Albumin, Memory, Nanotechnology, Mice}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {157-164}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.255}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1141-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1141-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nesayan, Abbas and Amani, Malahat and AsadiGandomani, Roghayeh}, title = {Cognitive Profile of Children and its Relationship With Academic Performance}, abstract ={Introduction: Cognitive abilities are necessary for successful learning. Children with different cognitive ability levels may have diverse performances. The current study aimed at investigating the cognitive profile in children and its relationship with Academic Performance. Methods: The population of the current cross sectional study consisted of all students in Jajarm City, Iran. The subjects were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling; and 289 students aged 6 to 13 years were included in the study. Data were collected using the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure test, coding subtest from Wechsler intelligence scale and behavioral rating inventory of executive functions. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient and the Scheffe post hoc test were used for data analysis. Results: The obtained results showed that ‘processing speed’, ‘perceptual organizational ability’, ‘monitoring’, ‘planning’, ‘working memory’, ‘initiate’, ‘emotional regulation’, ‘shifting’, and ‘inhibit ‘ were significantly correlated with Academic Performance (P<0.001). Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between cognitive profile and Academic Performance. Thus, teachers need to consider the variable of cognitive abilities in academic success.}, Keywords = {Cognitive profile, Children, Academic Performance}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {165-174}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.230}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1085-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1085-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Taheri, Farahnaz and Sepehri, Gholamreza and Sheibani, Vahid and Sharififar, Farib}, title = {Amelioration of Prenatal Lead-Induced Learning and Memory Impairments by Methanolic Extract of Zataria Multiflora in Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The current study aimed at evaluating the effects of Zataria Multiflora (ZM) on learning and memory of adult male offspring rats with prenatal lead-exposure. Methods: Pregnant rats in the case group received tap water containing 0.2% lead acetate throughout the gestation period. Control rats had free access to lead-free tap water. Two male offspring (two-month-old, weighing 180-200 g) from each mother were randomly selected and treated with either Z. Multiflora (50, 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg/ Intraperitoneally (I.P) /20 day) or saline. Spatial memory of the control, saline, and ZM-treated rats was evaluated by a training trial and probe test using Morris water maze (6-8 rat/group). Results: The obtained results showed memory deficits including increased escape latency, and a greater traveled distance, as well as decrements in the frequency of crossings into target quadrants in prenatally lead-exposed male offspring compared with the controls. ZM treatment (200 mg/kg/i.p) ameliorated the memory deficits in male offspring by increasing the time spent and traveled distance in the trigger zone (P<0.01 vs. saline).There was no significant difference in swimming speed between the groups. Conclusion: The results showed memory deficits in prenatally lead-exposed male offspring. ZM treatment (especially 200 mg/kg) had beneficial effects on cognitive behavior and was indicated as the improvement of lead-induced memory deficits in prenatally lead-exposed male rats. The exact mechanism(s) is not determined yet, but it could be mediated through the anticholinesterase and antioxidant effects and also alterations in Central Nervous System (CNS) and neurotransmission in the central nervous system.}, Keywords = {Lead, Prenatal exposure, Zataria Multiflora, Spatial learning and memory, Rats}, volume = {10}, Number = {2}, pages = {175-184}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.2.1104.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-927-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-927-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Gholampour, Seifollah and Bahmani, Mehrnoush and Shariati, Azadeh}, title = {Comparing the Efficiency of Two Treatment Methods of Hydrocephalus: Shunt Implantation and Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy}, abstract ={Introduction: Hydrocephalus is one of the most common diseases in children, and its treatment requires brain operation. However, the pathophysiology of the disease is very complicated and still unknown.  Methods: Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy (ETV) and Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (VPS) implantation are among the common treatments of hydrocephalus. In this study, Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) hydrodynamic parameters and efficiency of the treatment methods were compared with numerical simulation and clinical follow-up of the treated patients. Results: Studies have shown that in patients under 19 years of age suffering from hydrocephalus related to a Posterior Fossa Brain Tumor (PFBT), the cumulative failure rate was 21% and 29% in ETV and VPS operation, respectively. At first, the ETV survival curve shows a sharp decrease and after two months it gets fixed while VPS curve makes a gradual decrease and reaches to a level lower than ETV curve after 5.7 months. Post-operative complications in ETV and VPS methods are 17% and 31%, respectively. In infants younger than 12 months with hydrocephalus due to congenital Aqueduct Stenosis (AS), and also in the elderly patients suffering from Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (NPH), ETV is a better treatment option. Computer simulations show that the maximum CSF pressure is the most reliable hydrodynamic index for the evaluation of the treatment efficacy in these patients. After treatment by ETV and shunt methods, CSF pressure decreases about 9 and 5.3 times, respectively and 2.5 years after shunt implantation, this number returns to normal range. Conclusion: In infants with hydrocephalus, initial treatment by ETV was more reasonable than implanting the shunt. In adult with hydrocephalus, the initial failure in ETV occurred sooner compared to shunt therapy; however, ETV was more efficient. }, Keywords = {Cerebrospinal Fluid, Intracranial Pressure, Intracranial compliance, Survival curve, Reynolds number, CSF velocity}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {185-198}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.285}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1199-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Shiani, Amir and Joghataei, Mohammad Taghi and Ashayeri, Hassan and Kamali, Mohammad and Razavi, Mohammad Reza and Yadegari, Farib}, title = {Comprehension of Complex Sentences in the Persian-Speaking Patients With Aphasia}, abstract ={Introduction: To study sentence comprehension in Persian-speaking Patients with Aphasia considering the factors of complexity. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, the performance of 6 non-fluent aphasic patients were tested and their performance was compared to 15 matched control group. Comprehension of semantically reversible sentences was assessed using a binary sentence-picture matching task. The stimuli were as follows: clefts; subject clefts and object clefts, also relative clauses; subject relatives and object relatives. All of them were types of movement-derived structures and also simple declarative sentences as the control task. Results: The best performance of aphasic patients were seen in the comprehension of subject clefts, although prior to this result we assumed that simple declarative sentences (in which there is no structural factor of complexity) can be understood easily. They showed the highest difficulty in the comprehension of object relatives. Furthermore, the performance of patients in the comprehension of relative clauses was significantly weaker than understanding the clefts. Conclusion: The outcomes of this study suggest that the sentence comprehension deficits of aphasic patients, in contrast to the specific deficit models, may not be related to linguistic disabilities. Moreover, the problems in the comprehension of non-canonical sentences may be related to failure in the allocation of attention. Finally, our results support the claims that neural characterization of the cognitive resources (e.g. working memory) is disrupted in sentence comprehension deficits. }, Keywords = {Sentence comprehension, Complex sentences, Syntax, Aphasia}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {199-208}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.185}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-841-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-841-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Khodayari, Shabnam and GhaderiPakdel, Firouz and Shahabi, Parviz and Naderi, Somayyeh}, title = {Acute Tramadol-Induced Cellular Tolerance and Dependence of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic Neurons: An In Vivo Electrophysiological Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) is a core region of the brainstem that contributes to different vital bio-responses such as pain and addiction. The Dopaminergic (DA) cellular content of VTA has major roles in different functions. This study aims to evaluate the cellular effect of tramadol on the putative VTA-DA neurons. Methods: Wistar rats were assigned into three groups of control, sham, and tramadol-treated. The animals were anesthetized and their VTA-DA neuronal activity was obtained under controlled stereotaxic operation. The firing rate of the neurons was extracted according to principal component analysis by Igor Pro software and analyzed statistically considering P<0.05 as significant. Tramadol (20 mg/kg) was infused intraperitoneally.  Results: Overall, 121 putative VTA-DA neurons were isolated from all groups. In tramadol-treated rats, the inhibition of the neuronal firing was proposed as tolerance and the excitation period as dependence or withdrawal. The Mean±SD inhibition time lasted up to 50.34±10.17 minutes and 31% of neurons stopped firing and silenced after 24±3 min on average but the remaining neurons lowered their firing up to 43% to 67% of their baseline firing. All neurons showed the excitation period, lasted about 56.12±15.30 min, and the firing of neurons increased from 176% to 244% of their baseline or pre-injection period. Conclusion: The tolerance and dependence effects of tramadol are related to the changes in the neuronal firing rate at the putative VTA-DA neurons. The acute injection of tramadol can initiate neuroadaptation on the opioid and non-opioid neurotransmission to mediate these effects. }, Keywords = {Tramadol, Dopamine, Ventral Tegmental Area, Firing rate, Tolerance, Dependence}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {209-224}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.180}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-981-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-981-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Samandari, Razieh and Hassanpour-Ezatti, Majid and Fakhri, Sajad and Abbaszadeh, Fatemeh and Jorjani, Masoumeh}, title = {Sex Differences and Role of Gonadal Hormones on Glutamate Level After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats: A Microdialysis Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Sex differences in outcomes of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) suggest a sex-hormone-mediated effect on post-SCI pathological events, including glutamate excitotoxicity. This study aimed to investigate the importance of gonadal hormones on glutamate release subsequent to SCI in rats. Methods: After laminectomy at T8-T9, an electrolytic lesion was applied to the spinothalamic tracts of male and female rats. Using spinal microdialysis, we assessed glutamate levels at the site of lesion in both intact and gonadectomized rats for 4 hours. In this way, we examined the sex differences in the glutamate concentrations. Results: The peak retention time of glutamate level was 10.6 min and spinal glutamate concentration reached a maximum level 40 min following SCI. In male SCI rats, gonadectomy caused a significant elevation of glutamate level (P<0.001) following injury which was maximum 40 min post-SCI as well. However, no significant alterations were seen in gonadectomized female rats. Conclusion: The significant differences in glutamate levels between both intact and gonadectomized SCI male and female rats show the sex-hormone-related mechanisms underlying the molecular events in the second phase of SCI. It seems that the role of male gonadal hormones to prevent glutamate excitotoxicity is more prominent. The exact mechanisms of these hormones on the functional recovery after SCI should be clarified in further studies.}, Keywords = {Spinal Cord Injury, Microdialysis, Glutamate, Sex hormones}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {225-234}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.260}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1136-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1136-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mohebbati, Reza and Hosseini, Mahmoud and Khazaei, Majid and Khajavirad, Abolfazl and Shafei, Mohammad Naser}, title = {The Effects of Inactivation of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus by Cobalt (II) Chloride on Cardiovascular Responses in Hemorrhagic Hypotensive Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Based on the evidence, the Pedunculopontine Tegmental nucleus (PPT) is involved in cardiovascular function regulation. In this study, the probable role of PPT on cardiovascular parameters in the hypotension induced by Hemorrhage (HEM) was evaluated.  Methods: The study rats were divided up into 5 groups: 1. Control (Saline); 2. Cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl2); 3. HEM; 4. Saline+HEM; and 5. CoCl2+HEM. Their right and left femoral arteries were cannulated for recording the cardiovascular responses and blood withdrawal, respectively. Saline and CoCl2 were microinjected into the PPT using the stereotaxic apparatus. Maximum changes of Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP), and the Heart Rate (HR) after the microinjection of CoCl2 in normal and Hemorrhage conditions were recorded. Changes of SBP, MAP, and HR were calculated over time at 5-min intervals and compared with those of the control and HEM groups using repeated measures ANOVA. The Independent sample t-test was used to compare the changes in cardiovascular parameters between the control and HEM groups at 0 and 20 min after Hemorrhage.  Results: The changes in SBP, MAP, and HR in the CoCl2 group were not significantly different from those in the control group. In the HEM group, the SBP and MAP changes significantly decreased (P<0.001) and HR changes significantly increased (P<0.001) compared to those parameters in the control group. In the CoCl2+HEM group, SBP and MAP changes were significantly attenuated compared to those in the HEM group (P<0.05) and HR changes induced by Hemorrhage decreased compared to that in the HEM group (P<0.01). Conclusion: Our results indicate that the PPT has no effects on normal cardiovascular parameters. However, it could modulate cardiovascular responses induced by Hemorrhage.}, Keywords = {Hemorrhage, Cobalt (II) chloride, Blood pressure, Heart rate, Pedunculopontine Tegmental nucleus (PPT)}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {235-244}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.315}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1081-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1081-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Neghabi, Mehrnoosh and Marateb, Hamid Reza and Mahnam, Ami}, title = {Comparing Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials Frequency Estimation Methods in Brain-Computer Interface With the Minimum Number of EEG Channels}, abstract ={Introduction: Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) systems provide a communication pathway between users and systems. BCI systems based on Steady-State Visually Evoked Potentials (SSVEP) are widely used in recent decades. Different feature extraction methods have been introduced in the literature to estimate SSVEP responses to BCI applications. Methods: In this study, the new algorithms, including Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO), L1-regularized Multi-way CCA (L1-MCCA), Multi-set CCA (MsetCCA), Common Feature Analysis (CFA), and Multiple Logistic Regression (MLR) are compared using proper statistical methods to determine which one has better performance with the least number of EEG electrodes. Results: It was found that MLR, MsetCCA, and CFA algorithms provided the highest performances and significantly outperformed CCA, LASSO, and L1-MCCA algorithms when using 8 EEG channels. However, when using only 1 or 2 EEG channels d, CFA method provided the highest F-scores. This algorithm not only outperformed MLR and MsetCCA when applied on different electrode montages but also provided the fastest computation time on the test set. Conclusion: Although MLR method has already demonstrated to have higher performance in comparison with other frequency recognition algorithms, this study showed that in a practical SSVEP-based BCI system with 1 or 2 EEG channels and short-time windows, CFA method outperforms other algorithms. Therefore, it is proposed that CFA algorithm is a promising choice for the expansion of practical SSVEP-based BCI systems. }, Keywords = {Brain-Computer Interface (BCI), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Feature extraction, Steady-State Visually Evoked Potential (SSVEP)}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {245-256}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.200}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-968-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-968-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Yousefzadeh, Fateme and PirzadJahromi, Gila and MokariManshadi, Ehsan and Hatef, Boshr}, title = {The Effect of Prostration (Sajdah) on the Prefrontal Brain Activity: A Pilot Study}, abstract ={Introduction: “Sajdah”, a prostration position, is part of Muslim daily prayers. It seems to have several effects on the brain and heart function. This study aimed to investigate the prefrontal brain activity after 10 seconds of Sajdah in the direction of Qibla (the direction that a Muslim prays) while putting the forehead on the ground. Methods: Three women and two men participated in this pilot study. Linear (absolute and relative power of θ (4-8Hz), α 1 (8-10 Hz), α 2 (10-12 Hz), β 1 (12-16 Hz), β 2 (16-20 Hz), β 3 (20-30 Hz), γ 1 (30-40 Hz), γ 2 (40-50 Hz) and non-linear features (approximate entropy, Katz fractal dimension, Petrosian fractal dimension, spectral entropy, and sample entropy) from Fps channel were calculated. Results: The relative β to γ band, approximate and sample entropy, Petrosian fractal dimension and mean of amplitude decreased in open eye state in women. While θ to γ bands in the closed eye state decreased after Sajdah in women. The absolute γ bands in closed eye state and relative β band in open eye state increased after Sajdah in men. Conclusion: The pilot study showed that 10 seconds of Sajdah has effects on brain activity and sometimes showed the opposite effect on genders. }, Keywords = {Sajdah, EEG, Non-linear analysis, Brain activity, Gender}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {257-268}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.195}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1014-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1014-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sarbaz, Yashar and Pourakbari, Hakimeh}, title = {The Effects of Counting the Stride Numbers on the Parkinsonian Gait: Suggesting a Possible Reason for Dual Task Interference}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson Disease (PD) is a degenerative and progressive disorder of the central nervous system. It results from degeneration of Substantia Nigra pars compacta (SNc) of the Basal Ganglia (BG). Gait disturbances in PD patients generally get worse over time. The underlying mechanism of gait disturbances in PD has not been elucidated yet. Methods: In this study, we tried to analyze changes in walking performance under both single- and dual-task conditions in people with PD compared to healthy subjects. To this end, the participants’ trunk acceleration signals were recorded under dual-task (counting the stride number while walking) and single-task (walking without performing any other secondary tasks) conditions. Results: The healthy subjects counted the number of their strides correctly; however, 85% of the patients made glaring errors in counting. Then variances of Stride Time Interval (STI) signals were calculated for each participant. STI signals of the patients had a higher variance than that of the healthy subjects in the dual-task condition. Separating the two groups in a dual-task condition is easier. Therefore, we think that the disease sate can be detected in early stages. It is thought that counting is performed independent of walking. Conclusion: PD affects the function of BG that leads to motor timing dysfunction. So, it seems that timing in motor tasks is disrupted while timing in cognitive tasks is not. Therefore, perhaps inconsistency between the two clocks (motor-tasks and cognitive-tasks clocks) is the main cause of dual-task interference in patients’ gait.}, Keywords = {Parkinson's Disease, Early diagnosis, Internal biological clock, Dual-task}, volume = {10}, Number = {3}, pages = {269-279}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.245}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-966-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-966-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sadighparvar, Shirin and Tale, Fereshteh and Shahabi, Parviz and Naderi, Somayyeh and GhaderiPakdel, Firouz}, title = {The Response of Ventral Tegmental Area Dopaminergic Neurons to Bupropion: Excitation or Inhibition?}, abstract ={Introduction: Antidepressants can modulate brain monoamines by acting on pre-synaptic and postsynaptic receptors. Autoreceptors can reduce the monoamines effect on the somatodendritic or pre-synaptic regions despite its postsynaptic counter effects. The direct effect of some antidepressants is related to its temporal and spatial bioavailability in the vicinity of these receptors (still a matter of controversies). This research evaluated the direct effect of acute bupropion on the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) dopaminergic neuronal firing rate. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into intracerebroventricular and microiontophoretic groups with 14 subgroups (n=5 in each subgroup). Amounts of 1, 0.5, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001, and 0.0001 mol of bupropion (5 μL/3 min) were microinfused to the first group and then the ejected amounts of bupropion at -500, -300, -150, -50 nA of electrical currents (1 mol, pH=4.5, 5 min) were applied to the second group. The control and sham subgroups were studied in each group, too. The units with stable firing rates were extracted, and the effect of bupropion was evaluated statistically with a P value less than 0.05 as the level of significance.  Results: The highest amount of bupropion in the intracerebroventricular application could excite 42% of the neurons and inhibit 56% of them, but the highest amount of microiontophoretic application of bupropion could inhibit 97.5% of the neurons. The neuronal response to bupropion was dose-dependent in all treated groups. Conclusion: The dual effects of intracerebroventricular bupropion on the VTA dopaminergic neurons but solo inhibitory effect of its microiontophoretic application reflect the intra-VTA and extra-VTA heterogenic cellular and molecular control over the dopaminergic outflow that can be mediated by different receptors. The dopamine autoreceptors on the VTA dopaminergic neurons have complex modulatory effects on the dopaminergic response.}, Keywords = {Bupropion, VTA, Dopaminergic neurons, Intraventricular injection, Iontophoresis}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {281-304}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.250}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1044-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1044-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Moslem, Ali Reza and Amin, Bahareh and Heidari-Oranjaghi, Nima and Azhdari-Zarmehri, Hass}, title = {Involvement of Endogenous Opioid System in Swim Stress-Induced Pain Modulation During the Interphase of the Formalin Test}, abstract ={Introduction: Some evidence demonstrates endogenous inhibitory pathways of pain involved in the interphase (phase between early and later phase) of the formalin test. We previously showed that swimming stress modulates the pain-related behaviors during the interphase of the formalin test. In this study, we evaluated the role of the endogenous opioid system in modulating nociceptive responses of the formalin test. Methods: Swim stress was performed in different heights of water (5, 25, 50 cm) in a swimming tank. The mean nociceptive scores were measured during phase 1 (1-7 min), interphase (8-14 min), and phase 2 (15-90 min) of the formalin test. Opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone (3 mg/kg; IP) was injected immediately before swim stress. Results: Swim stress attenuated nociceptive behaviors in the first phase and increased the duration of interphase in the formalin test in a water-height-dependent manner, compared to the control group. Naloxone significantly increased nociceptive behaviors in the first phase, interphase, and the second phase of the formalin test, compared to the control group. Conclusion: Stress could affect the nociceptive response. Swim stress in different heights of water could have different effects on the nociception in different phases of the formalin test. In addition, the involvement of the endogenous opioid system is further demonstrated in the swim stress-induced modulation of pain behaviors in phase 1, phase 2, as well as interphase of formalin test in rats.}, Keywords = {Swim stress, Rat, Formalin test, Naloxone}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {305-312}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.220}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-775-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-775-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Etaee, Farshid and Rezvani-Kamran, Arezoo and Taheri, Mohammad and Omidi, Ghazaleh and Hasanein, Parisa and Komaki, Alirez}, title = {Comparing the Antinociceptive Effects of Methamphetamine, Buprenorphine, or Both After Chronic Treatment and Withdrawal in Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Methamphetamine (Meth) and Buprenorphine (BUP) modulate pain perception. However, the antinociceptive effects of their interactions, which affect through different systems, are unclear in rats. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of Meth, BUP, and their coadministration, as well as the effect of withdrawal from these substances on nociception in male rats. Methods: In this experiment, 40 male Wistar rats (weight: 250-300 g) were categorized into four groups: control, Meth, BUP, or BUP+Meth. After seven days of treatments, the antinociceptive effects were assessed using the hot plate and the tail flick tests. The differences among the groups were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests. P values less than 0.05 were considered significant. Results: Meth and BUP increased the reaction times during the hot plate and tail flick tests. The combination of Meth and BUP increased reaction time more than Meth or BUP alone.  Conclusion: The significantly high reaction times in rats treated with Meth and BUP indicate that these substances have antinociceptive effects. In addition, Meth enhanced the antinociceptive effects of BUP. These synergistic effects might occur through the dopaminergic, serotonergic, and or adrenergic systems.}, Keywords = {Methamphetamine, Buprenorphine, Pain, Hot plate, Tail flick, Interactions}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {313-322}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.4.290.5}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-964-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-964-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Torkaman-Boutorabi, Anahita and Seifi, Fereshteh and Akbarabadi, Ardeshir and Toolee, Heidar and Sadat-Shirazi, Mitra-Sadat and Vousooghi, Nasim and Zarrindast, Mohammad-Rez}, title = {Morphine Exposure and Enhanced Depression-like Behaviour Confronting Chronic Stress in Adult Male Offspring Rat}, abstract ={Introduction: Opioid addiction is an important concern in the World. Reports demonstrate that substance use disorder could influence genetic and environmental factors, and children of addicts have a higher rate of psychopathology. In this study, we investigated depression-like behavior among offspring of morphine-exposed rat parents.  Methods: Adult male and female Wistar rats received morphine for 21 consecutive days and then let them were free of drugs for ten days. Offspring of these rats were divided into three distinct groups: maternal morphine-exposed, paternal morphine-exposed, and both maternal and paternal morphine-exposed. We used sucrose preference and Forced Swim Test (FST) to measure depression-like behavior. Also, we induced chronic mild stress using repeated corticosterone injection and evaluated depression-like behavior in offspring of morphine-exposed parents compared with offspring of healthy ones.  Results: Results indicated that depression-like behaviors in the offspring of morphine-exposed rats were higher than those in the offspring of the control group in confronting with chronic mild stress. Additionally, mild chronic stress can produce an exaggerated effect on depression-like behavior in offspring of the morphine-exposed parent(s) compared with those of the control group.  Conclusion: Our data support the previous hypothesis that the depression rate is higher in the children of addicts. We verified that even when mother or father was clean of opioid in the time of gestation, their children would be susceptible to depression. Dysregulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and changing in neuronal features in the hippocampus increased depression-like behavior in the offspring of morphine-exposure parents.}, Keywords = {Depression, Chronic stress, Corticosterone, Morphine, Offspring }, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {323-332}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.155}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1021-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1021-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Jafaripoor, Mehrzad and Delaviz, Hamdollah and Torabi, Somayeh and Mohammadi, Jamshid and Gheitasi, Izadpanah}, title = {The Effect of Muscle Graft With Nerve Growth Factor and Laminin on Sciatic Nerve Repair in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Peripheral nerve injury is one of the most common damages that lead to physical disability. Considering the similarity between the coatings of skeletal muscles and nerve fibers, we conducted this research to determine the effect of muscle graft with Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) and Laminin (L) on nerve repair.  Methods: We cut a 10-mm length of the sciatic nerve from 42 female Wistar rats (Weight: 200±250 g) and equally divided the rats into three groups. In the muscle graft+NGF+laminin group, the degenerated skeletal muscle was sutured with proximal and distal ends of the transected sciatic nerve. Then, NGF (100 ng) and laminin (1.28 mg/mL) were injected into the muscle graft. In the muscle graft group, normal saline was injected into the muscle graft. In the control group, 10 mm of the sciatic nerve was removed without any treatment. Functional recovery was assessed based on Sciatic Functional Index (SFI). Also, tracing motor neurons and histological studies were performed to evaluate nerve repair. The obtained data were analyzed by ANOVA test.  Results: The Mean±SD SFI value significantly increased in the muscle graft+NGF+laminin (-76.6±2.9) and muscle graft (-82.1±3.5) groups 60 days after the injury compared to the control group. The Mean±SD number of labeled motor neurons significantly increased in the muscle graft+NGF+laminin (78.6±3.1) and muscle graft (61.3±6.1) groups compared to the control group (P<0.001). The mean number of myelinated axons in the distal segments of the muscle graft+NGF+laminin increased significantly compared to the muscle graft group. Conclusion: These findings suggest that muscle graft followed by NGF and laminin administration have therapeutic effects on nerve repair.}, Keywords = {Peripheral nerve, Muscle graft, Growth factor, Laminin, Rats}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {333-344}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.145}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-940-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-940-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Amin, Bahareh and Avaznia, Mahmoud and Noorani, Reihaneh and Mehri, Soghra and Hosseinzadeh, Hossei}, title = {Upregulation of Glutamate Transporter 1 by Clavulanic Acid Administration and Attenuation of Allodynia and Hyperalgesia in Neuropathic Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Clavulanic acid (CLAV) is structurally similar to ceftriaxone, a potent stimulator of glial GlutamateTransporter-1 (GLT-1) expression. The present study aims at exploring the anti-nociceptive effects of CLAV, a beta-lactamase inhibitor in rats underwent sciatic nerve Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI).  Methods: CLAV (12.5, 25, 50 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally after the surgery for 14 consecutive days. Behavioral pain parameters were evaluated before and 3, 5, 7, 10 and 14 days after injury. Spinal GLT-1 level was measured via western blotting at days 7 and 14.  Results: CCI led to mechanical allodynia, cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia which started on postoperative days 3 and continued until the end of study. We found that CLAV (12.5 and 25 mg/kg) significantly attenuated all pain related behaviors as compared to the CCI animals treated with normal saline. Protein level of GLT-1 was down-regulated on day 14 following CCI and this phenomenon was reversed by fourteen days treatment of CLAV at the low doses of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg.  Conclusion: These results suggest that CLAV might provide a new therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain and its effect might be partially associated with the up-regulation of GLT-1.}, Keywords = {Clavulanic Acid, Chronic constriction injury, Glutamate Transporter 1}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {345-354}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.4.799.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-747-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mehdizadeh, Maryam and Martinez-Martin, Pablo and Habibi, Seyed Amirhasan and Nikbakht, Negar and Alvandi, Faeze and Bazipoor, Parvane and Panahi, Ailin and Taghizadeh, Ghorb}, title = {The Association of Balance, Fear of Falling, and Daily Activities With Drug Phases and Severity of Disease in Patients With Parkinson}, abstract ={Introduction: In the elderly, functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in daily living activities are interrelated; however, this relationship may change under the influence of drug phase and the severity of disease in individuals with idiopathic Parkinson disease. This study aimed to investigate the association of functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in the Activities of Daily Living (ADL) with the drug on- and drug off-phases. Methods: A total of 140 patients with Parkinson disease (age: Mean±SD; 60.51±12.32 y) were evaluated in terms of their functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in their daily activities by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Fall Efficacy Scale-International (FES-I), and Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale-ADL (UPDRS-ADL), respectively, in drug on- and drug off-phases. The Hoehn and Yahr scale recorded global disease rating. The Spearman coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to find out whether the distribution of scale scores differs with regard to functional balance or disease severity. Results: A strong correlation was found between the functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in ADL with both drug phases. The results also showed the significant difference in the distribution of the FES-I and UPDRS-ADL scores with regard to functional balance (except independence in ADL in drug off-phase). Also, the distribution of the scores of BBS, FES-I, and UPDRS-ADL showed significant differences with regard to disease severity. Conclusion: The study showed a strong correlation between functional balance, fear of falling, and independence in ADL that can be affected by the drug phase and severity of the disease. However, more studies are needed to understand this relationship precisely.}, Keywords = {Postural balance, Fear, Activities of daily living, Parkinson disease}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {355-362}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.295}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1177-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1177-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Zamanian-Azodi, Mona and Rezaei-Tavirani, Mostafa and Robati, Reza Mahmou}, title = {Introducing Genes With Significant Role in Migraine: An Interactomic Approach}, abstract ={Introduction: Migraine is a severe kind of headache with the chance hereditary of 50%. Molecular studies can promote understanding of migraine pathophysiology. One of which is bioinformatics approach that could provide additional information related to the identified biomarkers.  Methods: In this research, migraine genes are studies in terms of interaction pattern to introduce important individuals. Through STRING database Plug-in in Cytoscape, candidate genes for migraine were retrieved and analyzed by related applications. Based on centrality and action types (expression, activation, and inhibition) genes were screened.   Results: Numbers of 33 central genes including seven hub-bottlenecks were identified which 70% of central genes were involved in expression action with each other. Activation was dominate action relative to inhibition between the central genes. Conclusion: The finding indicates that insulin is the most important gene relative to migraine. It seems regulation of metabolism play critical role in control of migraine. }, Keywords = {Migraine disorders, Protein interaction maps, Genes}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {363-372}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.4.363}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1351-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1351-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Azizbeigi, Ronak and Farzinpour, Zahra and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Role of Orexin-1 Receptor Within the Ventral Tegmental Area in Mediating Stress- and Morphine Priming-induced Reinstatement of Conditioned Place Preference in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Orexin-containing neurons exist in the lateral hypothalamic region, sending their projections toward mesolimbic regions such as the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA). Methods: In the current study, a Reinstatement model is used to examine the effects of intra-VTA administration of SB334867 as an Orexin-1 Receptor (OX1R) antagonist on drug priming- and Forced Swim Stress (FSS)-induced reinstatement of morphine. Eighty-eight male adult albino Wistar rats, weighing 200-280 g, were bilaterally implanted by cannulas into the VTA. We induced the Conditioned Place Preference (CPP) by Subcutaneous (SC) injection of morphine (5 mg/kg) daily in three days. Then, the CPP score was calculated. After a 24-h “off” period following achievement of extinction criterion, the rats were tested for drug priming-induced reinstatement by a priming dose of morphine (1 mg/kg, SC) and for FSS-induced reinstatement 10 min after FSS. In the next experiments, the animals received different doses of intra-VTA administration of SB334867 (0.3, 3, and 1 nM/0.3 µL 12% DMSO per side) and bilaterally were subsequently tested for FSS- and morphine priming-induced reinstatement. Results: Our findings indicated that the FSS could induce the reinstatement of seeking behaviors. Furthermore, intra-VTA administration of OX1R antagonists suppressed FSS- and drug priming-induced reinstatement dose-dependently. Conclusion: It is concluded that FSS and drug priming-induced reinstatement might be mediated, at least in part, by stimulation of orexin receptors in the VTA.}, Keywords = {Reward, Orexin system, Reinstatement, Ventral tegmental area, Forced swim stress, Conditioned place preference}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {373-382}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.130}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1107-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Langhnoja, Jaldeep and Mustak, Mohamme}, title = {Gamma-Radiation-Induced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Downregulation of WFS1, Nectin 3, and Sostdc1 Gene Expression in Mice Hippocampus}, abstract ={Introduction: Neurogenesis mainly occurs in the hippocampus that is sensitive to radiation. More histological changes are reported at higher doses of radiation, while low dose radiation causes cognitive dysfunction in adult mammals. In the present study, we tried to correlate the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress-mediated hippocampus dysfunction after whole-body gamma radiation of mice.  Methods: Mice were exposed to a series of gamma radiations, followed by isolation of hippocampus. To elucidate the gene expression profile, qPCR was performed for ER stress markers CHOP, BiP, and hippocampal specific genes WFS1, Nectin 3, and Sostdc 1 on the isolated hippocampus. Expression of CHOP and ERK½ were analyzed by western blot on exposure to gamma radiation.  Results: qPCR results showed a significant increase in the expression of ER stress-specific genes CHOP, BiP, and decrease in hippocampal specific genes WFS1, Nectin3, and Sostdc1. Western blot study suggests a significant increase in ER stress proteins like CHOP and ERK½ expression. Conclusion: Exposure to gamma radiation significantly increased the expression of ER-stress genes, suggesting that ER stress plays a major role in inducing radiation mediated dysfunction of the hippocampus. Also, significant downregulation of WFS1, Nectin3, and Sostdc1 genes suggests radiation mediated effect of hippocampal CA 1, CA 2, and CA 3 regions. A further significant increase of ERK½ shows involvement of the ERK pathway in mediating radiation-induced ER stress dysfunction in mice hippocampus. The present findings may lead to the identification of ER stress as a new marker to study radiation-induced neurodegenerative disorder.}, Keywords = {Gamma radiation, Hippocampus, Endoplasmic reticulum stress, Nectin 3}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {383-392}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.205}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1158-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1158-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {MeashackIjomone, Omamuyovwi and JoachimBiose, Ifechukwude}, title = {Effects of Dextromethorphan on Depressive- and Cognitive-Associated Behaviors: A Sexually Dimorphic Study}, abstract ={Introduction: We investigated the sexually dimorphic effects of Dextromethorphan (DM) on cognitive and depression-like behaviors as well as on hippocampal histology in rats following acute administration. Methods: Wistar rats of both sexes were treated with 25 or 50 mg/kg of DM for 7 days via intraperitoneal injection. At the end of the administration, behavioral studies were performed on the Tail Suspension Test (TST) for depressive-like behaviors and the Y-maze for cognitive behaviors. The rats’ brains were excised and processed for routine histological analysis.  Results: Our results showed that DM significantly increased (P<0.05) immobility time in the TST in male rats but not female ones, and decreased percentage alternation (P<0.001) on the Y-maze in both male and female rats. Histological analysis revealed no morphological changes in the hippocampus following DM treatment.  Conclusion: DM impairs cognitive functions in both male and female rats without histologic defects in the hippocampus. However, the induced depressive-like behaviors following DM administration may be sexually dependent.}, Keywords = {Dextromethorphan, Depression, Cognition, Hippocampus, Female, Male}, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {393-400}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.275}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1226-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1226-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {RezaeiTavirani, Mostafa and RezaeiTavirani, Sina and Zadeh-Esmaeel, Mohammad-Mahdi and Ahmadi, Nayeb Ali}, title = {Introducing Critical Pain-related Genes: A System Biology Approach}, abstract ={Introduction: Pain is valuable in diagnosis and also warning of the patients. Many molecular reagents are introduced which are related to pain. In this research, the pain-related genes are screened to identify the critical ones.  Methods: First, the pain-related genes were pulling out from the STRING database, and Cytoscape software was used to make the interactome unit. Then the central genes and their neighbors were analyzed. Finally, the genes were clustered, and the essential genes were introduced. Results: After analyzing 159 genes of the network, FOS, IL6, TNF, TAC1, IL8, and KNG1 were identified as the essential genes. Further analysis revealed that 88 genes are directly connected to the central genes. More resolution led to ignoring TNF and IL8 and considering SCN-alpha and PAICS as additional critical nodes.  Conclusion: Six critical genes related to pain were identified. They can be potentially considered as new drug targets. Further investigation is required to introduce the central genes as a pain killer.}, Keywords = {Drug, Database, Pain, Gene, Network }, volume = {10}, Number = {4}, pages = {401-408}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.310}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1328-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1328-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mehdizadehfar, Vida and Ghassemi, Farnaz and Fallah, Ali}, title = {Brain Connectivity Reflected in Electroencephalogram Coherence in Individuals With Autism: A Meta-analysis}, abstract ={Introduction: Many theories have been proposed about the etiology of autism. One is related to brain connectivity in patients with autism. Several studies have reported brain connectivity changes in autism disease. This study was performed on Electroencephalogram (EEG) studies that evaluated patients with autism, using functional brain connectivity, and compared them with typically-developing individuals. Methods: Three scientific databases of ScienceDirect, Medline (PubMed), and BioMed Central were systematically searched through their online search engines. Comprehensive Meta-analysis software analyzed the obtained data. Results: The systematic search led to 10 papers, in which EEG coherence was used to obtain the brain connectivity of people with autism. To determine the effect size, Cohen’s d parameter was used. In the first meta-analysis, the study of the maximum effect size was considered, and all significant effect sizes were evaluated in the second meta-analysis. The effect size was assessed using a random-effects model in both meta-analyses. The results of the first meta-analysis indicated that heterogeneity was not present among the studies (Q=13.345, P>0.1). The evaluation of all effect sizes in the second meta-analysis showed a significant lack of homogeneity among the studies (Q=56.984, P=0.0001). Conclusion: On the whole, autism was found to be related to neural connectivity, and the present research showed the difference in the EEG coherence of people with autism and healthy people. These conclusions require further studies with more extensive data, considering different brain regions, and novel analysis techniques for assessing brain connectivity.}, Keywords = {Autism spectrum disorder, Electroencephalography, Coherence, Meta-analysis}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {409-418}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.375}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1171-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1171-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sarveazad, Arash and Babahajian, Asrin and Amini, Naser and Shamseddin, Jebreil and Yousefifard, Mahmou}, title = {Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Fecal Incontinence: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis}, abstract ={Introduction: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the role of Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS) in the control of fecal incontinence (FI). Methods: Two independent reviewers extensively searched in the electronic databases of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, CINAHL, and Scopus for the studies published until the end of 2016. Only randomized clinical trials were included. The studied outcomes included FI episodes, FI score, resting pressure, squeezing pressure, and maximum tolerable pressure. The data were reported as Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval. Results: Five articles were included in the present study (249 patients under treatment with PTNS and 239 in the sham group). Analyses showed that PTNS led to a significant decrease in the number of FI episodes (SMD=-0.38; 95% CI: -0.67-0.10; P=0.009). Yet, it did not have an effect on FI score (SMD=0.13; 95% CI: -0.49-0.75; P=0.68), resting pressure (SMD=0.12; 95% CI: -0.14-0.37; P=0.67), squeezing pressure (SMD=-0.27; 95% CI: -1.03-0.50; P=0.50), and maximum tolerable pressure (SMD=-0.10; 95% CI: -0.40-0.24; P=0.52). Conclusion: Based on the results, it seems that the prescription of PTNS alone cannot significantly improve FI.}, Keywords = {Fecal incontinence, Tibial nerve, Electrical nerve stimulation, Tibial neuromodulation}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {419-432}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.290}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1173-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1173-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mollajani, Raheleh and Joghataei, Mohamad Taghi and Tehrani-doost, Mehdi}, title = {Bumetanide Therapeutic Effect in Children and Adolescents With Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Review Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is characterized by several impairments in communications and social interactions, as well as restricted interests or stereotyped behaviors. Interventions applied for this disorder are based on multi-modal approaches, including pharmacotherapy. No definitive cure or medication has been introduced so far; therefore, researchers still investigate potential drugs for treating ASD. One of the new medications introduced for this purpose is bumetanide. The present article aimed to review the efficacy of this drug on the core symptoms of ASD and its potential side effects.  Methods: We searched all papers reported on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and adverse effects of bumetanide on animal models and humans with ASD. The papers were extracted from the main databases of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus.  Results: The findings revealed that cortical neurons have high chloride ion (Cl−)i and excitatory actions of gamma-aminobutyric acid in the valproic acid animal model with ASD and mice with fragile X syndrome. Bumetanide, which has been introduced as a diuretic, is also a high-affinity-specific Na+-K+-Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1) antagonist that can reduce Cl− level. The results also indicate that bumetanide can attenuate behavioral features of autism in both animal and human models. Moreover, the studies showed that such medication could activate fusiform face area in individuals with ASD while viewing emotional faces. Also, recent findings suggest that a dose of 1 mg/d of this drug, taken twice daily, might be the best compromise between safety and efficacy. Conclusion: Recent studies provided some evidence that bumetanide can be a novel pharmacological agent in treating core symptoms of ASD. Future studies are required to confirm the efficacy of this medication in individuals with ASD.}, Keywords = {Bumetanide, Diuretics, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {433-442}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.380}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1286-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1286-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {SaberiMoghadam, Sohrab and SamsamiKhodadad, Farid and Khazaeinezhad, Vahi}, title = {An Algorithmic Model of Decision Making in the Human Brain}, abstract ={One of the interesting topics in neuroscience is problem solving and decision-making. In this area, everything gets more complicated when events occur sequentially. One of the practical methods for handling the complexity of brain function is to create an empirical model. Model Predictive Control (MPC) is known as a powerful mathematical-based tool often used in industrial environments. We proposed an MPC and its algorithm as a part of the functionalities of the brain to improve the performance of the decision-making process. It is well known that the decision-making process results from communication between the prefrontal cortex (working memory) and hippocampus (long-term memory). However, there are other regions of the brain that play essential roles in making decisions, but their exact mechanisms of action still are unknown. In this study, we modeled those mechanisms with MPC. We showed that MPC controls the stream of data between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in a closed-loop system to correct actions.}, Keywords = {Decision-making process, Model predictive control, Memory structure, Prefrontal cortex, Hippocampus}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {443-450}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.395}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1502-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1502-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Erfani, Soheila and Moghimi, Ali and Aboutaleb, Nahid and Khaksari, Mehdi}, title = {Protective Effects of Nucleobinding-2 After Cerebral Ischemia Via Modulating Bcl-2/Bax Ratio and Reducing Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein Expression}, abstract ={Introduction: Nucleobinding-2 (NUCB2) or nesfatin-1, a newly identified anorexigenic peptide, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Brain ischemia-reperfusion induces irreversible damages, especially in the hippocampus area. However, the therapeutic effects of NUCB2 have not been well investigated in cerebral ischemia. This study was designed for the first time to investigate the protective effects of NUCB2/Nesfatin-1 on the expression of apoptosis-related proteins and reactive astrogliosis level in the CA1 area of hippocampus in an experimental model of transient global cerebral ischemia. Methods: The male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into 4 groups (sham, NUCB2, ischemia-reperfusion, and ischemia-reperfusion+NUCB21) (n =7). The model of cerebral ischemia was prepared by common carotid arteries occlusion for 20 minutes. Nesfatin-1 (20 µg/kg) and saline (as a vehicle) were injected (intraperitoneally) at the beginning of the reperfusion period. The assessment of the protein expression levels was performed by immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical staining. Results: NUCB2 significantly reduced the Bax and GFAP protein levels in the CA1 area after ischemia (P<0.05). Also, NUCB2 increased Bcl-2 protein level (P<0.05). NUCB2 exerted protective effects against ischemic injury by the inhibition of astrocytes activation as an inflammatory response and decreased neuronal cell apoptosis. Conclusion: The present study provides the possible neuroprotective view of nesfatin-1 in the treatment of ischemia injury model in rat hippocampus.}, Keywords = {Nucleobinding-2 (NUCB2), Nesfatin-1, Apoptosis, Astrogliosis, Hippocampus, Ischemia}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {451-460}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.325}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1221-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1221-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Sadeghian, Azam and Fathollahi, aghoub and Javan, Mohammad and Shojaei, Amir and Kosarmadar, Nastaran and Rezaei, Mahmoud and Mirnajafi-Zadeh, Jav}, title = {Spatial Learning and Memory in Barnes Maze Test and Synaptic Potentiation in Schaffer Collateral-CA1 Synapses of Dorsal Hippocampus in Freely Moving Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Synaptic plasticity has been suggested as the primary physiological mechanism underlying memory formation. Many experimental approaches have been used to investigate whether the mechanisms underlying Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) are activated during learning. Nevertheless, little evidence states that hippocampal-dependent learning triggers synaptic plasticity. In this study, we investigated if learning and memory in the Barnes maze test are accompanied by the occurrence of LTP in Schaffer collateral to CA1 synapses in freely moving rats. Methods: The rats were implanted with a recording electrode in stratum radiatum and stimulating electrodes in Schaffer collaterals of the CA1 region in the dorsal hippocampus of the right hemisphere. Following the recovery period of at least 10 days, field potentials were recorded in freely moving animals before and after training them in Barnes maze as a hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory test. The slope of extracellular field Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (fEPSPs) was measured before and after the Barnes maze test. Results: The results showed that the fEPSP slope did not change after learning and memory in the Barnes maze test, and this spatial learning did not result in a change in synaptic potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. Conclusion: Spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze test are not accompanied by LTP induction in Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses.}, Keywords = {Synaptic plasticity, Hippocampus, Barnes maze test, Spatial memory}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {461-468}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.330}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2061-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2061-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Hosseini, Zahrasadat and Delpazirian, Roya and Mohajeri, Hosseini and HassaniAbharian, Peym}, title = {Psychometric Properties of the Persian Translation of Video Gaming Addiction Test}, abstract ={Introduction: The current study aims to measure the validity, reliability, and psychometric properties of the Persian translation of the Video Gaming Addiction Test (VAT). Methods: A total of 280 young men (14-20 years old) (Mean±SD age: 17.22±1.8 years), including excessive gamers and normal subjects, entered the study. They answered VAT, Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). The VAT was translated and then back-translated. For testing reliability, we used the Cronbach alpha, split-half method, and Guttman method. Also, convergent and discriminant validity were tested to examine the construct validity of the translated version of VAT. Results: The Cronbach alpha for the total scale was 0.81. Also, after splitting questions in half, the Cronbach alpha values for these halves were 0.71 and 0.69. Six Guttman lambdas were calculated with 0.75 minimum and 0.82 maximum, all showing good reliability of the test. Convergent validity was tested by testing the correlation between VAT and VAS. The Pearson correlation was fond 0.73, showing a strong relationship between the two factors (P<0.001). For testing discriminant validity, the association of VAT with CD-RISC was tested, showing no correlation between these scales (r=-0.157; P=0.09). Conclusion: The Persian translation of the VAT is valid and reliable, and it is appropriate for research and clinical use with acceptable properties, similar to the original version.}, Keywords = {Video gaming Addiction test, Reliability, Validity, Psychometric properties}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {469-474}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.345}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-992-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-992-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Rezaei, Mazaher and Azizian, Fardi}, title = {Neuropsychological Decomposing Stroop Interference Into Different Cognitive Monitoring: An Exploratory Factor Analysis}, abstract ={Introduction: There are two alternative explanations of the Stroop phenomenon. Several studies have revealed that the difference in performance on congruent and incongruent trials can arise from response interference. On the contrary, many authors have claimed that Stroop interference might occur at earlier processing stages related to semantic or conceptual encoding. The present study aims to determine the number and nature of the factors necessary to account for the multiple components of Stroop interference. Methods: The sample consisted of 247 undergraduate and postgraduate students. We employed the computerized version of the Stroop task adapted to the Iranian population. An exploratory principal components analysis was conducted on the correlations of 6 variables (reaction time under congruent and incongruent conditions, omission error under congruent and incongruent conditions, and commission error under congruent and incongruent conditions). Results: Two factors were extracted. The first factor may be semantic interference, and the second factor may be response interference. Conclusion: The findings of this research are consistent with the multiple-stage account, claiming that Stroop interference is because of both semantic and response interferences.}, Keywords = {Stroop, Stroop interference, Semantic interference, Response interference}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {475-484}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.265}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1012-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1012-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Grüßer, Linda and Blaumeiser-Debarry, Rosmarie and Rossaint, Rolf and Krings, Matthias and Kremer, Benedikt and Höllig, Anke and Coburn, Mark}, title = {A 6-step Approach to Gain Higher Quality Results From Organotypic Hippocampal Brain Slices in a Traumatic Brain Injury Model}, abstract ={Introduction: Organotypic Hippocampal Brain Slices (OHBS) provide an advantageous alternative to in vivo models to scrutinize Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). We followed a well-established TBI protocol, but noticed that several factors may influence the results in such a set-up. Here, we describe a structured approach to generate more comparable results and discuss why specific eligibility criteria should be applied. Methods: We defined necessary checkpoints and developed inclusion and exclusion criteria that take the observed variation in such a model into consideration. Objective measures include the identification and exclusion of pre-damaged slices and outliers. Six steps were outlined in this study. Results: A six-step approach to enhance comparability is proposed and summarized in a flowchart. We applied the suggested measures to data derived from our TBI-experiments examining the impact of three different interventions in 1459 OHBS. Our exemplary results show that through equal requirements set for all slices more precise findings are ensured. Conclusion: Results in a TBI experiment on OHBS should be analyzed critically as inhomogeneities may occur. In order to ensure more precise findings, a structured approach of comparing the results should be followed. Further research is recommended to confirm and further develop this framework.}, Keywords = {Organotypic hippocampal brain slices, In vitro model, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Propidium Iodide (PI), Eligibility, Framework}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {485-498}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.235}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1019-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1019-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mohsen, Samer and Mahmoudian, Saeid and Talbian, Saeed and Pourbakht, Akram}, title = {Correlation Analysis of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and Distress Network in Chronic Tinnitus: An EEG Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Tinnitus is a common disorder with a considerable amount of distress that affects the patient`s daily life. No objective tools were approved for measuring tinnitus distress. It can be estimated only by subjective scales and questionnaires, albeit, the Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have reported some alterations regarding tinnitus distress network. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and the recorded EEG data.  Methods: A total of 33 chronic tinnitus cases (9 females) with the mean age of 42.67 years were recruited. Their THI scores were collected, and a 3-minute EEG recorded with eye closed at resting-state. The correlation analysis was performed on THI scores and the current density in the selected Region of Interests (ROIs) concerning the distress network for the eight frequency bands. The patients grouped depending on the THI cutoff point of 56 into low and high THI groups, and then the groups were compared for source analysis and functional connectivity between ROIs using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography. Results: A significant positive correlation was seen between THI scores and the electrical activity in the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC), the prefrontal cortex, and the parahippocampus for an alpha band (P<0.05) and in the ACC for beta (P<0.01). Source analysis showed significant differences with increased activity in the high THI group for alpha, beta and gamma bands. Functional connectivity was also elevated in the high THI group between the ROIs in alpha and beta bands. Conclusion: THI can be a useful tool for measuring tinnitus distress, and it has a high correlation with EEG data.}, Keywords = {Tinnitus, Tinnitus-related distress, Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI), Correlation, Electroencephalography, Functional connectivity}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {499-514}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.215}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1111-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1111-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Alimohammadi, Iraj and Ahmadikanrash, Fakhradin and Abolaghasemi, Jamileh and Shahbazi, Ali and Afrazandehh, Hanieh and Rahmani, Kazem}, title = {Combined Effect of Noise and Smoking on the Cognitive Performance of Automotive Industry Workers}, abstract ={Introduction: Noise is an environmental stressor and can cause or exacerbate mental disorders, and affect the individual performance in certain conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of noise and smoking on the cognitive performance of the workers in the automotive industry. Methods: This research is a descriptive-analytical study with a cross-sectional design conducted on 300 workers randomly assigned into two groups of noise-exposed and nonexposed. They were examined using computerized tests, including the Tower of London test (TOL), Continuous Performance test (CPT), and Stroop test. The sound pressure levels were measured based on an 8-hour equal-loudness contour in each group according to ISO 9612 standard, using the Testo CEL-815 sound level meter. Results: The study of combined effects of noise and smoking on 12 CPT indicators using the 2-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicate that noise and smoking factors had a significant impact on the mean number of errors and correct responses in the third 50-stimuli stage, the mean number of errors and correct responses in the second 50-stimuli stage with P<0.001, P<0.001, P=0.012 and P<0.001 for smoking respectively, but only noise affected the other 7 indicators (P<0.001). Conclusion: Smoking and noise have negative impacts on concentration, attention, and cognitive processing speed, which can lead to an individual’s mistakes and delayed decision making at the workplace.}, Keywords = {Stroop test, Smoking, Noise, Occupational, Cognitive science}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {515-526}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.5.513}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1261-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1261-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {KamaliDolatabadi, Leila and Emamghoreishi, Masoumeh and Namavar, Mohammad Reza and BadeliSarkala, Hamze}, title = {Curcumin Effects on Memory Impairment and Restoration of Irregular Neuronal Distribution in the Hippocampal CA1 Region After Global Cerebral Ischemia in Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Global Cerebral Ischemia (GCI) causes neuronal damage with subsequent neurological and cognitive impairments. Curcumin has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties, which makes it a potential candidate for improving GCI-induced impairments. This study aimed to investigate the effects of curcumin on the neurological and memory deficits, as well as spatial neuronal distribution in the CA1 region after GCI in rats. Methods: 56 Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups of sham (n=14), control (n=14), curcumin 50 mg/kg (n=14), and curcumin 100 mg/kg (n=14). Each group was divided into the two subgroups of short-term (7 days) and long-term (28 days) treatment periods. The neurological severity score (NSS), passive avoidance task, and the traction test were performed at postoperative days of 0, 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The novel object recognition test and Voronoi tessellation were carried out on days 7 and 28 after GCI. Results: Curcumin 100 mg/kg significantly decreased neurological severity score on postoperative days of 7 and 28 compared with the control (P<0.001) and curcumin 50 mg/kg groups (P<0.05-P<0.001). Also, curcumin 100 mg/kg significantly increased step-through latency times on postoperative days of 3-28 and 14-28 compared with the control (P<0.05-P<0.001) and curcumin 50 mg/kg groups (P<0.01-P<0.001). Moreover, it increased the novelty preference index during the novel object recognition test in the 28-day treatment subgroup after GCI. Curcumin (100 mg/kg) could maintain the neuronal aggregation in the CA1 region after GCI at a level near to what is generally observed in normal rats. Conclusion: Curcumin could improve memory and neurological deficits and restore irregular neuronal distribution in the CA1 region after GCI in a time-dependent manner, and its higher dose was more effective than its lower dose. Curcumin may have beneficial effects on reducing brain complications after ischemia.}, Keywords = {Curcumin, Global cerebral ischemia, Memory, Neurological deficit, Tessellation, Brain, Rat}, volume = {10}, Number = {5}, pages = {527-540}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.365}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1144-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1144-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Chirumbolo, Salvatore}, title = {Is Mitochondria Biogenesis and Neuronal Loss Prevention in Rat Hippocampus Promoted by Apigenin?}, abstract ={In this Correspondence, a comment to a recent paper by Nikbakht et al., published in the latest ssu of this Journal is reported. The flavone apigenin can exert both its anti-oxidant potetial via the usual enzymatic ROS scavenging system and the mitochondria biogenesis via the PGC-1α/ TFAM/NRF-1 pathway. The very interesting paper by Nikbakht et al, may earn more insighful clues about the activity of apigenin in the prevention of the rat hippocampus neuronal loss caused by the Aβ25-35 injection.}, Keywords = {Rat, Apigenin, Neuronal loss, Mitochondria, Biogenesis, PGC-1alpha}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {541-544}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.6.541}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1437-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1437-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Amiri, Sara and Azadmaneshb, Kayhan and DehghanShasaltaneh, Marzieh and Khoshkholgh-Sima, Baharak and Naghdi, Nasser}, title = {Protein Kinase Cε in the Platelet and Hippocampal Tissue as a Diagnostic Biological Marker in Alzheimer Disease}, abstract ={Introduction: Alzheimer disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive loss of memory and other cognitive functions. Protein kinase Cε (PKCε) is an isoform that most effectively suppresses amyloid beta (Aβ) production and synaptic loss. Methods: In this study, spatial learning and memory for treated rats were evaluated by the Morris water maze test. The activity (total PKC), mRNA expression, and protein level of PKCε in the platelet and hippocampal tissue were evaluated using immunosorbent assay, real-time qPCR, and western blotting analysis, respectively.  Results: The traveled distance was significantly prolonged, and escape latency significantly increased in Aβ-treated groups. PKC activity assay showed that there was a remarkable difference between the Aβ-treated and sham-operated groups on days 10 and 30 in the hippocampus and also day 30 in platelet after the injection of Aβ. A significant effect in PKC activity was observed between days 0 and 10, days 0 and 30, as well as days 5 and 30. Aβ significantly downregulated the PKCε mRNA expression in the hippocampus of rats on day 30; however, no significant difference was observed in platelet. Western blot analysis demonstrated that Aβ significantly reduced PKCε protein expression in the hippocampus of treated groups on day 30.  Conclusion: The expression level of PKCε was downregulated following the injection of Aβ in the hippocampus, but no significant difference was observed between the AD and sham groups in platelet that may be due to the low concentration of PKCε or duration of Aβ exposure in the rat brain.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer disease, PKCε, Platelet, Hippocampus, Amyloid beta}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {545-556}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.80.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1376-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1376-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Nikbakht, Farnaz and Khadem, Yasaman and Haghani, Sobhan and Hoseininia, Hadiseh and Moeinsadat, Alireza and Hashemi, Paria and Jamali, Ni}, title = {Protective Role of Apigenin Against Aβ 25-35 Toxicity Via Inhibition of Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Release}, abstract ={Introduction: Cognitive dysfunction is the most common problem of patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). The pathological mechanism of cognitive impairment in AD may contribute to neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and alteration in neurotransmitters receptors. Mitochondrial synapses dysfunction due to the accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ) is one of the earliest pathological features of AD. The flavone apigenin has been reported to play some protective roles in AD through the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. This study aimed at investigating the effects of apigenin on spatial working memory and neural protection by restoring mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of caspase 9. Methods: Intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of Aβ 25-35 was used for AD modeling. Working memory was assessed 21 days later using the Y maze test. Neuronal loss was detected in the hilar area of the hippocampus using Nissl and Fluoro-jade B staining, whereas immunohistochemistry was used to illustrate cytochrome c positive cells and caspase 9. Results: The results revealed that apigenin significantly ameliorated spatial working memory. It also significantly reduced the number of degenerative neurons in the hilus area. Apigenin almost completely blocked the release of cytochrome c and caspase 9 in hilus. Conclusion: Apigenin may improve the spatial working memory deficits and neuronal degeneration through the amelioration of the mitochondrial dysfunction.}, Keywords = {Apigenin, Alzheimer, Memory, Cytochrome c}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {557-566}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.385}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1309-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1309-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Madadi, Soheila and Katebi, Majid and Eftekharzadeh, Mina and Mahdipour, Ahmad and Pourheydar, Bagher and Mehdizadeh, Mehdi}, title = {Partial Improvement of Spatial Memory Damages by Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation Following Trimethyltin Chloride Administration in the Rat CA1}, abstract ={Introduction: Trimethyltin Chloride (TMT) is a neurotoxin that can kill neurons in the nervous system and activate astrocytes. This neurotoxin mainly damages the hippocampal neurons. After TMT injection, behavioral changes such as aggression and hyperactivity have been reported in animals along with impaired spatial and learning memory. Hence, TMT is a suitable tool for an experimental model of neurodegeneration. The present study aims to determine the palliative effects of Bone Marrow-derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) on the hippocampi of rats damaged from TMT exposure. Methods: We assigned 28 male Wistar rats to the following groups: control, model, vehicle, and treatment. The groups received Intraperitoneal (IP) injections of 8 mg/kg TMT. After one week, stem cells were stereotactically injected into the CA1 of the right rats’ hippocampi. Spatial memory was determined by the Morris Water Maze (MWM) test 6 weeks after cell transplantation. Finally, the rats’ brains were perfused and stained by cresyl violet to determine the numbers of cells in the Cornus Ammonis (CA1) section of the hippocampus. We assessed the expressions of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and Neuronal-specific Nuclear (NeuN) proteins in the right hippocampus by Western blot. Results: The MWM test showed that the treatment group had significantly higher traveled distances in the target quarter compared with the model and vehicle groups (P<0.05). Based on the result of cell count (Nissl staining), the number of cells increased in the treatment group compared with the model and vehicle groups (P<0.05). Western blot results showed up-regulation of GFAP and NeuN proteins in the model, vehicle, and treatment groups compared with the control group.  Conclusion: Injection of BM-MSCs may lead to a behavioral and histological improvement in TMT-induced neurotoxicity by increasing the number of pyramidal neurons and improving memory.}, Keywords = {Trimethyltin Chloride (TMT), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), Hippocampus, Spatial Memory}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {567-578}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.90}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1172-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1172-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Kosari, Zahra and Dadashi, Mohsen and Maghbouli, Mahdi and Mostafavi, Hossi}, title = {Comparing the Effectiveness of Neurofeedback and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Sleep Quality of Patients With Migraine}, abstract ={Introduction: Migraine is considered one of the most common primary headache disorders. Migraine attacks may occur due to a lack of sleep. Furthermore, sleep is regarded as one of the smoothing factors of migraine pain. Patients with sleep disorders often suffer from headaches when they wake up compared with healthy individuals.  Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design and a 2-month follow-up. The samples included 20 migraine patients within the age range of 15 to 55 years who were selected as volunteers for treatment by the neurologists and psychiatrists during 2017. The initial evaluation was then conducted based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria and using the Ahvaz migraine questionnaire, and Pittsburgh sleep quality index. The patients were randomly assigned to two neurofeedback (n=10) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) (n=10) groups and evaluated three times. The obtained data were analyzed by the repeated measures ANCOVA and Chi-square test in SPSS.  Results: Based on the scores of both groups, no significant difference was observed between neurofeedback and tDCS groups. However, based on the results, neurofeedback decreased sleep latency, whereas tDCS increased sleep efficiency. Overall, these two treatments were effective in improving subjective sleep quality and sleep quality. Conclusion: Both neurofeedback and tDCS treatments could significantly enhance sleep quality of the patients in the posttest and 2-month follow-up. Given the effectiveness of both treatments, neurofeedback and tDCS are recommended to be used for improving the sleep status of patients with migraine. }, Keywords = {Neurofeedback, Migraine, Sleep, tDCS}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {579-588}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.6.651.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1432-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1432-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Narmashiri, Abdolvahed and Sohrabi, Ahmad and Hatami, Javad and Amirfakhraei, Azita and Haghighat, Shaniy}, title = {Investigating the Role of Brain Lateralization and Gender in Paranormal Beliefs}, abstract ={Introduction: Brain lateralization is associated with human behavior. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effects of brain lateralization on the scores of paranormal beliefs. Methods: The study population included 180 students of Sanandaj universities, Sanandaj City, Iran who were selected with convenience sampling method (100 left-brained males, 6 left-brained females, 56 both left- and right-brained males and 22 both left- and right-brained females). The research tools were the paranormal belief scale developed by Blackmore (1994), as well as the brain lateralization questionnaire (1985).  Results: The obtained findings suggested a significant difference between the left-brain and right-brained people in terms of paranormal beliefs. A significant difference was also found between the left-brained males and both left- and right-brained females in terms of paranormal beliefs.  Conclusion: The paranormal beliefs of the left-brained cases were different from both left- and right-brained subjects, which can be seen between the left-brained males and both left- and right-brained females. }, Keywords = {Brain lateralization, Paranormal beliefs, Gender}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {589-596}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.923.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-770-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-770-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Mohebbi, Mehrnaz and Mahmoudian, Saeid and Motevalian, Seyed Abbas and Janani, Leila and Farhadi, Mohammad and Daneshi, Ahm}, title = {Developing the Persian Version of Sensory Gating Inventory and Assessing Its Validity and Reliability}, abstract ={Introduction: Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI) measures behavioral aspects of Sensory Gating (SG), which filters irrelevant sensory inputs into the higher cortex. It modifies sensitivity to sensory stimuli. Abnormal SG leads to overloading of information in the brain and its subsequent dysfunction. Electrophysiological techniques cannot assess the behavioral aspects of SG. We aimed to design the Persian version of SGI with high validity and reliability. Methods: After a forward and then backward translation of the original SGI, we assessed the content validity and construct validity of the Persian version. A total of 405 participants filled the Persian version of SGI. To assess test-retest reliability, 100 participants filled the inventory again 7-10 days later. The content validity ratio and index, as well as confirmatory factor analysis, were computed, too. Finally, the Cronbach’s alpha, Cohen’s kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated.  Results: The content validity ratios of all items of the inventory were more than 60%, which means that they were necessary according to the experts’ opinions. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fitness of the 4-factor structure of the original Inventory. The test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were also high for the four subscales. The Cohen’s kappa coefficients revealed moderate to substantial level of agreement between the first and second scores for all items. Conclusion: The Persian version of SGI has good and acceptable psychometric properties. It can be used as a valid and reliable tool for studying behavioral aspects of SG in Persian speaking population.}, Keywords = {Sensory gating (SG), Questionnaire, Translation, Perceptual abnormalities}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {597-608}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.360}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1113-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1113-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Darabi, Shahram and Tiraihi, Taki and NazmBojnordi, Maryam and GhasemiHamidabadi, Hatef and Rezaei, Nourollah and Zahiri, Maria and Alizadeh, Rafieh}, title = {Trans-Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells Into Cholinergic-‎Like Neurons Via Nerve Growth Factor}, abstract ={Introduction: Cell therapy has been widely considered as a therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases and nervous system damage. Cholinergic neurons as one of the most important neurons that play a significant role in controlling emotions, mobility, and autonomic systems. In this study, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were differentiated into the cholinergic neurons by β-mercaptoethanol in the preinduction phase and also by the nerve growth factor (NGF) in the induction phase.  Methods: The hDPSCs were evaluated for CD73, CD31, CD34, and Oct-4. Concentration-time relationships for NGF were assessed by evaluating the viability rate of cells and the immune response to nestin, neurofilament 160, microtubule-associated protein-2, and choline acetyltransferase. Results: The hDPSCs had a negative response to CD34 and CD31. The optimal dose for the NGF was 50 ng/mL seven days after the induction when the highest percentage of expressing markers for the cholinergic neurons (ChAT) was detected. Conclusion: The results of this study provided a method for producing cholinergic neurons by hDPSCs, which can be used in cytotherapy for degenerative diseases of the nervous system and also spinal cord injury.}, Keywords = {Dental pulp, Stem cells, Cholinergic neurons, Differentiation, Nerve growth factor}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {609-618}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.10.6.609}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1354-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1354-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Shokrzadeh, Mohammad and Javanmard, Hashem and GolmohammadZadeh, Golpar and AsgarianOmran, Hossein and Modanlou, Mona and Yaghubi-Beklar, Saeed and Ataee, Rami}, title = {Evaluation of the Anti-apoptotic and Anti-cytotoxic Effect of Epicatechin Gallate and Edaravone on SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease affecting older individuals with signs of motor disability and cognitive impairment. Epicatechin (EC) and edaravone have neuroprotective effects most probably due to their antioxidant activity; however, a limited number of studies have considered their role in PD. This research aimed at investigating the neuroprotective effect of EC and edaravone in a neurotoxin-induced model of PD. Methods: An in vitro model of PD was made by subjecting SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to neurotoxin: 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) 100 µM/well. The cytoprotective effect of EC and edaravone in five concentrations on cell viability was tested using the MTT assay. The apoptotic assay was done by annexin V and propidium iodide method using flow cytometry. Results: According to the MTT assay analysis, EC and edaravone had protective effects against 6-OH DA-induced cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells that were much more significant for edaravone and also a relative synergistic effect between EC and edaravone was observed. The apoptotic analysis showed that edaravone alone could decrease early and late apoptosis, whereas EC diminished early apoptosis, but enhanced late apoptosis and necrosis. Besides, co-treatment of edaravone and EC had a synergistic effect on decreasing apoptosis and increasing cell viability.  Conclusion: The protective effect of edaravone on apoptosis and cytotoxicity was demonstrated clearly and EC had a synergistic effect with edaravone. }, Keywords = {Epicatechin, Edaravone, Apoptosis, SH-SY5Y, 6-OHDA, Neurodegenerative disorder, Parkinson disease, Neuroprotection}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {619-630}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.1159.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1079-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1079-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Mehrangiz and Ghazalian, Farshad and Ebrahim, Khosrow and Abednatanzi, Hossei}, title = {Altered Neural Response Induced by Central-Fatigue in the Cortical Area During High-intensity Interval Pedaling}, abstract ={Introduction: The central-governor model explains the mechanism of endurance exercise-induced central fatigue, but high-intensity exercise-induced central fatigue has not been investigated yet. This study aimed to research how central fatigue during high-intensity intermittent pedaling alters the neural response, which results in electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. Methods: We assessed neural response by measuring the alternation of brainwave spectral power during an intermittent high-intensity 60-minute exercise on an ergometer cycle. The cadences were changed every 10 minutes according to intermittent pattern altering (90-120-60-120-60-90 rpm). EEG was used to analyze altering brain function. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate (BL), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured after the change in cadences. Results: HR, BL, and RPE increased at a cadence of 120 rpm compared with 60 rpm on the ergometer cycle. The spectral power of EEG, according to cadence × brainwaves, significantly increased (P˂0.01) in the alpha and beta frequency ranges with a change in cadences between 60 rpm and 120 rpm. The spectral power of the EEG significantly increased (P˂0.01) over the whole frequency range from rest to warming (theta: 251%, alpha: 165%, beta: 145%) and significantly reduced in theta, alpha, and beta (theta: 176%, alpha: 142%, beta: 77%) (P≤0.01). Conclusion: High-intensity exercises (90 and 120 cadences) increased brain function, regardless of fatigue occurrence. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) led to altering the neural response. It would be required to investigate the usefulness of HIIT to treat some of the psychotic disorders. }, Keywords = {Electroencephalography, Central fatigue, High-intensity interval training}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {631-640}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.440}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1387-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1387-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} } @article{ author = {Eskandari, Zakaria and Dadashi, Mohsen and Mostafavi, Hossin and ArmaniKia, Alireza and Pirzeh, Rez}, title = {Comparing the Efficacy of Anodal, Cathodal, and Sham Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor and Psychological Symptoms in Opioid-addicted Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Addiction to opioids is a serious problem and concern in any nation today.  Unfortunately, the rate of taking these drugs and addiction to them has drastically increased. This research aimed at the study of the degree of the BDNF serum level, reducing depression, stress and also studied the diminishing the craving by means of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in opioid abusing patients. Method: The research method was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-post test administered on three groups. The statistical population included all addicted people to opioids in Zanjan. A sample of 30 patients was selected based on the DSM-5 diagnosing criteria through available sampling and then they were randomly placed into three groups of 10 people. After all the participants knowingly filled out the consent forms before performing an intervention, they were evaluated by ELISA technique to measure the serum level of BDNF, then a desires for drugs questionnaire (DDQ), depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS) were administered. Then, for 10 sessions of 20 minutes, tDCS for the three groups, namely Group A (L-DLPFC) anodal left/catodal right, group B( R-DLPFC) anodal right/cathodal left, and group C (sham-tDCS) were administered. After the treatment, all the participants were reevaluated and then the data were analyzed by Kolmogorov- Smirnov test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Bonfreoni test. Results: The results showed that stimulating the DLPFC led to a significant change in growing the level of BDNF (P= .031) and lowering the degree of depression (p= .018), anxiety (p= .001), stress (p= .012) and decreased the level of craving (p= .001) in opioid addicted patients. Moreover, the pair comparison indicated that group B showed a significant improvement versus group C. Conclusion: The findings of this research suggest that TDCS is an effective and a complementary treatment, beside the common treatments of opioid abusing patients.}, Keywords = {Transcranial direct current stimulation, Craving, Opioid, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Depression dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, Anxiety}, volume = {10}, Number = {6}, pages = {641-650}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/BCN.10.6.1710.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1431-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1431-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2019} }