@article{ author = {Rajizadeh, Mohammad Amin and Esmaeilpour, Khadijeh and Motamedy, Sina and MohtashamiBorzadaranb, Fatemeh and Sheibani, Vahi}, title = {Cognitive Impairments of Sleep-Deprived Ovariectomized (OVX) Female Rats by Voluntary Exercise}, abstract ={Introduction: Previous studies demonstrated that forced and voluntary exercise had ameliorative effects on behavioral tasks followed by Sleep Deprivation (SD) in intact female rats. The main goal of this research was evaluating the impact of voluntary exercise on cognitive functions while SD and ovariectomization is induced in female wistar rats. Methods: The rats were anesthesized combining dosage of ketamine and xylazine. Then, both ovaries were eliminated and 3 weeks after surgery the animals entered the study. The exercise protocol took 4 weeks of voluntary exercise in a wheel which was connected to home cage. For inducing a 72 hours deprivation the multiple platforms was applied. The cognitive functions were studied by exploiting the Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Novel object recognition tests. Anxiety was evaluated by open field test and corticostrone measurement was carried out by ELISA method. One-way and two-way ANOVA and repeated measures were utilized for data analysis and P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: We observed significant spatial and recognition learning and memory impairments in OVX sleep-deprived rats compared to the control group and voluntary exercise alleviated the SD-induced learning and memory defects. Conclusion: We concluded that voluntary exercise can improve cognitive impairments followed by SD in OVX female rats.}, Keywords = {Sleep Deprivation (SD), Voluntary exercise, Ovariectomized (OVX) female rat, Learning and memory, Anxiety-like behavior, Corticosterone}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {573-586}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.505}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1584-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1584-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Taherianfard, Mahnaz and Aalami, Somaye}, title = {Effects of Pretreatment With Ginseng Extract on Dopamine D2 Receptor Analgesi}, abstract ={Introduction: The ginseng extract is an herb that has been used for many purposes such as analgesic effect. Dopamine D2 receptors are involved in the regulation of pain in humans. Therefore, the present investigation aims to study how pretreatment with aqueous-alcoholic extract of ginseng can affect dopamine D2 receptors’ pain sensitivity. Methods: We used 45 adult male rats weighing 250±20 for this study. Animals were maintained in a standard condition at a temperature of 21°C-24°C. The experimental groups were as follows: 1. Sham 1 (intraperitoneal [IP] injection of normal saline); 2. Sham 2 (intracerebroventricular [ICV] injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid [ACSF]); 3. Experimental 1 (IP injection of ginseng extract); 4 and 5. Experimental groups 2 and 3 (IP injection of ginseng extract + bromocriptine 10 and 30 µg/rat by ICV injection); 6 and 7) experimental groups 4 and 5 (IP injection of ginseng extract + chlorpromazine 20 and 40 µg/rat by ICV injection). Ginseng extract 100 mg/kg/d was used for 7 days. Pain sensitivity test was done in all groups with the formalin test. Lateral ventricles of the rats were cannulated unilaterally by the stereotaxic procedure.  Results: Our data showed that ginseng (100 mg/kg/d) significantly (P<0.05) decreased pain sensitivity compared to the sham 1 group. Bromocriptine in two doses significantly decreased pain sensitivity compared to the sham 2 group. Chlorpromazine in high doses significantly increased pain sensitivity compared to the sham 2 group. Conclusion: The present results indicate that ginseng can modulate the D2 receptor of the dopamine system in the control of pain sensitivity in the formalin test. Because bromocriptine and ginseng have similar effects, it seems that they had synergistic effects. }, Keywords = {Ginseng, D2 agonist, D2 antagonist, Formalin test}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {587-594}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.425}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1278-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1278-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Karimian, Seyedeh Sara and Akbari, Mohammad Taghi and Sadr, Seyed Saeed and Javadi, Gholamrez}, title = {Association of Candidate Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Related to Candidate Genes in Patients With Schizophrenia}, abstract ={Introduction: Schizophrenia is a chronic heterogenic neurodevelopment disorder. Many genes interfere in the development of SCZ. All four genes, NrCAM, PRODH, ANK3, and ANKK1, which were evaluated in this study, were previously reported to be associated with Schizophrenia. The NrCAM contributes to creating cognitive deficiencies through the CAM’s signaling pathway. PRODH plays a vital role in creating SCZ negative symptoms through the signaling pathway of glutamatergic and NMDA receptors. ANK3 affects ion channel and molecular adhesion in Ranvier and initial segments of axons, leading to mental retardation, sleep disorder, and SCZ. ANKK1 encodes a protein kinase and was reported to be associated with alcohol addiction, Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and SCZ.  Methods: The subjects were selected from Schizophrenic patients referring to the Psychiatric Ward of Imam-Hussein Hospital and Schizophrenic Patients Support Institution (AHEBBA). 95 (30 Schizoaffective patients, 57 Paranoid patients, and 8 disorganized) patients were recruited as the subjects in the present case-control association study. 120 healthy subjects were recruited from the Tehran Medical Genetics Laboratory staff and a group of students from the Islamic Azad University of Science and Research in Tehran. The genotypes were determined with molecular genotyping techniques of PCR-RFLP, ARMS-PCR, and Cycle sequencing. Results were analyzed by the Chi-Square test using SPSS V. 24 and R, SNP STATE Package to investigate significant differences between cases and controls. Results: The incidence of schizophrenia was 68% and 32% among men and women, respectively. The evaluation of the allelic association between schizophrenia and all the candidate SNPs showed a significant association between NrCAM's SNP rs10235968 and SCZ (P=0.001). Haplotype T, T, C in rs10235968, rs6967368, rs3763463, respectively, within the NrCAM gene, showed significant association with schizophrenia disorder (P=0.0001).  Conclusion: No association was found between other candidate SNPs and SCZ among the subjects.}, Keywords = {Biomarkers, SNPs, NrCAM, PRODH, ANKK1, ANK3, Schizophrenia}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {595-608}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.470}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1212-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1212-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Omotoso, Gabriel Olaiya and Arietarhire, Leviticus Oghenevurinrin and Ukwubile, Ileje Inelo and Gbadamosi, Ismail Temitayo}, title = {The Protective Effect of Kolaviron on Molecular, Cellular, and Behavioral Characterization of Cerebellum in the Rat Model of Demyelinating Diseases}, abstract ={Introduction: This study aimed at assessing the protective mechanisms of Kolaviron (KV) on the cerebellum in a rat model of demyelination. Methods: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were used in the present study. They were randomly divided into 4 groups of 7 rats. Group A (control) received corn oil (0.5 mL/kg/d); group B received 0.2% Cuprizone (CPZ); group C was treated with 200 mg/kg/d of KV, and group D received 0.2% CPZ and 200 mg/kg/d KV for 6 weeks. CPZ powder was mixed with the regular diet while KV was dissolved in corn oil and administered orally. A behavioral test was conducted at the termination of the experiment. Thereafter, the animals were sacrificed and their brains were removed with the excision of the cerebellum. A part of the cerebelli underwent tissue processing with a series of 5 µm thick sections cut from paraffin blocks for histological and immunohistochemical assessment. Besides, the remaining cerebellar tissues were homogenized for the spectrophotometric assays of Oxidative Stress (OS) parameters. Results: The current research findings revealed minimal weight gain following CPZ treatment, but significant weight increase in KV-treated rats. CPZ treatment was associated with a reduction in the number of the line crossed, rearing frequency, rearing duration, center square entry, and center square duration; however, it increased the freezing time, i.e. significantly reversed in the KV-treated animals. Oxidative markers, such as Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and GPx were reduced in CPZ-treated rats with elevated MDA levels. However, these data were significantly reversed by the co-administration of CPZ and KV. At the tissue level, the cerebellar cortex was characterized by poorly defined layers, cryptic granules, as well as chromatolysis and pyknotic Purkinje cells with the evidence of hypertrophic astrogliosis. Conclusion: CPZ treatment significantly depressed locomotor and exploratory activities. Furthermore, it increased OS and cerebellar toxicity. However, KV intervention significantly enhanced behavioral functions and ameliorated CPZ-induced cerebellar degeneration. Moreover, it considerably regulated OS markers in the cerebellum of the rat model of demyelinating diseases.}, Keywords = {Demyelinating disease, Cerebellum, Cuprizone, Kolaviron, Oxidative stress}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {609-618}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.300}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1151-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1151-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {R.Bapat, Prachi and D.Shekhawat, Seema and A.Husain, Aliabbas and S.Dodkey, Renuka and F.Daginawala, Hatim and K.Singh, Lokendra and S.Kashyap, Rajpal}, title = {Diagnostic Challenges and Prospects Associated With Zoonotic Tuberculosis of Central Nervous System}, abstract ={Introduction: The diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) has remained a challenge due to its insidious onset and the failure of conventional diagnostic tests. The present study aimed to identify the mycobacterial pathogen in the CSF of patients with TBM and a poor prognosis. Methods: We retrospectively recruited 224 TBM and 34 non-TBM patients admitted to the Central India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, India, in 2014. The CSF samples of these patients were subjected to a duplex PCR assay for the species-specific identification of the causative pathogen. Results: M. bovis and infection with M.tuberculosis were detected in 7% (18) and 32.9% (85) of the patients, respectively. Moreover, 14% (36) of the study samples were culture positive; however, the mycobacterial pathogens could not be differentiated to the species level.  Conclusion: The present study findings emphasized the potentially vital importance of M. bovis identification for appropriate patient management. The obtained data also demonstrated the persistent significance of M. bovis, as a zoonotic pathogen.}, Keywords = {Duplex PCR, Mycobacterium Bovis, Tuberculous meningitis, Zoonoses}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {619-630}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.803.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-874-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-874-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Tabibkhooei, Alireza and Azar, Maziar and Alagha, Ahmad and Jahandideh, Javad and Ebrahimnia, Feyzollah}, title = {Investigating Effective Factors on Estimated Hemorrhage Intraoperative in Brain Meningioma Surgery}, abstract ={Introduction: The primary and definitive diagnosis of meningioma is based on histological assessment; however, employing imaging methods, like Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is very helpful to describe lesion’s characteristics. Accordingly, we decided to study the effect of imaging factors, like MRI data on the volume of hemorrhage (estimated blood loss) during meningioma surgery. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, retrospective, and analytical study. The eligible patients were those with meningioma who were candidates for surgery. A total of 40 patients with meningioma were selected and assessed. The preoperative imaging findings were recorded, then estimated blood loss during the surgery was determined Results: A reverse association was revealed between the degree of proximity to the nearest sinus and the rate of bleeding. Furthermore, the size of the mass was positively associated with the rate of bleeding; however, there was no significant correlation between the volume of bleeding and other parameters, including the degree of edema, the volume of mass, the site of the tumor in the brain, and the histological subtype of the tumor. The mean time of operation was strongly correlated with blood loss. The rate of bleeding was more expected in hypertensive versus normotensive patients. Conclusion: Bleeding in various volumes could be a frequent finding in intracranial meningioma surgery. Overall, tumor size, the duration of surgery, a history of hypertension, and distance to the nearest sinuses were the main determinants for the severity of hemorrhage in patients undergoing meningioma surgery.}, Keywords = {Hemorrhage, Meningioma, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Diagnosis}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {631-638}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.370}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1234-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1234-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Elhamiasl, Mina and Dehghani, Mohsen and Heidari, Mahmood and Khatibi, Ali}, title = {The Relationship Between Ruminating the Catastrophic Consequences of Bodily Changes and Positive Reappraisal and Practical Problem-Solving Strategies in Individuals With Illness Anxiety Disorder}, abstract ={Introduction: Cognitive emotion regulation is suggested to contribute to Illness Anxiety Disorder (IAD). Reappraisal and suppression are essential ER strategies with controversial data about their roles in IAD. Relevant studies are mostly limited to exploring these two strategies in individuals without such disorder. Therefore, we aimed to study the role of emotion regulation in the psychopathology of IAD by evaluating other ER strategies in illness-anxious individuals. Furthermore, we investigated the relationship between IAD and emotion regulation by targeting the role of interpretation bias for health-related information.  Methods: The study participants were 60 university students. They underwent a semi-structured clinical interview to assess the presence or absence of IAD symptoms (n=30/group). They completed a battery of questionnaires measuring IAD, emotion regulation, and interpretation bias. Results: The illness-anxious group applied significantly less reappraisal and refocus on planning and more rumination, catastrophizing, and acceptance strategies, compared to the controls. Besides, interpretation bias was positively correlated with rumination and catastrophizing; while its association with reappraisal and planning was negative. Conclusion: Both functional (e.g. reappraisal & planning) and dysfunctional strategies (e.g. rumination & catastrophizing) contributed to the psychopathology of IAD. The biased interpretation of bodily information could make individuals prone to ruminate about the catastrophic consequences of bodily changes; such conditions interrupt fostering more positive reappraisal or practical problem-solving strategies.}, Keywords = {Illness anxiety disorder, Emotion regulation, Interpretation bias, Catastrophizing, Bodily symptoms}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {639-648}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.240}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1188-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1188-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Mazhari, Shahrzad and Arjmand, Shokouh and EslamiShahrbabaki, Mahin and KarimiGhoughari, Elham}, title = {Comparing Copper Serum Level and Cognitive Functioning in Patients With Schizophrenia and Healthy Controls}, abstract ={Introduction: The altered serum profiles of several trace elements have been reported in Schizophrenia (SCZ). This study was designed to elucidate whether the serum levels of Copper (Cu) and Magnesium (Mg), the two essential trace elements which contribute to neurotransmitter transmission, are altered in patients with SCZ. We also investigated whether there is an interrelation between cognitive functioning and the serum levels of Cu and Mg. Methods: Sixty patients with SCZ and 30 healthy controls participated in this study. The patient group was divided into the following: i) early patients (n=35, ≤5 years of illness initiation), and ii) chronic patients (n=25, ≥5 years of illness duration). The serum levels of Cu and Mg were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy and ion-selective electrode potentiometry, respectively. To assess cognitive abilities, a Persian adaptation of the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS) was administered. Results: The present research results revealed significantly higher Cu serum levels in both patient groups [early patients (M=94.6), chronic patients (M=97.5)], compared to the controls (M=71.0) (P<0.001); however, no significant difference was observed among the study groups for Mg [patients with the recent onset (M=2.0), chronic patients (M=2.0), and controls (M=1.9)] P=0.1. While the serum Cu profile of healthy individuals revealed a negative correlation with working memory (r=-0.42, P=0.02), and executive functioning (r=-0.40, P=0.03), no significant correlation was observed between Cu serum levels of patients and BACS cognitive domains. Conclusion: findings suggested that the high Cu serum concentration might impact the cognitive decline in healthy individuals; however, no significant correlation was observed in the Patients; i.e. most likely because cognition is severely impaired in SCZ. Additional studies examining trace elements in drug-naïve patients with SCZ are required.}, Keywords = {Cognition, Copper, Magnesium, Schizophrenia, Trace elements, Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS)}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {649-658}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.11.5.2116.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1624-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1624-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Hassanati, Fatemeh and Ghoreishi, Zahra Sadat and Nilipour, Reza and Pourshahbaz, Abbas and Momenian, Mohamm}, title = {Lexical Access in Persian Speaking Children With and Without Specific Language Impairment}, abstract ={Introduction: Word retrieval problems are among the limitations observed in children with specific language impairment during the initial schooling years. These restrictions are predictive of reading problems and poor performance at school. Additionally, studies on lexical access in Persian speaking children are scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate and compare naming accuracy and latency in children with and without specific language impairment. Methods: Twenty 7-9-year-old children with specific language impairment and 20 age-matched peers were recruited as the study participants. They were requested to name the 128 black and white line-drawing pictures from a Persian picture naming set for children, as rapidly as possible. We compared the effects of psycholinguistic variables on naming latency in the explored children with and without specific language impairment. Results: Linear mixed-effects modeling presented an interaction between the research groups and the psycholinguistic variables. Significant main effects were found for name agreement (P≤0.00) and the age of acquisition (P=0.05) in children with typical language development; significant effects for name agreement (P≤0.00) and log frequency (P≤0.00) were revealed in children with specific language impairment.  Conclusion: The obtained models indicated that psycholinguistic factors could differently affect the naming latency in children with and without specific language impairment. Factors that may have accounted for the findings are discussed in this paper. }, Keywords = {Child, Data accuracy, Reaction time, Specific language impairment, Word processing}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {659-668}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.110}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1340-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1340-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Batouli, Seyed Amir Hossein and Saba, Valiallah}, title = {Larger Volume and Different Activation of the Brain in Response to Threat in Military Officers}, abstract ={Introduction: Military missions involve stressful and life-threatening situations; however, soldiers should have a healthy cognition on the battlefield despite their high-stress levels. This is an ability that should be gained during prior military training. Successful and influential training is suggested to be associated with structural and functional improvements of the brain. Methods: This study investigated the pattern of brain activation while observing videos relevant to life-threatening situations, in addition to brain structure. Accordingly, the obtained data were compared between 20 military members and 26 healthy controls. The study participants were all male, aged between 19 to 24 years, right-handed, studying BSc, and from the same socioeconomic status. Results: The obtained data presented a larger volume in a total number of 1103 voxels of the brain (in 5 brain areas) in the military group. Furthermore, the military group suggested higher brain activation in the visual processing areas of the brain when observing real combat videos; however, this increment was mostly in the areas associated with motor processing and executive functions in the controls. Conclusion: This study indicated that military training is associated with positive structural changes in the brain. Besides, it provided a different brain activation in response to stressful situations. These findings highlighted the importance of qualified military training.}, Keywords = {Brain, Cognition, Military personnel, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {669-686}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.11.5.352.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1279-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1279-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Momenabadi, Victoria and Kaveh, Mohammad Hossein and Nakhaee, Nouzar and KarimzadehShirazi, Kambiz and Sedighi, Behnaz and Tabatabaei, Seyyed Hamid Rez}, title = {Health Promoting Self-care Behaviors in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis in the Southeast of Iran: Developing a Model for Practice}, abstract ={Introduction: Promoting self-care practice, as a critical strategy for enhancing the quality of life in patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a challenging issue. This study aimed to propose a model of health-promoting self-care behaviors in MS patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 patients with MS, who had referred to the Hospital for Special Diseases in Kerman City, Iran, were chosen. The main data collection instruments were the multiple sclerosis knowledge questionnaire, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, multiple sclerosis self-efficacy scale, questionnaire of perceived barriers and benefits of self-care behaviors, social support, the health promotion lifestyle profile II, and resilience and sense of coherence scale. Data analysis was conducted in SPSS V. 22 and AMOS18 software. The Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was also used for further analysis of data Results: The model explained 82% of variance in Health-Promoting self-care Behavior (HPB). The results of the final model obtained from the SEM showed that self-efficacy (β=0.53, SE=0.04, P= 0.007), self-esteem (β=0.39, SE=0.04, P=0.005), social support (β=0.36, SE=0.04, P=0.009), sense of coherence (β=0.34, SE=0.07, P=0.006), resilience (β=0.33, SE=0.07, P=0.018), and perceived benefits (β=0.25, SE=0.05, P=0.009) had a positive and significant relationship with HPB. Conclusion: The self-care empowerment model in patients with MS presented in this study can be used as a framework for designing health promotion interventions to improve the quality of life of patients with MS.}, Keywords = {Self-care, Health promotion, Multiple Sclerosis, Structural equation model}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {687-700}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.11.5.1670.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1402-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1402-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} } @article{ author = {Khodakarami, Zeynab and Firoozabadi, Mohamm}, title = {Psychological, Neurophysiological, and Mental Factors Associated With Gamma-Enhancing Neurofeedback Success}, abstract ={Introduction: Regarding the neurofeedback training process, previous studies indicate that 10%-50% of subjects cannot gain control over their brain activity even after repeated training sessions. This study is conducted to overcome this problem by investigating inter-individual differences in neurofeedback learning to propose some predictors for the trainability of subjects. Methods: Eight healthy female students took part in 8 (electroencephalography) EEG neurofeedback training sessions for enhancing EEG gamma power at the Oz channel. We studied participants’ preexisting fluid intelligence and EEG frequency sub-bands’ power during 2-min eyes-closed rest and a cognitive task as psychological and neurophysiological factors, concerning neurofeedback learning performance. We also assessed the self-reports of participants about mental strategies used by them during neurofeedback to identify the most effective successful strategies. Results: The results revealed that a significant percentage of individuals (25% in this study) cannot learn how to control their brain gamma activity using neurofeedback. Our findings suggest that fluid intelligence, gamma power during a cognitive task, and alpha power at rest can predict gamma-enhancing neurofeedback performance of individuals. Based on our study, neurofeedback learning is a form of implicit learning. We also found that learning without a user’s mental efforts to find out successful mental strategies, in other words, unconscious learning, lead to more success in gamma-enhancing neurofeedback. Conclusion: Our results may improve gamma neurofeedback efficacy for further clinical usage and studies by giving insight about both non-trainable individuals and effective mental strategies.}, Keywords = {Neurofeedback, Brain-Computer Interface (BCI)-illiteracy, Performance prediction, Fluid intelligence, Mental strategies}, volume = {11}, Number = {5}, pages = {701-714}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.11.5.1878.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1511-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1511-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2020} }