@article{ author = {Ahmadian, nahid and Talebi, Mahnaz and Mahmoudi, Javad and sadigetegad, Saeed and Aghili, Alirez}, title = {Cerebrospinal Fluid Tau and Phosphotau As Biomarkers in Alzheimer\'s Disease Diagnosis}, abstract ={Dementia is a progressive disorder that leads to memory loss and cognition impairment and affects daily function. Alzheimer disease (AD) is the main cause of dementia that characterized by loss of memory and cognition. AD pathologically is demonstrated by neuronal atrophy, synapse loss and the unusual reposition of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) as senile plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau protein as neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Tau is a microtubule associated protein mostly expressed in neurons. Site-specific phosphorylation regulates Tau function. In AD, the six adult tau isoforms are unusually phosphorylated that cause to form the paired helical filament. The different conditions of tau phosphorylation eventuate from the function of specific kinases and phosphatases. In recent years some biomarkers such as phospho tau 181, 199 and 231 had been assessed in cerebrospinal fluid   (CSF) and blood and had been showed their elevation in AD. This article provides an overview of tau structure, functions, and its involvement in AD and its role as a CSF biomarker.  }, Keywords = {Alzheimer, Tau, Phospho tau, Dementia,CSF biomarker, NFT}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.9.10.445}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1145-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1145-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jaber, Hussain and Aljobouri, Hadeel and Kocak, Orhan and Algin, Oktay and Cankaya, Ilyas}, title = {VCfMRI: A Matlab Toolbox for Visualization and Conversion of fMRI Data Modalities}, abstract ={In this work, a novel conversion and visualization fMRI (VCfMRI) toolbox is proposed. The VCfMRI tool is enabled to read, write 3-D volume data (.dcm, .nii, .img, hdr and .mat format) as well as multi conversion operations between them are performed in the same package. In the current work, real fMRI data are used and all data are acquired by MRI scanner type Siemens/3T in National Magnetic Resonance Research Center (UMRAM)-Bilkent University. About 62 analyses functions have been implemented and incorporated in analysis about 7 GUI tools for multiple conversions of fMRI modalities, reading/writing and viewing in all fMRI data formats, visualizing 3-dimensional (sagittal, coronal and horizontal slices) statistical and non-statistical neuroimaging, thresholding and overlaying viewing. The presented package is a simple tool to address several issues that related to complexity in visualizing and conversion between multi-formats of fMRI data. This work enables the user to visualize and deals with fMRI data in an easy way especially for physicians, healthcare specialists and researchers whose faced challenges about how handling with these type of data.}, Keywords = {Analyze7.5 Data (img/hdr), DICOM, DICOM Conversion, fMRI, Neuroimaging, NIFTI}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1694.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1418-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1418-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yadolahi, Fariba and Roostaei, Mohsen and KhalkhaliZavieh, Minoo and Rahimi, Abas and Mehrpour, Masoud and AkbarzadehBaghban, Alirez}, title = {Combined Balance Training and tDCS Intervention for the Recovery of Postural Control Following Chronic Stroke: A Study Protocol for A Multi-Centre, Double Blind, Randomized Control Trial}, abstract ={Background: Stroke is one of the most debilitating diseases among the adults around the world which leads to persistent rehabilitation needs even at chronic stage. Achievement of good postural control is a critical requirement for daily activities which enhances quality of life in patients with stroke. There is increasing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may be considered as a promising adjunct technique to improve motor recovery after stroke. Evidence of augmented neuroplasticity after tDCS suggests that a paired rehabilitation followed by consecutive use of tDCS may optimize recovery outcomes. Although a few RCTs have been conducted on upper limbs rehabilitation in chronic stroke using tDCS, however no study focused on balance training in chronic stroke patients. This randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded clinical study aims to address brain stimulation targeting postural control using tDCS in chronic stroke. Methods: The study participants will be chronic ischemic stroke individuals with postural control impairments who meet no exclusion criteria. Active or sham anodal tDCS will delivered to lesioned leg motor cortex combined with balance training. Experimental group receive active anodal tDCS stimulation (2mA) for 20 min, daily for 5 days paired with balance training. Linear and nonlinear approaches will be used to analyse postural sway changes pre and post-intervention. Postural sway fluctuation, Functional balance assessment using Berg balance scale, Timed Up-and-Go Test will be compared in active and sham groups. Conclusions: This trial could have significant implications for balance rehabilitation after stroke in the ambulatory setting. If found to be effective, this novel approach may improve rehabilitation protocol in this population.}, Keywords = {tDCS, Chronic stroke, Motor cortex, Postural control, Complexity, Multiscale entropy}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1724.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1442-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1442-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rezayat, Ehsan and Shayanfar, Farzad and HajiNasrollah, Mostafa and Shakerian, Farideh and AbolghasemiDehaqani, Mohammad-Reza A. Dehaqani4}, title = {Custom-made Implants for Chronic in-vivo Electrophysiological Recording From Primate’s Brain Based on Reconstructed Skull Model}, abstract ={Background. In-vivo neural recordings from primates require to install implants on the skull of the animal. Despite some improvements, current routines still risk predisposition to infection and failure or impose constant discomfort by placing heaviness on the top of the head. New Methods. Using a custom-designed imaging adapter, MR and CT imaging of the head region were obtained. Then, based on reconstructed model of skull the implants were designed and constructed by CNC machine. During the surgical operation, the position of each implant was sketched on the skull and implants were slipped onto their predicted site and followed their sketched boundaries without any manual reshaping.  Results. We have performed this procedure on two monkeys. After surgery, location of implants has been verified by CT imaging. The recovery period was without significant complications with minimal infection. Comparison with Exiting methods.Our experiment showed that through the application of image-guided design, it is possible to better utilize the skull area to gain access to brain regions. At the same time, our method reduced the possibility of gap formation between implant and skull, open skin margins, and reduced the time and cost of operation which altogether results in a reduced overall chance of infection and failure and provides animal friendly operational surgery procedure. Conclusion.  Despite some improvements, more refinements of methodology are still required. Here, we propose and report an improvement for the design and installation of biocompatible implants in low cost providing access to at least three brain regions.}, Keywords = {Custom-made implant, Electrophysiology, Primate surgery}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.600.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1690-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1690-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Namjoo, Iman and AlaviNaeini, Amirmansour and Najafi, Mostafa and AghayeGhazvini, Mohammad Reza and Hasanzadeh, Akbar}, title = {The Association Between Dietary Antioxidants, Superoxide Dismutase Activity, and Serum Levels of Inflammatory Factors in Children With ADHD}, abstract ={Introduction: Recent studies have identified ADHD as an inflammatory condition with immunological and oxidative responses. Therefore, it is necessary to examine these factors in the patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the dietary intakes of antioxidants, SOD activity and the serum levels of inflammatory factors in children with ADHD. Materials and methods: This study was a retrospective case-control study with 64 ADHD children aged 6 to 13 years. The demographic questionnaire, FFQ, and Baecke physical activity questionnaire were used. SOD activity and the serum level of inflammatory factors (homocysteine, IL-6, and CRP) were measured in all patients. Based on the values obtained from CRP, 32 patients were included in the case group (CRP≥1 mg/L) and 32 patients in the control group (0≤CRP<1 mg/L). Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups as regards age, sex, weight, height, body mass index (BMI). In the case group, the mean SOD activity score (P=0.034), the physical activity score (P=0.04) and the zinc intake (P=0.02) and homocysteine levels were higher than they were in the control group (P=0.001). Among the variables in the presence of each other, the best predictors were homocysteine (OR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.082-1.670, P=0.029) and physical activity (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.761-0.952, P=0.022) respectively, and in the presence of these two variables, other variables were not significant predictors. Conclusion: The present study showed that the level of inflammatory factors in the case group was significantly higher than the control group.  Homocysteine and physical activity can predict the inflammatory status induced by CRP. Decreasing the antioxidant activity of SOD with increasing CRP levels, indicates oxidative stress associated with inflammation in these patients.}, Keywords = {Antioxidants, Inflammation, C-Reactive protein, ADHD, Child}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1489.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1835-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1835-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Motavalli, Ali and Mahmoudi, Javad and Majdi, Alireza and Sadigh-Eteghad, Saee}, title = {Ask and You Shall Receive: A closer look on unsolved consciousness issue}, abstract ={Although there are numerous views about the concept of consciousness, no consensus exists regarding the meaning. However, with the aid of the latest neuroscientific developments, the misleading obstacles related to consciousness have been removed. Over the last few decades, neuroscientific efforts in determining the function of the brain and merging these findings with philosophical theories, have brought a more comprehensive perception of the notion of consciousness. In addition to metaphysical/ontological views of consciousness e.g., higher-order theories, reflexive theories, and representationalist theories, there are some brain directed topics in this matter which include but not are limited to neural correlates of consciousness (NCC), brain loop connectivity, and lateralization. This narrative review sheds light on cultural and historical aspects of consciousness in old and middle ages and introduces some of the prominent philosophical discussions related to mind and body. Also, it illustrates the correlation of brain function with states of consciousness with a focus on the roles of function and connectivity.}, Keywords = {Consciousness, Mind, Philosophy, Neuroanatomy, Neurophysiology}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2308.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1681-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1681-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rezvani, Zahra and Khosrowabadi, Reza and Seyedebrahimi, Afrooz and Meftahi, Golam-Hossein and Hatef, Boshr}, title = {Alteration of Brain Functional Network and Cortisol Level During Induction and Release of Stress: An EEG Study in Young Male Adults}, abstract ={Acute stress in a long period of time could drastically influence one's behavioral and cognitive performances. Therefore,  it is important to control the stressful situation and release it after a stressful event. In this regard, understanding of brain mechanism of the stress release will help to introduce new practical approaches. In this study, we hypothesized that induction and release of stress will change the brain functional connectivity pattern. Therefore, by recruiting 20 healthy-subjects and exposing them to stressful events using the trier social stress paradigm, we aimed to investigate patterns of these changes. In a session consist of 23 minutes of psychological stress induction and 20 minutes of recovery, subjects' stress was scored by visual analogue scale (VAS). In addition, salivary cortisol level and EEG data of the subjects were also recorded. Subsequently, brain functional connectivity (FC) maps were calculated in a frequency-specific manner. Then, the effects of inducing and release of stress on the changes of VAS, cortisol level, and FC maps were assessed. Our results revealed that inter-hemispheric FCs of the right frontal regions with other regions of the brain decrease; while it increases at the left frontal regions during inducing of mental stress. Interestingly, the release of stress presented a recovery pattern of inter-hemispheric FCs and meaningful FC changes significantly correlate with changes in the cortisol level. our findings highlight important roles of bihemispheric associations in adaptation and coping with stressful conditions.}, Keywords = {Stress, Visual analogue scale, Cortisol, EEG, Functional connectivity.}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2525.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1764-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1764-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {SoltaniDehaghani, Narjes and Maess, Burkhard and Khosrowabadi, Reza and Zarei, Mojtaba and Braeutigam, Sve}, title = {Comparing Face and Object Processing in Perception and Recognition}, abstract ={Faces can be speedily processed, although they convey an immense amount of information. Hence, in psychophysiological experiments, human faces constitute very special stimuli! Numerous studies have investigated the electrophysiological correlates of face processing, showing the existence of multiple event-related components. Nevertheless, dissimilarities in various levels of processing are still controversial. In this present study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine how facial processing is different in perception and recognition from object processing and also determined 95% confidence interval for the onset and peak time of the effects we found. Our results confirm the face-selectivity for the M170 component, but not always for the M100 component. Additionally, we observed a unique speed pattern for the M170 component in perception and recognition both at the onset and the peak time.}, Keywords = {Face processing, magnetoencephalography, event related field}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2689.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1830-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1830-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Roohi, Nahid and Ahmadi, Mahboubeh and Fathollahi, Yaghoun and Shojaei, Amir and Mirnajafi-Zadeh, Jav}, title = {Comparing the Seizure-Induced Impairment of Short-Term Plasticity in Dorsal and Ventral Hippocampus in Kindled Mice}, abstract ={There are many differences among dorsal and ventral hippocampal neural circuits that affect the synaptic plasticity. In this study we compared the occurrence of short-term plasticity in the field excitatory post synaptic potentials (fEPSP) in dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 area following kindled seizures. Animals (male C57 B6/J mice, 12 weeks of age) were kindled by intraperitoneal injections of pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and fEPSPs were recorded from dorsal and ventral hippocampal slices. Short-term plasticity was evaluated by measuring fEPSP-slope and fEPSP-area following paired-pulse stimulation delivered at three inter-pulse intervals (20, 80 and 160 ms). Obtained results showed that in control slices fEPSP-slope was greater in ventral- compared to dorsal hippocampus, but there was no difference in fEPSP-area among two regions. In hippocampal slices of kindled animals, fEPSP-slope was similar in dorsal and ventral regions, but fEPSP-area was greater in ventral- compared to dorsal hippocampus. In addition, fEPSP-area was greater in kindled compared to control group only in ventral hippocampus. PTZ kindled slices showed impaired short-term facilitation and the paired-pulse index was reduced only at dorsal hippocampal slices. Kindling had no significant effect on paired-pulse ratio in ventral hippocampal slices. Our findings indicated that the seizure occurrence affected the neural activity of hippocampus in a regional dependent manner. Although kindling increased fEPSP-area in ventral hippocampus, kindling-induced changes in short-term synaptic plasticity was significant only in dorsal hippocampal slices compared to control group. The difference in the responses of hippocampal dorsal and ventral poles has to be considered in the future researches.}, Keywords = {Seizure, Hippocampus, Paired-pulse index, Synaptic plasticity, Kindling}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1854.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1796-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1796-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mansouri, Vahid and RezaieeTavirani, Mostafa and Okhovatian, Farsh}, title = {The Network Analysis of Peripheral Diabetic Neuropathy Involved Genes}, abstract ={Aim: Screening of candidate genes related to sural nerve diabetic neuropathy to find the critical ones is the aim of this study. Back Ground: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease causes by insulin uptake or deficiency. Side effects of diabetes are numerous according to severity of disease. Diabetes could harm the peripheral nerves with chronic pain, lead to nerve damage entitled diabetic neuropathy (DN). Signs and symptoms of DN are sharp pains, numbness, and tangling. Many patterns of nerve injuries could happen during DN but distal symmetric polyneuropathy (DSP) is most common. On the other hand, network analysis is a useful tool to assess incidences and progression of diseases. Methods: Expression of different genes in diabetic patients with and without progressive neuropathy of surreal nerve (GSE24290) is considered as including data. GEO2R was applied to first step analysis to find the significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs).  The queried significant DEGs plus 100 first neighbors were included in a network by Cytoscape software. The network was analyzed by Network analyzed application of Cytoscape and the central nodes were determined. Results: The total 26 significant DEGs plus 100 first neighbors were interacted to form the network. INS, ALB, AKT1, APP, SNAP25, NEFL, GFAP, IL6, NEFM, TNF, MAPT, GAP43, and MBP were identified as 13 hubs of the network. NEFL and NEFM were highlighted as the queried hub genes. Insulin as the top hub node was determined among all interacted genes (the queried and added genes). Conclusions: INS, NEFL, and NEFM are key genes in DN which are involve in metabolism regulation and intra cellular transportation into axons and denderites respectively.}, Keywords = {Neuropathic diabetes, Network analysis, Metabolism, Intracellular transport}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.946.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1945-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1945-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jain, Raka and Raghav, Rahul and Waseem, Mohd. and Jabin, Azhar and Jhanjee, Sonali}, title = {Effect of Hydro-Alcoholic Root Extract of Delphinium Denudatum Wall on Mecamylamine-Precipitated Nicotine-Withdrawal And Corticosterone Levels in Rats}, abstract ={This study evaluates the effects of hydro-alcoholic root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall (Jadwar, family; Ranunculaceae) for its ability to attenuate the nicotine-withdrawal in nicotine-dependent rats.  The physical dependence on nicotine was induced in male adult Wistar albino rats (175-250 g)   by subcutaneous implantation of Alzet mini osmotic pumps which supplied nicotine at 9.0mg/kg/day, while control rats received saline via osmotic pumps. For seven days four separate test doses of hydro-alcoholic root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall (200, 400, 800, 1600 mg/kg) were given orally.  On the 7th  day, a mecamylamine injection (1 mg/kg, s.c.) was given to precipitate nicotine-withdrawal. The global  Gellert’s–Holtzman rating scale was used to rate somatic signs of withdrawal for 15 minutes, followed by a measurement of motor activity.  Drug Bupropion was used as a positive control. Serum levels of nicotine (cotinine) and corticosterone were done by ELISA.  In nicotine-dependent rats, oral administration of Delphinium denudatum Wall root extract suppressed the hyper-locomotion and decreased the corticosterone levels at all dosages.  Higher doses (800 and 1600 mg/kg) of extract,   significantly attenuated nicotine withdrawal whereas,  lower doses (200 and 400 mg/kg) had no significant effect. These results suggest that hydro-alcoholic root extract of Delphinium denudatum Wall may prove to be a potential therapeutic agent to attenuate nicotine dependence and facilitate tobacco smoking cessation.}, Keywords = {Delphinium denudatum Wall, Nicotine, Hydro-alcoholic, Withdrawal, Bupropion, Mecamylamine}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2559.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1790-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1790-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Manorenj, Sandhya and Jawalkar, Srikant}, title = {Clinical Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Dual versus Single antiplatelet therapy in Acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease with Lacunar Stroke in Indian Patients.One year prospective study with outcome assessed at 90 days}, abstract ={Introduction & Background: Lacunar stroke, comprising 18% of Ischemic stroke, is the second most common subtype of stroke in India. Available data on the effect of dual antiplatelets treatment with aspirin plus clopidogrel vs single antiplatelet therapy with aspirin alone and their doses in Lacunar stroke happens to be very limited.   Aim: The aim of our study was to decipher the efficacy, safety & tolerability of dual versus single antiplatelet therapy in the treatment of patients with recent occurrence of lacunar stroke. Materials& Methods: It was a prospective, single centre study conducted at the Department of Neurology. Patients with recent occurrence of Lacunar stroke were randomly divided into 4 groups to receive Aspirin 150 mg (Group1), Aspirin 150 mg plus clopidogrel 75 mg (Group 2), aspirin 75mg plus clopidogrel 75 mg (Group 3), and aspirin 75 mg (Group 4) once daily and were closely monitored for 90 days. Results: 360 patients were recruited and followed for 90 days. Mean age of the patients was 57.8 ±14.1 years. 188 patients (52.2%) were males. Recurrence of Ischemic stroke occurred highest in group 4 (22%) with no recurrence in group 2 .Comparisons of recurrence of Ischemic stroke between group 1 and group 4 (95% CI: 2.6829% to 31.73551%) and between group 3 and group 4 (95% CI: 3.9439% to 32.1542%) showed a statistically significant value <0.05. Haemorrhagic events occurred among recipients on dual antiplatelets therapy. Conclusions: Efficacy wise, Group 2 with 150 mg aspirin plus 75 mg clopidogrel, was found superior to other groups in the prevention of Lacunar stroke. Groups with dual antiplatelet therapy manifested a worrisome thread of bleeding events.}, Keywords = {Lacunar stroke, Hyderabad, Antiplatelets, Doses}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.12.4.2973.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1972-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1972-en.docx}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Aliyari, Hamed and Sahraei, Hedayat and Menhaj, Mohammad Bagher and Kazemi, Masoomeh and Vahidi, Behrooz and Hosseinian, Seyed Hossei}, title = {Environmental Effect of HV Towers at the Cerebellum and Cognitive Impairments in the Monkey}, abstract ={Today, living or working of people in the vicinity and even under the high-voltage lines is a pernicious environmental hazard to humans. The male rhesus monkey is used to investigate the effects of fields produced by high-voltage towers. In this study, the function and level of effect in rhesus monkeys' brain have been investigated in cerebellum's cognitive, biological and structural perspective. Two monkeys have been used, one as a control and the second under test. The monkey under test was subjected to a simulated HV electrical field of 3 kV/m for 4 hours a day for a one month. Behavioral tests were performed using a device designed and built for this purpose. Concentration analysis of adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) and inspection of glucocorticoid receptor gene's (GR) expression were performed by the RT-PCR method. Changes in cerebellar anatomy with MRI images were examined. All tests were performed before and after the test period and were compared with the control monkey. Cognitive tests showed a significant reduction for the monkey that was exposed to a high-voltage electrical field in the first week after field imposition compared with the same time before. Also, the expression of the GR gene was decreased and the concentration of ACTH hormone in plasma was increased. Surveying the level of cerebral MRI images did not show any difference, but hemorrhage was evident in a part of the cerebellum. The results of cognitive, biological and MRI tests in the tested monkey showed a decrease in the visual learning and memory indices.}, Keywords = {Cerebellum, Visual Learning, Visual Memory, Rhesus Monkey, High-voltage Towers, Electrical Field.}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.1340.5}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2048-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2048-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {ZareiHajiabadi, Fatemeh and Aghamollaii, Vajiheh and Ghaeli, Padideh and Mohammadi, Abolfazl and Chaibakhsh, Samira and Khajepour, S}, title = {Effects of Pyridoxine on Preventing Behavioral Disturbances Induced by Levetiracetam in Adult Patients with Seizure Disorders}, abstract ={Objective: Behavioral disorder is known as one of the most common side effects of levetiracetam (LEV). Previous studies in children and adolescents have noted the potential positive effects of pyridoxine in preventing these disorders. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) is a water-soluble vitamin playing a pivotal role as a co-factor in regulating more than 100 enzymatic reactions such as GABA and serotonin synthesis and catabolism. This study aims at investigating the effects of pyridoxine on behavioral disorders, including depression, anxiety, and stress caused by levetiracetam. Method: A total of 38 patients who were prescribed levetiracetam by a neurologist were enrolled in the study following taking informed consent. They were randomly divided into two groups. A group of 19 people received pyridoxine 40 mg twice daily in the first two weeks and 40 mg 3 times per day for the next two weeks known as the intervention group. The remaining patients were taking only levetiracetam known as the control group. DASS 21 questionnaire was used to measure levetiracetam induced depression, anxiety, and stress at weeks 0 and 4. Results: In this study, 19 patients received LEV in different doses, and 19 received LEV plus pyridoxine 40 mg twice daily for 2 weeks following a 40 mg three times daily for two more weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment with both LEV and LEV plus pyridoxine, the results revealed that two treatments equally induced the LEV induced symptoms. After 4 weeks of treatment, the results of this study did not show any significant differences between the intervention and control group. Conclusion: This study suggests that pyridoxine may not be effective in preventing depression, anxiety, and stress-induced by levetiracetam in adult patients who are suffering from seizure disorders and are on levetiracetam.}, Keywords = {Pyridoxine, Vitamin B6, Levetiracetam, Depression, Anxiety, Stress}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2503.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1808-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1808-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Agrawal, Megha and Rajaram, Sowmya and Kumar, Girij}, title = {Internet Addiction and Psychological Health in Adolescent Indian Medical Students- A Cross Sectional Study}, abstract ={Background: With the inclusion of Internet in daily lifestyle, it has become crucial to explore its purpose, effects on mental health and to understand the implications. As adolescence is a vulnerable age group, this study has taken Indian medical students in late adolescence to understand how Internet impacts their lives. Objectives: 1. To explore the severity of problematic Internet use ‘PIU’ in Indian medical students. 2.         To assess its effects on psychological health and loneliness. 3.         To correlate problematic Internet use with the purpose of use.  Materials And Methods:185 first MBBS students of BMCRI (Mean age- 18.075 years) were administered 4 questionnaires- Young’s Internet Addiction test, UCLA loneliness questionnaire (Version 3), General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and a self administered questionnaire to assess purpose of Internet usage. Results: Out of 185 students, 67 were average users who showed control over their use of Internet and 118 had PIU (113 with frequent, 5 with significant problems). Significant positive correlation was found between PIU and psychological morbidity (r=0.3442, p<0.0001) as well as loneliness (r=0.2045, p= 0.0051). Daily average use of Internet was mostly for social media (51.2%) followed by academics (20%), others (20%) and gaming (8.2%). PIU was significantly positively correlated to social media usage (r=0.2666, p= 0.0002) as well as negatively correlated to academics (r= -0.372, p<0.0001). Conclusion: In our study, PIU was positively correlated to poor psychological health, loneliness and use for social media. It showed negative correlation with academics. This may suggest that PIU is linked to psychosocial implications. It may be worthwhile correlating purpose of use with severity of PIU. Social media seems to be of importance in India as opposed to China, where gaming is the major concern. As some activities could be more addictive than others leading to dysfunctional lifestyle, Internet use must be regulated and used judiciously.}, Keywords = {Problematic Internet Use, Internet Addiction, Social Media, Indian Medical Students, Adolescence}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3295.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2127-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2127-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Soleymani, Mohamad B. and Sangchooli, Arshiya and Ebrahimpoor, Mitra and Najafi, Mohamad A. and VosoughiVahdat, Bijan and Shahbabaie, Alireza and Oghabian, Mohammad Ali and Ekhtiari, Hame}, title = {Temporal Dynamics of the Neural Response to Drug Cues: An fMRI Study among Methamphetamine Users}, abstract ={Objective: Cue-induced craving is central to addictive disorders. Most cue-reactivity fMRI studies are analysed statically and report averaged signals, disregarding the dynamic nature of craving and task fatigue. Methods: Thirty-two early abstinent methamphetamine users underwent fMRI-scanning while viewing visual methamphetamine cues. A Craving>Neutral contrast was obtained in regions of interest. To explore changes over time, the pre-processed signal was divided into three intervals. Contrast estimates were calculated within each interval, and were compared using ANOVA followed by post hoc t-tests. The results were compared with those from a static analysis across all blocks. Results: A priori expected activations in the prefrontal cortex, insula and striatum not detected by static analysis were discovered by the dynamic analysis. Post hoc tests revealed distinct temporal activation patterns in several regions. Most showed rapid activation (including both ventral/dorsal striata and most regions in the prefrontal, insular and cingulate cortices) whereas some had delayed activation (the right anterior insula, left middle frontal gyrus, and left dorsal anterior cingulate cortex). Conclusions: This study provides preliminary insights into the temporal dynamicity of cue-reactivity, and the potential of a conventional blocked-design task to consider it using a simple dynamic analysis. We highlight regional activations that were only uncovered by a dynamic analysis, and discuss the interesting and theoretically expected early versus late regional activation patterns. Rapidly activated regions are mostly those involved in the earlier stages of cue-reactivity, while regions with later activation participate in cognitive functions relevant later, such as reappraisal, interoception and executive control.}, Keywords = {Cue reactivity, Addiction, Methamphetamine, fMRI, Craving}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3126.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2035-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2035-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ganasyam, Shilpa Reddy and Namilakonda, Manaswini and Madireddy, Sujatha and Ananthapur, Venkateshwari and Buragadda, Srinadh and Tella, Sunith}, title = {Study of KIAA0319, DYXIC1 and DCDC2 Gene Polymorphisms in Children with Dyslexia in Indian Population}, abstract ={Background: Dyslexia is a typical learning disability that does not affect intelligence but causes problems with reading, writing, and spelling. It is influenced by certain genes, due to which several researchers have attempted to identify the susceptible gene. Dyslexia is incurable and diagnosis is difficult because it always overlaps with other learning disabilities. Hence, timely assessment and intervention consequently give the best results. Therefore, our aim was to find the relation between dyslexia and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in several candidate genes like DYX1C1, KIAA0319, and DCDC2 in Indian population. Methods: In the present study, 103 individuals with dyslexia and 100 controls in the age group between 6 to 15 years were taken. Thirteen SNPs in the KIAA gene, seven SNPs of DCDC2, and three SNPs of the DYX1C1 gene were analysed by the Mass Array technique. Results: The association of dyslexia with SNPs rs3756821, rs6935076, rs4576240 of the KIAA gene was found significant. A significant association was found with rs600753 of the DYX1C1 gene and dyslexia and we could not find any association of the DCDC2 gene with dyslexia. Conclusions: Prerequisite genetic analysis is necessary for the diagnosis of dyslexia as it is a crucial educational barrier. Treatment is known to be most effective if dyslexia is identified in the early stages for effective intervention for children before they experience prolonged reading failure. Further, it helps in prenatal diagnosis for early intervention.}, Keywords = {Dyslexia, DCDC2, DYX1C1, KIAA gene, SNP}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3258.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2104-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2104-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zeinali, Marjan and AlmasiDooghaee, Mostafa and Ziaee, Mahsa and HaghiAshtiani, Bahram}, title = {Evaluation of Relationship Between Laboratory, Electrodiagnostic, and Functional Parameters in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis; A Cross Sectional Study}, abstract ={Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult-onset motor neuron disease which leads to limb and/or bulbar muscle degeneration with a poor prognosis. Several demographic and biological factors have prognostic importance, but little data exist on the relationship between clinical, electrodiagnostic, and laboratory markers as predictors of disease progression. We aimed to assess the relationships between different aspects of clinical, electrodiagnostic, and laboratory features of ALS patients with their level of functioning. Methods: We included 27 patients with ALS who were diagnosed within two years before enrolment. Clinical assessment and electrodiagnostic studies were done by a neurology resident. The motor unit number index (MUNIX) and compound motor action potential (CMAP) were used as measures of motor unit loss. Serum creatinine, urea, Albumin, and creatine kinase were measured as laboratory markers. We used the Persian version of ALS functional rating scale (ALS-FRS) as the main outcome measure. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to test for correlations. Results: None of the demographic or laboratory parameters correlated with ALS-FRS. Patients with the onset of disease in the limbs had a higher MUNIX score compared to patients with a bulbar onset. Also, increased body mass index was associated with lower CMAP and MUNIX scores (p-value:0.02). Higher serum creatinine levels were significantly associated with higher lower limb MUNIX (p value:0.04). Higher lower limb MUNIX was in turn associated with higher lower limb functional score (ALS-FRS). Conclusion: Decreased serum creatinine may possibly be an indicator of lower limb motor unit loss in patients with ALS. Also, MUNIX scores may be used as surrogates for ALS-FRS in ALS trials. Further research is needed to elucidate the clinical application of these findings.}, Keywords = {ALS-FRS, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, MUNIX}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3423.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2178-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2178-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Esmaeili, Sahar and Taremian, Farhad and Rezaei, Mazaher and Vousooghi, Nasim and Mostafavi, Hosei}, title = {Comparison of the Efficacy of Matrix Therapy, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, and Cognitive Rehabilitation in Attention Bias Modification and Craving Reduction in Stimulant Drug Users}, abstract ={Introduction: Previous studies have shown that Matrix, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and cognitive modification treatments could lead to numerous psychological improvements in patients suffering from substance use disorders. Previous research has shown that other therapeutic interventions could be useful in managing stimulant abuse in addition to Matrix treatment The present study aimed at comparison of the effectiveness of matrix therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation and cognitive rehabilitation treatments in attention bias modification and craving reduction in amphetamine drug users. Methods: This study was quasi-experimental with pretest-posttest and three-month follow-up. Forty subjects taking amphetamine were selected by convenient sampling method and were randomly divided into three groups, including the matrix therapy, cognitive rehabilitation and rTMS as intervention groups and control groups (10 subjects in each group). The matrix group received 24 treatment sessions, 3 sessions per week and cognitive rehabilitation group recivied 15  treatment sessions (3 sessions per week). The group with rTMS treatment participated in a total of 10 sessions every other day. Questionnaires and dot-Probe tasks were performed as the cognitive software before and after the therapeutic interventions and one month after the interventions as a follow-up test. Results: The results showed that the effect of time on craving assessment in three stages was significant in all the study's four groups. In the experimental groups of Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation, the effect of time on the severity of addiction dependence and attentional bias was significantly different in three stages. In the control group, the effect of time in three stages of assessment of addiction severity and attention bias was not significant. Also, there was a significant decrease in the mean of craving in Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stages. The mean addiction severity was significantly decreased from pre-treatment to post-treatment and from pre-treatment to follow-up stage in the Matrix, rTMS, and cognitive rehabilitation groups. Conclusion: The current study's findings indicated that all three interventions effectively reduced amphetamine craving and attentional bias. All three approaches produced positive therapeutic outcomes.}, Keywords = {Addiction, Amphetamine, Craving, Matrix, Cognitive Rehabilitation, Transcranial}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3227.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2090-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2090-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Suhail, T. A and Indiradevi, K.P and Suhara, E. M and Poovathinal, Suresh A. and Anitha, Ayyapp}, title = {Effect of Smartphone Distractions on Cognitive Performance in Adolescents: An Electroencephalography Approach}, abstract ={Introduction: The dependence on smartphones has become widespread among all age groups in every realm of daily life. There has been increased concern about the adverse effects of problematic smartphone use and media multitasking among adolescents. Recent studies used various performance measures like questionnaire surveys to examine the association between smartphone addiction and learning performance, and such studies have yielded mixed findings. The current study investigates the effects of media multitasking on cognitive performance using Electroencephalography (EEG) features and a self-report questionnaire survey. Methods: The patterns of smartphone use among adolescents in South India were investigated in this study, using a questionnaire survey. Further, the impact of smartphone usage on cognitive task performance was examined using EEG features. For this, EEGs of twenty-two healthy subjects were recorded during learning tasks before and after using a social networking site on smartphones. Subsequently, various EEG features were extracted, including ratios of wavelet decomposed EEG bands, attention index, and Sample entropy. Finally, these cognitive performance indices were evaluated and compared with a control group. Results: A total of 600 healthy individuals (341 males, 259 females) participated in the survey among whom, 310 (50.91%) belonged to the high-user group. Performance degradation (p=0.005), sleep problems (p=0.040) and mental stress (p=0.049) were more prevalent among the high-user group. A significant decline in EEG-based cognitive performance indices was also observed in the phone-use group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The findings of this study highlight the importance of controlling phone use when engaged in cognitive tasks. The study also offers an insight to develop neurofeedback techniques that enhance cognitive skills.}, Keywords = {Smartphone Addiction, EEG, Cognitive Skill, Spectral Analysis, Attention, Mental Health}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.2295.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2097-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2097-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {DehghaniTafti, Mohsen and Ahmadzad-Asl, Masoud and FallahTafti, Mehrnaz and Memarian, Gholamhossein and Soltani, Sarvenaz and Mozaffar, Farhang}, title = {Personality and aesthetic preferences in architecture: a review of the study approaches and assessment methods}, abstract ={It is often believed and expected that a clear relationship exists between human personality and human preferences in architecture. However, by reviewing the findings of previous studies, it is found out that such expectation is not necessarily true, as there is no consistency among previous findings. This study provides a critical review and overall classification of various research approaches and assessment methods used in previous studies. In addition, the theoretical and practical shortcomings of each approach have been introduced. Next, the psychological approach is recommended as a more feasible one, and the studies carried out using this approach are structurally analyzed. The theoretical frameworks, strategies and the execution tactics of these researches were critically reviewed. Finally, a systematic quadruple model was suggested for evaluating aesthetic experiences and judgments. After presenting  the manifest and the hidden variables with this model, machine learning helped to discover the hidden patterns in the personality and human preferences.}, Keywords = {Aesthetic preferences, Architectural preferences, Personality, Visual aesthetics, Aesthetic response, Quadruple model}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3257.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2106-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2106-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Razmkon, Ali and Abdollahifard, Saeed and Rezaei, Hirad and Bahadori, Amir Reza and Eskandarzadeh, Parham and RastegarKazerooni, AmirAli}, title = {Effect of Deep Brain Stimulation on Parkinson’s Disease Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, abstract ={Patients in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease(PD) may have subtle cognitive deficits, while overt cognitive deficits are usually manifestations of late-stage PD. There is still a debate on the outcome of deep brain stimulation (DBS) on cognitive function of PD patients. This study aimed to investigate the effect of subthalamic nucleus(STN)-DBS on dementia of PD patients after surgery as compared to medical therapy and other procedures. We searched PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane library and Web of Science database in 22th October 2020. The words Deep Brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and memory have been searched. Reviews, abstracts, case presentations and letters were excluded. Totally, 490 studies were screened after removing the duplicates. The screening results yielded 81 articles to be screened for eligibility. Finally, 6 studies were included in this meta-analysis for synthesis. Overall, 800 patients were included in this meta-analysis, using Mattis dementia rating scale (MDRS) along with descriptive data of the articles was extracted for assessment of global dementia. Our results indicated that STN-DBS group showed a larger cognitive decline than the best medical treatment(BMT). DBS diminished the score of Mattis dementia rating scale in PD patients more than BMT. The effect of STN-DBS vs. other procedures on dementia was not significant; our results showed that STN stimulation made no significant change in global dementia of PD patients in midterm compared to GPi, Pallidal stimulation and pallidotomy.}, Keywords = {Subthalamic nucleus, Parkinson’s disease, deep brain stimulation, Parkinson’s disease dementia}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3420.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2177-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2177-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {AminAsgharzadehAlvar, Amin and Esteki, Ali and Abdollahi, Iraj}, title = {Psychological and Psychophysiological Responses to Challenge Variations for Virtual Hand Training in Game-based Smart Rehabilitation System}, abstract ={Background: Maintaining motivation is one of the most important characteristics of rehabilitation strategies for successful treatment. Understanding the underlying mechanism of mental state is helpful for developing new therapeutic methods based on virtual reality and serious game technologies. Objective: The present study aims to develop a cost-benefit game-based hand rehabilitation system and assess the influence on the psychological state of subjects when they interact with a virtual reality environment in different task difficulty levels. Methods: First, we introduced a low-cost smart hand rehabilitation system based on the Leap Motion tracker; then, the experimental study was performed with 20 healthy participants. Their mental states were evoked using interaction with two separate games in four different difficulty levels. Three measures from the SAM self-reported test described as a psychological response to this condition, and also four features were extracted from Photoplethysmogram signal in order to quantify psychophysiological responses of Autonomic Nervous System. Results: Comparison of the different difficulty levels revealed significant changes in arousal and dominance correspond to under challenging and over the challenging condition, respectively. The results of psychophysiological feature analysis showed significant differences only for the standard deviation of intervals between consecutive heartbeats. Conclusion: The developed system is a low-cost smart solution that can be useful for upper limb neurological rehabilitation. Regulating difficulty parameters of the implemented game can be used to influence the motivation of users through rehabilitation procedures. It seems Photoplethysmogram is an appropriate psychophysiological indicator of mental states, but further studies are required. }, Keywords = {Virtual Reality, Serious Game, Psychophysiological Measures, Smart Hand Rehabilitation, Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM) Test}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3532.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2230-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2230-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {GholamaliNezhad, Fatemeh and Mirmohammad, Mahdieh Sadat and Rostami, Reza and Ahmadi, Hanie}, title = {Comparison of Theta Beta Ratio in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactive Disorder and Specific Learning Disorder During Active EEG}, abstract ={Introduction: Theta-Beta Ratio (TBR) has been claimed as a biomarker to diagnose Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). However, the effectiveness of this index to differentiate between different groups of disorders is still under discussion. The primary purpose was to determine to what extent active TRB can differentiate between children with ADHD and specific Learning Disorder (sLD) as the most common comorbid disorder. Methods: Two groups of school-aged children with sLD (N=15) and ADHD (N=15) were diagnosed through a process of clinical interview and observation. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded in both groups during active condition. The implemented cognitive task was the visual continuous performance task (VCPT). TBR in sites of CZ and Fz, and cognitive measures of VCPT were calculated in the aforementioned groups. Results: There was no significant differences in cognitive measures (containing Commission, Omission, Reaction Time, and Variability of Reaction Times) shown in two matched groups of children with sLD and ADHD. According to TBR, two groups demonstrated no significant results in comparison.  Conclusion: TBR cannot be considered as a reliable biomarker to differentiate between those groups of psychological disorders that contain primary cognitive deficits and require the allocation of attention and working memory loads.}, Keywords = {TBR, ADHD, sLD, VCPT, EEG}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2021.3359.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2150-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2150-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Atak, Elif Sina and Yıldız, Dilara and Kocatürk, Rümeysa Rabia and Temizyürek, Arzu and Özcan, Öznur Özge and Ergüzel, Türker Tekin and Karahan, Mesut and Tarhan, Nevzat}, title = {Effect of Probiotics on Parkinson\'s Disease Rating, Selected Gastrointestinal Measurements and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Parkinson’s Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials}, abstract ={Introduction: Parkinson's disease is the world's second most prevalent neurological disease. In Parkinson’s disease intracytoplasmic neuronal inclusions are observed in enteric neurons in the gastrointestinal tract, and the composition of the intestinal microbiome is altered. These changes correlate with the motor phenotype. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effect of probiotics with individuals with Parkinson’s disease. Methods: Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, Science Direct and OVID-LWW were searched until April 2021 and total 27.395 records were reached according to inclusion and exclusion criteria with the following outcomes: Parkinson's disease rating; oxidative stress, and gastrointestinal system markers. Data searches, article selection and data extraction assessments were performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. The Jadad scale was used to rate the evidence's quality. Results: The information gathered from 5 randomized controlled trials involving 350 individuals with Parkinson’s disease receiving probiotic supplements. Parkinson’s disease rating and non-motor symptoms test were performed. Oxidative stress (Glutathione, malondialdehyde) and gastrointestinal system symptoms (bowel opening frequency, gut transit time, complete bowel movement, spontaneous bowel movements) were evaulated for 4-12 weeks of usage. Conclusion: While all high-quality studies demonstrate progress, there is currently insufficient data to recommend the use of probiotics for people with Parkinson's disease in clinical practice.}, Keywords = {Parkinson’s Disease, Probiotics, Fermented Foods, Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3665.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2262-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2262-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NaserMoghadasi, Abdorreza and Sahraian, Mohammad Ali and Eskandarieh, Sharareh}, title = {Progressive Multiple Sclerosis Patients Require Special Attention as a Group at Risk for Coronavirus Infection}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {COVID-19, Multiple sclerosis, Infection}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2736.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1858-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1858-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ashtiyani, Meghdad and MoradiBirgani, Parmida and Soleimani, Maryam and Jameie, Seyed Behnamedin and Shahrokhi, Amin and Deevband, Mohammad Reze and Mirbagheri, Mohammad Mehdi}, title = {Short-Term Therapeutic Effects of Anti-Gravity Treadmill Training on Brain Functional Activities and Walking Capacity in Children With Cerebral Palsy}, abstract ={Introduction: Cerebral Palsy (CP) is one of the most common causes of motor disability in childhood. Since CP is a corollary to brain damage, persistent treatment should accompany an alteration in brain functional activity in line with clinical improvements. Methods: Fourteen children with spastic hemiplegia CP were randomly divided into 2 groups. The study group (8yrs-5mos) underwent 45min AlterG training sessions 3 times/week for 8 weeks, while the control group (8yrs-2mos) received the same amount of occupational therapy (OT). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was conducted to quantify brain activation during the performance of passive tasks including ankle plantarflexion to dorsiflexion and knee flexion to extension over the range of motion. Walking capacity was assessed using the Timed-Up-and-Go, 10-meter, and 6-minute walk tests. All evaluations were performed before and after training and compared between the two groups. Results: We were able to detect the signatures of ankle and knee passive movement tasks in the fMRI and characterize them in terms of activated voxels. The pre-post activation changes following the completion of training course showed that the elicited motor cortex activation was greater for the ankle than the knee tasks. For the ankle, primary motor cortex, precentral gyrus and corpus callosum showed significant enhancement in most study participants. The results indicated 16.1% more active voxels in the study than control groups. Similarly, clinical outcome measures improved over twice as much in this group. Conclusions: AlterG training could be a potentially effective therapeutic intervention for improving gait and balance impairments in children with CP.}, Keywords = {Cerebral Palsy (CP), functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Anti-Gravity Treadmill, Gait}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3683.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2314-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2314-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Maraghi, Elham and Safarpour, Ali Reza and Hajmohammadi, Maryam and Oroojan, Ali Akbar and SakiMalehi, Amal and Ashrafizadeh, Hadis}, title = {Effect of Anticholinergic Medications on the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol}, abstract ={Introduction: The most kind of dementia is senile dementia or Alzheimer's disease. Meanwhile, anticholinergic drugs can potentially modify the risk factors. As different studies have achieved different results and the clinical findings of these interventions have not been conclusive, the objective of this research will be to evaluate the effect of anticholinergic drugs on the risk of dementia. Methods: This systematic review and meta-analysis with no language limitation between 1988.12.15 and 2021.12.15 will search WoS, EMBASE, and MEDLINE via PubMed, Scopus, ProQuest electronic databases and grey literature. Our search strategy with suitability criteria covers cohort, case-control, nested case-control, RCTs and non-randomized clinical trial studies evaluating the effect of anticholinergic drugs on the risk of dementia. Two authors will independently implement the selection phases, data extraction, and quality assessment. The reviewers will evaluate the risk of bias using Newcastle-Ottawa, Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and (ROBINS-I) Quality Assessment Scale. We will conduct a meta-analysis with Random Effect Model or Fixed Effect Model according to severity of methodological heterogeneity. The results will be presented via the forest plot for the composition of final studies’ data, to demonstrate the separated and combined frequency and their corresponding 95% CIs and summary tables and narrative summaries. Conclusion: The results of different studies in this field are various, where findings of this study, along with other studies, will help physicians and other health professionals before prescribing these drugs; the elderly, especially those with polypharmacy, should be carefully assessed for the risk of dementia, Alzheimer's or a variety of cognitive disorders}, Keywords = {Anticholinergic Drug, Cholinergic Antagonist, Dementia, Alzheimer, Systematic Review, Meta-analysis}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3823.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2329-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2329-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Noroozian, Maryam and Shakiba, Alia and Mohammadian, Fatemeh}, title = {The Effect of Controlling the Cardiovascular Risk Factors on the Cognitive Decline Prevention in the Elderly: A Systematic Review}, abstract ={Along with the growing percentage of the elderly population, neurodegenerative diseases including dementia are increasing in the world. Vascular risk factors are considered as a notable goal for cognitive decline prevention. We reviewed the effect of cardiovascular risk factors on cognitive decline prevention in the elderly to evaluate the quantity and quality of evidence in managing the elderly population with cognitive decline. Analysis data were available for 25 studies that examined the effect of controlling cardiovascular risk factors on the risk of cognitive impairment. These risk factors include diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, exercise, and physical activity. Most positive evidence was available for exercise and physical activity. On the other hand, diabetes mellitus and cholesterol modifications have no positive impact on cognitive function. Hypertension control studies were incongruous. The large-sampled robust Randomized Clinical Trial should be designed to reach sufficient evidence for several cardiovascular risk factors modifications in cognitive decline prevention.}, Keywords = {Cardiovascular, Risk factors, Cognitive decline, Elderly, Prevention}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1551.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2391-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2391-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Takhshid, Mohammad Ali and Mahmoodazdeh, Amir and Shafiee, Sayed Mohammad and Sisakht, Mohsen and khosdel, Zahr}, title = {Adrenomedullin Protects Spinal Motor Neurons against Doxorubicin-Induced Toxicity}, abstract ={Purpose: In the present study, the culture of embryonic spinal motor neurons (SMNs) was used to assess the impacts of adrenomedullin (AM) on neurotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX). Materials and methods: To prepare the culture of rat embryonic SMNs, spinal cords were isolated from the rat embryos, digested enzymatically, and triturated to obtain spinal cell suspension. Then, the SMNs were purified from the cell suspension using a single gradient of OptiPrep and were cultured. The SMNs were treated with DOX (0.0-100 µM) and AM (3.125-100 nM) and their viability and apoptosis were evaluated using MTT and annexin V flowcytometric assays. Oxidative stress was assessed through the measurement of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA), and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α (iPF2α) levels. Finally, qPCR was employed to determine the expressions of interleukin1-β (IL-1β), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), SRY-related protein 9 (SOX9), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3 and -13. Results: The viability of SMNs was decreased following DOX treatment dose-dependently (IC50 = 10.54 µM). DOX increased the cellular ROS, MDA, NO, and iPF2α levels (p<0.001). Additionally, AM reduced DOX-induced cell death dose-dependently (p<0.001). AM (50 nM) pretreatment also reduced the DOX-induced oxidative stress (p<0.01) and -genes expression (p<0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results, AM might be considered a protective factor against chemotherapy-induced toxicity in SMNs.}, Keywords = {Spinal motor neuron, Doxorubicin, Adrenomedullin, Oxidative stress, Inflammation}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3650.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2257-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2257-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Tirgar, Fatemeh and Azizi, Zahra and Hadjighassem, Mahmoudrez}, title = {A Novel Approach for Mucosal and Bulbar Olfactory Ensheathing Cell Isolation Based on the Non-Adherent Subculture Technique}, abstract ={Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are widely used in transplantation studies. Therefore, the high purification of this unique cell type will be valuable for medical applications. Although recent improvements in OEC isolation procedures opened a new era in this field, the high purification efficacy and viability rate are still needed to be considered. The most widely used OECs isolation techniques can be broadly classified as based on adherence properties in particular in the case of olfactory bulb-derived OECs isolation. Considering the invasive nature of harvesting OECs from human olfactory bulbs, hence the high efficient purification of these cells from olfactory mucosa can be beneficial in clinical trials. In this study, we isolated OECs from both the olfactory bulb and mucosa of rats due to their differential adherence properties and compared them. Cell preparations were characterized by NGFR p75 and S100β antibodies, the specific markers for OECs using immunocytochemistry and western blot analysis respectively. OECs morphology and viability were monitored over time by microscopy and MTT assay. We found that utilizing our suggested method, OECs could be purified from the olfactory mucosa as efficiently as the olfactory bulb. Both sources-derived OECs showed high levels of NGFR p75 and S100β expression, although the S100β expression was higher in olfactory mucosa-derived OECs preparations (P<0.05). Moreover, there was no significant difference between the two sources in cell viability in our suggested protocol. Hence due to the non-invasive harvesting method, olfactory mucosa-derived OECs are preferred from a clinical point of view for transplantation studies.}, Keywords = {Olfactory ensheathing cells, Cell purification, Cell transplantation, Olfactory bulb, Olfactory mucosa}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3579.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2390-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2390-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Samadi, Sattar and Zakeri, Bijan and Khanbabaie, Rez}, title = {A Full Wave Solution of Deep Sources in the Lossy Human Head to Accurate EEG and MEG}, abstract ={In this paper, by using the electromagnetic modeling of the neuron activity and human head, its electric and magnetic fields (brain waves) have been derived in the full-wave approach (i.e. without any approximation). Traditionally ˗and of course currently˗ the brain waves are only derived by using the quasi-static approximation (QSA) of Maxwell's equations in electromagnetic theory and therefore, source localization in brain imaging will have some errors. So far, the error rate of the QSA on the output results of electric and magnetic fields has not been investigated. This issue becomes more noticeable due to increased sensitivity of recent modern electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) devices. In this work, first, issues that QSA encountered in this problem are introduced and the necessity of full wave solution is revealed and then, for the first time, the full-wave solution of the problem in closed form format is presented. This solution is done in two scenarios: 1- the source (active neurons) in the center of a sphere and 2- the source in the out of center but deeply inside the sphere. First scenario is simpler but the second scenario is much more complicated and has been solved by using partial-wave series expression (PWSE). One of the important achievements of this modelling is improving the interpretation of EEG and MEG measurement resulting in more accurate source localization.}, Keywords = {Brain waves, Quasi-static approximation, Full-wave analysis, Brain imaging, Human head modelling}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3821.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2328-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2328-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Olazadeh, Keyvan and Borumndnia, Nasrin and Habibi, Mahin and AlaviMajd, Hami}, title = {Use of the Longitudinal Model of Variance Components to Determine Hyper-Connectivity in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Using Rs_fMRI Data}, abstract ={Background: Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is one of the leading causes of death globally and one of the most important diseases for the World Health Organization. Several studies have concluded that brain damage can dramatically increase Functional Connectivity (FC) in the brain. The effects of this hyper-connectivity are not yet fully understood and are being studied by neuroscientists. This study aimed to identify areas of the brain where, after brain injury, we have seen an acute increase in FC in those areas. Method: The data used in this study were downloaded from the accessible Open fMRI site. Data included fMRI data of 14 patients with severe TBI and 12 healthy individuals. The longitudinal model of variance components investigated the difference between FC in the baseline effect and the longitudinal trend between the TBI and control groups. Result: After fitting the longitudinal model of variance components, it was observed that there is no difference between the FC of the two groups due to the baseline effect. However, in the longitudinal trend of FC, there was a statistically significant difference between the three pairs of CL and CR, SFGL and SFGR, TL and TR in the TBI group compared to the control group. Conclusion: The results showed that FC was sharply increased in 3 pairs of areas in people with TBI. This hyper-connectivity can affect individuals' cognitive functions, including motor and sensory functions. The exact extent of this effect is unclear and needs further investigation by neuroscientists.}, Keywords = {Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI), Hyper functional connectivity, fMRI neuroimaging, Longitudinal model of variance components, Cognitive brain functions}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3796.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2319-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2319-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zeynali, Farzaneh and Raoufy, Mohammad Reza and Gharakhanlou, Rez}, title = {Olfactory Sensory Neurons Facilitate Aerobic Exercise-Induced Spatial Memory Improvement}, abstract ={Introduction: The positive effects of exercise on spatial memory and learning have been shown. The olfactory sensory neurons respond to mechanical stimulation induced by nasal airflow which is associated with airflow intensity. Accordingly, nasal breathing can modulate brain oscillations in nonolfactory areas, and respiration-entrained oscillations aid the improvement of cognitive abilities. Given that aerobic exercise increases the rate of respiration and intensity of nasal airflow, we aimed to evaluate the role of olfactory sensory neurons in mediating the effects of aerobic exercise on memory. Methods: Therefore, we examined spatial memory following exercise in animal models of olfactory sensory neuron impairment (with methimazole injection 300 mg/kg/week). Result: Our results showed that destroying olfactory sensory neurons significantly reduces olfactory bulb activity at delta and theta frequency bands as well as its coupling to respiration. More importantly, it abolished the positive effect of exercise on spatial memory (p<0.05). Conclusion: These findings suggest that the olfactory bulb activity is one of the probable mechanisms for improving spatial memory following exercise.  }, Keywords = {Aerobic exercise, Spatial memory, Olfactory bulb, Local field potentials}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4029.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2435-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2435-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khadivi, Masoud and AhmadzadehAmiri, Ali and Moghadam, Navid and AhmadzadehAmiri, Amir and Eslamian, Mohammad and Zarei, Mohammad and Moosavi, Mersad and Shafizadeh, Milad and Borghei, Alireza and Kordi, Ramin and Rostami, Mohse}, title = {A Retrospective Report of Patients Treated for Lumbar Disc Herniation; Percutaneous Laser Disc Decompression and Open Micro-Discectomy}, abstract ={Background: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common pathologies leading to radiculopathy. Open microdiscectomy is the gold standard of treatment for LDH; however, minimally invasive techniques such as percutaneous laser disc decompression (PLDD) are gaining further attention. In this study, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent PLDD and compared their results with a group of patients who underwent open micro-discectomy. Methods: Our report included patients diagnosed with protruded LDH with severe refractory pain for at least 6 to 8 weeks who underwent the interventions. Baseline outcome parameters were recorded before the procedures and questionnaires were filled at two follow-up sessions. Pain intensity was measured using the visual analog scale (VAS), patients were asked to fill the 36-item short-form health survey (SF36) to report their quality of life and we used the Oswestry disability index (ODI) to obtain information about patients’ daily functional status. Results: A total of 165 patients were enrolled. At the final follow-up, there was no statistically significant difference in the level of VAS between the groups. However, the differences between the two groups regarding the SF36 and ODI were statistically significant. Conclusions: Our study report showed that both methods significantly improved the clinical outcomes of the patients with protruded disc herniation.}, Keywords = {Lumbar spine, Percutaneous laser disc decompression, Micro discectomy, Protruded lumbar disc herniation, Disc pathologies}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.3845.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2472-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2472-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Parvishan, Asghar and joghataei, Mohammad Taghi and Kiani, Jafar and shahbazi, Ali and Faghihi, Faezeh and Ghadiri, Mohamm}, title = {Generation of Human-induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs)-derived from Dermal Fibroblast of Schizophrenic Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a psychiatric disorder caused by environmental, social, and genetic factors. This phenomenon is a severe neuropsychiatric disorder with a 1% worldwide prevalence. As SCZ is an exclusively human disorder, animal models cannot mimic all SCZD pathophysiology. Thus, it is crucial to develop a novel human-based specific model of SCZD to elucidate mechanisms of the occurrence of the disease. In this regard, reprogramming somatic cells to human- induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) serve an expense instrument for modeling SCZ.   Methods: In the present study, we directly reprogrammed the isolated human ear dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) from schizophrenic patients into hiPSCs using some episomal agents in matrigel coated plates. The existence of pluripotency markers was confirmed by the Immunocytochemistry (ICC) test and alkaline phosphatase protocol. We performed karyotype analysis to ensure the maintenance of the normal chromosomes. Results and Conclusion: Analysis of colonies exhibited intense alkaline phosphatase engagement and represent Oct4, SSEA4, Nanog, and Tra-1-60. HiPSCs show normal karyotype, and they were potent to differentiate to ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm. Application of hiPSCs derived from schizophrenic patients would be a promising approach to treating the disease. For checking the behavior of the cells during neurogenesis, we suggest further studies be applied.}, Keywords = {Schizophrenia, hiPSCs, Fibroblast, Episomal vectors}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3697.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2282-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2282-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mirmohamadi, Seyedmohamad and Norozpour, Yaser and Zarrabian, Shahram}, title = {Binaural Bates and the Brain: A Review}, abstract ={The application of binaural beat (BB), as a type of non-invasive auditory beat stimulation, has been considered for its potential applications in cognitive domains. This review presents a detailed summary and aims to deepen our understanding of the soundness of BB technique by looking into its applications, possible mechanisms of action, the effectiveness, limitations, and possible side effects of the technique. BB has been claimed to improve cognitive and psychological functions such as memory, attention, stress, anxiety, motivation, and confidence. We have also looked into preclinical and clinical researches that have been performed using BB and proposed changes in the brain following the application of BB stimulations including EEG changes. The review also presents applications outside cognitive domain and evaluates BB as a possible treatment method.}, Keywords = {Auditory beat stimulation, Binaural beat, Monaural beat, Cognitive functions, Psychological effects}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1406.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2444-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2444-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mosaed, Reza and AkhavanRezayat, Arash and Rohani, Behnaz and AyatiAfin, Aida and Najmeddin, Farhad and Amini, Shahideh and Taghizadeh-Ghehi, Maryam and AfsharArdalan, Mohamad and Najafi, Atabak and Mojtahedzadeh, Mojtab}, title = {Effects of Hypertonic Sodium Lactate on Intracranial Pressure in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Metanalysis on Clinical Trial Studies}, abstract ={Introduction: Intracranial pressure (ICP) elevation leading to cerebral edema is a critical condition that should be identified and treated immediately. In this study, we systematically reviewed the articles investigating the role of hypertonic sodium lactate (HSL) in patients with traumatic brain injury. Method: PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched to find published articles on the effects of HSL on ICP in patients with a traumatic brain injury until December 2020. Animal studies, case reports, and studies, including liver and renal failure patients, cardiac dysfunction, or hypovolemic shock, were excluded. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of eligible articles. Information was gathered based on the following: Demographic data, methods, intervention, and outcomes. Results: Our initial search with the predefined search strategy proceeded 113 studies. Finally, seven studies were eligible for systematic review, which three of them were eligible for meta-analysis. A random meta-analysis of three articles comparing ICP before and after the infusion of HSL showed a reduced ICP following the use of HSL in traumatic brain injuries (P=0.015). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated hypertonic sodium lactate's undeniable role in managing increased ICP in patients with brain injury. Nevertheless, conducting more clinical studies for assessing the possible side effects of HSL seems crucial.}, Keywords = {Sodium lactate, Intracranial pressure, Brain injury}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4037.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2437-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2437-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hansen, Eric and Janson, Christopher and Romanova, Liudmila and Lam, Cornelius}, title = {Effect of Parenchymal Arachnoid on Brain Fluid Transport}, abstract ={Introduction: The pia-arachnoid is a critical component of cerebrospinal fluid removal. It covers and invaginates into brain parenchyma and physiologic failure results in hydrocephalus and cerebral edema. The purpose of this study was to characterize the role of arachnoid within brain parenchyma and determine if water flux and solute transport is affected by these intra-parenchymal cells. Methods: An immortalized arachnoid rat cell line was used to seed 300 µm organotypic rat brain slices of 4-week old rats.  Fluid and tracer transport analyses were conducted following a 7-10 day intraparenchymal growth period.  The development of an arachnoid brain slice model was characterized using diffusion chamber experiments to calculate permeability, diffusion coefficient, and flux.    Results: Labeled rat arachnoid cells readily penetrated organotypic cultures for up to 10 days. A significant reduction of dye and water flux across arachnoid impregnated brain slices was observed after 3 hours in the diffusion chamber. Permeability decreased in whole brain slices containing arachnoid cells compared to slices without arachnoid cells.  While a significant reduction of dextran across all slices occurred when molecular weights increased from 40 kDA to 70kDA.   Conclusion:Tracer and small molecule studies show that the presence of arachnoid cells have a significant impact on the movement of water through brain parenchyma. Size differential experiments indicate that between 40 and 70 kDa, the permeability of solute changed substantially, which is an important marker of blood-CSF barrier definition.  We have developed an arachnoid organotypic model that reveals their ability to alter permeability and transport.}, Keywords = {Arachnoid, Organotypic cell culture, Permeability, Diffusion, Parenchyma}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3089.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2011-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2011-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nejati, vahid and Ghayerin, Elnaz}, title = {Abnormal Structure and Function of Parietal Lobe in Individuals with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Systematic Review Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Abnormal brain structure and function has been described in individuals with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to investigate the alteration of the parietal lobe structure and function in individuals with ADHD. Methods: In this systematic review, we searched English papers in accordance with the PRISMA approach. Studies were published between January 2010 and May 2021. Our search was conducted in two parts. Our first search was in July 2020, and our final search ended in June 2021.  A literature search identified 20 empirical experiments. Results: In general, functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies described low activity and poor connectivity, structural MRI study has reported less gray matter of this lobe, and an echo study described atrophy, electroencephalographic studies reported less connectivity of the parietal lobes in ADHD. Furthermore, the transcranial direct current stimulation intervention has shown activation of this lobe improves attention and executive functions in children with ADHD, and finally Deep Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation study has shown activation of this lobe improves working memory. Conclusion: Functional and structural alteration of the parietal cortex has been described in ADHD, which have a causal relationship with cognitive impairments. In sum, all included studies described abnormal structure, function, or connectivity of the parietal lobe or improvement of cognitive functions with stimulation of the parietal lobe.}, Keywords = {Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADHD), Parietal lobe, Executive functions, Systematic review}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.2843.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1909-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-1909-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Habibitabar, Elahe and Khanverdiloo, Shima and Doostizadeh, Mona and Jahangard, Leila and Karimi, Jamshid and shafiee, gholamrez}, title = {The PCSK9 Protein is not necessarily a Risk Factor for MDD}, abstract ={Major depressive disorder (MDD) is ne of the common psychiatric disorders that is characterized by abnormal neurobiological responses. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) have a important role in cholesterol homeostasis. This study was aimed to investigate PCSK9 level and oxidative stress with MDD disease.The study included 30 with MDD and 30 healthy controls. The. Blood was collected in sterile tubes and the serum PCSK9 concentration, SOD and GPx activity were determined by ELISA kits. TAC, TOS, MDA and copper concentration were determined manually.There was a significant increase in PCSK9 level in the patient group (p<0.05). ROC curve had sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 52% and 0.928 (95% CI, 0.86-0.996) for PCSK9, in the patient group (p <0.001). It was found that MDA (p = 0.036) level was higher in MDD group, but TAC (p = 0.445) level, SOD (p = 0.148), GPx (p = 0.019) activities and copper concentration were lower in the patient group in compare with the control group.In conclusion, this study results confirm the relationship of oxidative stress and major depressive disorder and also suggest a link between PCSK9 and MDD disease.}, Keywords = {Oxidative stress, Copper, Major depressive disorder and PCSK9}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4044.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2442-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2442-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jain, Ashish and Dhir, Neha and Singh, Harvinder and Sharma, Amit Raj and Medhi, Bikash and Prakash, Ajay}, title = {Valproic Acid (VPA) Disrupts Maternal Behavior and Induces Cannibalism: An Unexplored Insight}, abstract ={Background: Valproic acid is the most widely used chemical to develop the preclinical model of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, in addition to autism, it has different teratogenic effects like teeth malformation, tail kink, and abnormal body growth in offspring. However, no study has explored VPA-induced maternal behavior, miscarriage, and maternal Cannibalism. We aim to determine the cannibalistic effects of VPA in pregnant female Wistar rats and VPA's influence to cause miscarriage frequency. Methods: Our study used pregnant Wistar rats. On GD 12.5, they were treated with VPA at 600 mg/kg i.p., dissolved in saline at 250 mg/ml concentration. The observations were mean litter size, mean male/female pups, mean mortality, maternal Cannibalism, mean pups alive, Cannibalism of malformed pups, miscarriage, survival analysis of pups, and odds and risk ratio were calculated for deaths observed in both (control & VPA-treated) the groups. The study was conducted till the weaning period. Results: VPA-exposed pregnant females portrayed significantly decreased litter size (p<0.0001), significantly higher cannibalistic behavior (p=0.0023), and significantly higher cannibalism of malformed pups (p=0.0484) than the control group. VPA had caused complete pregnancy loss (miscarriage) in pregnant females (n=5). Moreover, the VPA group's mortality percentage (p=0.0019) was significantly higher than the control group. Conclusion: Overall, VPA has marked teratogenic effects (anatomical and morphological changes in offspring) with maternal behavior disruption, which causes Cannibalism in Wistar female rats. The current manuscript findings can aid in investigating the novel mechanisms involved in maternal behavior disruption during the development of the VPA autism model.}, Keywords = {Cannibalism, Maternal behavior, Miscarriage, Wistar rat dams, Valproic acid}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4410.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2503-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2503-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NiroumandSarvandani, Mohammad and Garmabi, Behzad and Asadi, Masoud and Ghazvini, Hamed and Rafaiee, Raheleh and KalalianMoghaddam, Hami}, title = {Influence of Circadian Rhythm Disturbance with Mediating Role of Chronotype on Mental State, Addiction Potential, and Boredom in Medical Students}, abstract ={Background: Shift workers usually underwent circadian misalignment, which appears when the feeding and sleep-wake cycles are desynchronized with the temporal framework organized by the internal biological clock. People differ considerably in their tolerance to shift work depending on their chronotype. The purpose of this research was to obtain information about circadian disorders and chronotype (as a mediating variable) on consequent mental state such as impulsivity, depression, anxiety, stress, addiction potential, and boredom in students of a medical university in northeastern Iran. We study mental state in the group of individuals with circadian misalignment and compared with healthy control group. Methods: The study design is a double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Thirty-five participants were randomly assigned to circadian alignment/misalignment protocols. Subjects completed questionnaires as a baseline data (pre-test) and the end of the Interventions (post-test). The instruments were Multidimensional State Boredom Scale (MSBS), Addiction Potential Scale (APS), Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), and Barratt Impulsiveness-11 (BIS-11). We categorized participants based on chronotype as mediate variable within each group (circadian aligned & misaligned condition) to analyze outcomes. Results: The mean age of participants was 21.66 years (range: 18-25 years). One-way analysis of variance to compare research variables in groups based on chronotype (evening, intermediate type, and morning types) showed a meaningful difference between the total and non-planning impulsivity, active and passive addiction potential, between the three groups of chronotype (p<0.001). The results of Bonferny post hoc test to compare the mean of variables in the chronotype groups about total and non-planning impulsivity scores, active and passive addiction showed that non-planning (p<0.01) and active addiction (p<0.001)  in persons with evening and intermediate types were significantly lower than persons with morning type (p=0.02). Conclusions: Alterations in diurnal profiles of activity, sleep and feeding time, based on chronotype related to impulsiveness and boredom, and such circadian misalignment were associated with addiction potential.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Circadian rhythm, Depression, Stress disorders, Substance-related disorders, Chronobiology, Boredom}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1425.6}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2502-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2502-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Hodhodi, Zahra and Pyvastegar, Mehrangiz and HassaniAbharian, Peyman and FarahBidjari, Azam and Ahadi, Batool}, title = {The Effect of Brainwave Synchronization in Gamma Band Using Binaural Beats on Improving Working Memory Function and Reducing the Severity of Symptoms in Women with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder}, abstract ={Background: Binaural beats is one of the new methods of brainwave synchronization that there is little knowledge about its clinical applications. The positive effect of this method on executive functions, such as attention and working memory, in gamma band has been mainly confirmed in healthy individuals, but its effectiveness on disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), with a prominent cognitive profile, has not been investigated. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of binaural beats on working memory and the severity of OCD symptoms in gamma band in the affected women. Method: Twenty-nine OCD women aged 25-40 years referring to psychological clinics in Tehran were selected by convenient method. After completing the symptom checklist 90 (SCL90) and the Yale-Brown severity scale (SS), participants were given the Wechsler memory scale (WMS) digit repetition subtests. Then, they were randomly assigned to the two experimental (n=15) and control (n=14) groups. The audio file of the binaural beats in gamma band was provided to the experimental group. The participants in the control group listened to the normal (no-wave) audio file. Both groups listened to the audio files for two weeks, three times a week, for 30 minutes each time. The Yale-Brown SS and digit repetition in posttest and one-month follow-up periods were obtained again from both groups. Results: According to the results, the severity of OCD symptoms was significantly reduced by the gamma binaural beats in posttest and follow-up stages (p<0.05). Also, the working memory function was improved, although it was not statistically significant (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study show that binaural beats can be used as a complementary treatment to reduce the severity of OCD symptoms. Also, it seems that the patients’ working memory is strengthened with this method.}, Keywords = {Binaural beats, Severity of OCD symptoms, Working memory, Gamma band}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4233.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2482-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2482-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Aydıntuğ-Gürbüz, Tuğba and Toprak, Fatih and Toprak, Selin and Sözer, Selçuk}, title = {The Effects of Exogenous IGF-I and MGF on Neural Stem Cells Proliferation in Hypoxic Environments in Vitro}, abstract ={Ischemic stroke has high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Low oxygen (O2) levels detected in such conditions create a vulnerable environment for neural stem cells (NSC), altering neuronal function and leading to neuronal injury or death. There are still no effective treatments for such consequences. We have investigated the molecular and functional effects of growth factors, IGF-I and MGF in NSC exposed to low O2 levels. An in vitro ischemia model was created by rat hippocampal NSC grown in culture that were exposed to varying oxygen levels including 0%, 3%, and 20 % for the representation of anoxic, hypoxic, and normoxic conditions, respectively, during the 24 hours. NSC was investigated for IGF-I, MGF, and HIF1-Alpha (HIF-1α) gene expressions by real-time RT-PCR. The effects of external administration of growth factors, IGF-I and MGF on NSC proliferation in such conditions were explored. Increased IGF-I and MGF gene expressions were detected in the samples exposed to low O2. Anoxia was the highest stimulant for IGF-I and MGF expressions. HIF1-α that encodes hypoxia-inducible factor-1α revealed downregulation in relative gene expression fold change with IGF-I application in all conditions, whereas MGF application upregulated its change in an anoxic environment. Furthermore, MGF-induced NSC had more proliferation- migration rate in all oxygen conditions. IGF-I induced significant NSC proliferation in 0% and 20% O2. These findings suggest that IGF-I and MGF expressions were increased to reduce the damage in NSC exposed to low oxygen, and exogenous MGF and IGF-I application increased NSC proliferation at the time of injury. The results might imply the role of exogenous MGF and IGF-I in the treatment of ischemia for relieving the effect of neuronal damage due to their neuroprotective and proliferative effects.}, Keywords = {Neural Stem Cell, Hypoxia, Growth Factors, MGF, IGF-I}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.3981.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2407-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2407-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Deldoost, Mostaf}, title = {Behavioral and Biological Bases of Herding and Conformity}, abstract ={Human beings are inherently complex creatures, and this issue became even more complicated when they decided to construct relationships in society. Research into human behavior is very much an interdisciplinary and multifaceted endeavor and is studied by a broad range of disciplines such as psychology, economics, sociology, anthropology also neurosciences. Today, with the cooperation of researchers in different fields, it is possible to link the cellular dynamic of neurons to brain function and relate it to human behavior. Cognitive science and neurosciences, alongside other disciplines, can be used to enhance our knowledge about mechanisms of social influence, which may assist policymakers in influencing public behaviors toward creating a better society. This review aims to describe previous research on the behavioral, cognitive, and neural basis of social influence and provide more understanding of human behavior in society. I review and evaluate the relevant literature from multiple databases of peer-reviewed journals, books, and conferences as well as hand-searching reference lists of relevant studies considering conformity from psychological, economic, neurobiological, and neurochemical aspects. This paper has been divided into four parts. First, I start with the definition and description of two kinds of social influences. The second section focuses on psychological and economic evidence of social influence. It will then go on to the neurobiological and neurochemical approaches to studying social influence. Finally, the conclusion gives a brief summary and highlights three points that I believe social neuroscience as an interdisciplinary and vibrant field should take into account for future developments.}, Keywords = {Conformity, Herding, Neurobiology, Hormone, Neurotransmitter, Mirror neurons}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4654.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2545-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2545-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Bakizadeh, Farah and Mokhtari, Saba and Saeed, Fahime and Mokhtari, Asieh and AkbariKoli, Pouria and Shalbafan, Mohammadrez}, title = {Cognitive Rehabilitation for Improving Cognitive Functions and Reducing the Severity of Symptoms in adult Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials}, abstract ={Introduction: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling mental condition. Many studies have shown that OCD patients have cognitive deficits in various aspects of their cognition which are a worsening factor of the severity of symptoms, potential endophenotype, a predictor of insight and prognostic marker of OCD as well. We designed this systematic review to evaluate clinical efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in cognitive deficits and symptom severity of patients with OCD, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Method: We searched Pubmed, Scopus, Sciencedirect, Google scholar, and Cochrane library in this study with the MeSH terms and keywords of ‘cognitive rehabilitation’ and ‘obsessive-compulsive disorder’. The database searches identified 200 records of interest initially which 105 duplications removed from them. From 95 remaining studies, six articles were eligible for the study and met the inclusion criteria. The six articles describe individual RCT studies representing a wide variety of study designs. Results: These six included studies investigate the efficacy of “organizational training”, “cognitive remediation”, “attention splitting” and “goal management training” on cognitive impairments and symptom severity of OCD patients. There are a small number of studies, with different designs and some concerning biases which have investigated the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in OCD patients and they have inconsistent results about effect of cognitive rehabilitation on OCD symptom severity or cognitive deficits. Conclusion: According to the results, we cannot conclude about the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation in adults with OCD. On account of the importance of cognitive deficits in OCD patients, it is necessary to design and conduct standard trials to investigate the role of cognitive rehabilitation on these impairments.}, Keywords = {Cognitive function, Obsessive-compulsive disorder, Systematic review}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.1604.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2565-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2565-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {MahjoubNavaz, Firouze and Khosrowabadi, Elahe and Latifi, Sahar and DarougheKazem, Yasaman and GholizadehSoltani, Jalil and Khalilpour, Hamideh and Soleymani, Farh}, title = {Effect of Low-Intensity Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation on Response Inhibition of Adult ADHD}, abstract ={Introduction: Response inhibition is an impaired cognitive function in ADHD individuals. This primary deficit during cancelation of an intended movement is observed even in the minimal demanding cognitive tasks.  Studies have shown that transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) specially on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) can improve the response inhibition. Nevertheless, the TMS has a low spatial resolution and its effect may not be observed in a single-session intervention. Studies showed that low-intensity TMS has higher spatial resolution. Therefore, in this study we aimed to evaluate effectiveness of this method for intervention of response inhibition in ADHD individuals. Methods: In a double-blind paradigm, performance of the adult ADHDs while executing a Stroop color and word test (SCWT) were measured during a sham or a real stimulation of the DLPFC. Subsequently, response inhibitions of the participants were measured before and after the stimulation. Number of correct, wrong and missed answers to 96 computerized trials, and response times of the answers were measured. In addition, changes in electro-cortical activities during the rest phase before and after the stimulation were also evaluated. Results: After checking for data normality, paired t-tests between behavioral data showed that low-intensity magnetic stimulation of the DLPFC can improve response inhibition (reduce errors) even in a single-session intervention of ADHD individuals. Having said that, the answering times did not change significantly. The behavioral changes were associated with significant changes in power of EEG in delta and beta frequency bands at the frontal areas.  Conclusion: The proposed stimulation protocol with low-intensity TMS had a fair effect on the response inhibition in adult ADHDs. Therefore, it potentially could be suggested as a treatment protocol on the response inhibition in ADHD individuals.}, Keywords = {Attention deficit hyper activity disorder, Low-intensity TMS, Stroop color and word test, Response inhibition}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4707.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2558-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2558-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Yekani, Milad and Tehrani-Doost, Mehdi and Rahimi, Milad and Vahabi, Abdol-Hossei}, title = {Introducing a New Method for Studying the Effects of Movement Synchrony in VR}, abstract ={Introduction: The aim of this study is to introduce a new method to create virtual reality environments for studying synchrony in human body movements and their prosocial effects. Previous studies have shown the positive effects of synchrony, but more controlled and ecologically valid paradigms are needed to explore these effects deeper and translate them to the therapeutic domain. Methods: Eighty-two healthy subjects participated in this study. They performed simple periodic hand movements in a virtual environment with a virtual character mimicking them. We used inverse kinematics to create character movements. The virtual characters mimic the participants after a short delay in the synchronous group and after a great delay in non-synchronous group. The subjective feeling of synchrony and social closeness was measured using a set of rating questionnaires. Results: Participants in the synchronous group reported more synchrony than the non-synchronous group. The degree of social closeness between the two groups was not significantly different; however, there was a significant positive correlation between the reported degree of synchrony and social closeness within each group. Conclusion: We have shown that using a simple virtual reality environment in which body movements are simulated by inverse kinematics can engender the feeling of synchrony and exert its prosocial effects.}, Keywords = {Synchrony, Virtual reality, Inverse kinematic, Prosocial effects}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4697.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2557-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2557-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mohammadian, Abdollah and Khosrowabadi, Reza and Yarali, Bahram and Moradi, Alirez}, title = {Developmental Changes of Brain Oscillatory Pattern in Children with and without Epilepsy}, abstract ={The neural oscillations or brain waves refer to repetitive neural activities in the central nerves system. It is believed that brain processes the information though converging and diverging of these neural oscillations. The neural oscillatory pattern changes during the development and it has been reported that follows a specific trend during a typical development. Nevertheless, it is largely unknown whether this pattern would be differentiable in neurodevelopmental disorders. In this study, we aimed to explore developmental pattern of changes in the typically developed children with the age matched epileptic children. Therefore, eyes-open resting state EEG of epileptic and healthy children were acquired. Subsequently, changes in power spectrum of clean segments of EEG activities (with no seizure and removed from artifacts) in two groups were statistically compared in the age children within the ranges of 6-9 and 9-12 years-old. The results only showed significantly lower activities at the superior frontal and central regions in the frequency range of 1-4 Hz in epileptic children. We hope this finding could help to pave the way for better understanding of epilepsy effect on the brain development.}, Keywords = {Electroencephalography, Neurodevelopment, Power spectrum, Children}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2022.4230.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2563-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2563-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nafari, Amirhossein and Shojaei, Seyedpouzhia and JaliliKhoshnood, Reza and Ghajarzadeh, Mahsa and Tafreshinejad, Arash and Safari, Saeid and Mirmosayyeb, Omi}, title = {Myasthenia Gravis and COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis}, abstract ={Myasthenia gravis, an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction, exhibits varying rates of COVID-19 infection across different studies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to estimate the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in individuals with myasthenia gravis(MG). We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and gray literature, which includes references to the included research that were published prior to October 2021. The total number of participants, the first author,the publication year, the country of origin, the number of MG patients, their symptoms, hospitalization rates, and deaths were all extracted as data. Our literature search yielded 253 articles, of which 75 remained after removing duplicates. Eighteen articles were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in MG cases was found to be 2% (95%CI: 1-3%) (I2=85%, P<0.001). Additionally, the pooled prevalence of hospitalization among those with COVID-19 infection was 43% (95%CI: 26-60%) (I2=97.6%, P<0.001), and the pooled prevalence of MG exacerbation was 33% (95%CI: 20-46%) (I2=92.6%, P<0.001). In summary, this systematic review and meta-analysis reveal that the pooled prevalence of COVID-19 infection in individuals with MG is 2%.}, Keywords = {Myasthenia gravis, COVID-19, Prevalence}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4360.5}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2526-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2526-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Rostami, Farzad and Esteki, Ali and Sarabi-Jamab, Atiye}, title = {Investigating the Interference Control in Internet Addiction Disorder: Evidence from Brain Oscillatory Activity Associated with Stroop Task}, abstract ={Introduction: It is common for individuals with internet addiction disorder (IAD) to demonstrate impairments in interference and inhibitory control. A major objective of this study was to explore how interference control is related to event-related spectral perturbations (ERSPs) and whether participants with IAD experience changes in these spectral dynamics. Methods: Twenty-one IAD participants and twenty healthy controls (HCs) were administered a Stroop task while their brains’ electroencephalographic activity (EEG) was recorded. ERSPs were extracted from the EEG and a cluster-based random permutation test was conducted to compare the power between the two groups at each time frequency level. Results: In the IAD group, the Stroop effect was significantly less for theta than in the HC group in an earlier time window. According to these results, IADs were unable to successfully inhibit their brain activation for stimulus conflict detection. Furthermore, IAD participants displayed a significant ERSP Stroop effect at beta2 and gamma frequencies - with the main contribution coming from bilateral dorsal frontal and parietal cortex over the scalp when compared to HC participants. Conclusions: In our study, IADs displayed reduced conflict detection and response selection compared to HCs, as measured by theta band indices, as well as impaired conflict resolution, as revealed by altered interaction dynamics between beta2 and gamma bands. Among the first studies investigating oscillatory dynamics in conflict resolution for IAD groups, this study uses cluster-based random permutation tests.}, Keywords = {Stroop effect, EEG, Interference control, Internet Addiction Disorders, Time-frequency analysis}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4974.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2596-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2596-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {MoradiBirgani, Parmida and Ashtiyani, Meghdad and Jameie, Seyed Behnamedin and Shahrokhi, Amin and Rahimian, Elham and Deevband, Mohammad Reza and Mirbagheri, M. Mehdi}, title = {Corpus Callosum Response Associates with Walking Capacity Improvement Following Treatments in Children with Cerebral Palsy: A Pilot fMRI Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Gait impairment is one of the consequences of cerebral palsy (CP) as a permanent neurological disorder. In order to have persistent treatment effect, the therapy-induced neuroplasticity should have accompanied by functional improvement. In this regard, we aimed to determine the correlation between brain functional activity changes and walking capacity improvement following treatments in children with hemiplegic CP (HCP). Method: Twenty-one spastic HCP children (7-12 years old) were randomly divided into 3 groups. Occupational therapy (OT) was performed for the first group. The second group received repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) treatment and the third group underwent anti-gravity treadmill (AlterG) training. OT and AlterG training was provided for 45min, and rTMS was applied for 20min per sessions, 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Brain functional activity while execution of passive tasks involving knee flexion/extension and ankle plantarflexion/dorsiflexion over the range of motion (ROM) was quantified using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Walking capacity was indexed by clinical measures. Clinical and fMRI evaluations were performed pre- and post-training. Result: Our results indicate that intensive OT, rTMS and AlterG training enhanced brain functional activity as well as walking capacity in pediatrics with CP. Also our results revealed a robust correlation between the corpus callosum functional activity changes and walking capacity improvement. Conclusion: Regardless of the type of treatment, the improvement in gait function in children with CP may reflect as an increase in brain functional activity in callosal neurons which in turn may reveal the increase in interhemispheric coupling.}, Keywords = {Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Cerebral palsy (CP), Correlation, Corpus callosum (CC), Gait}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4679.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2548-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2548-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zolghadr, Zahra and batouli, Seyed Amir Hossein and Alavimajd, Hamid and Shafaghi, Lida and Mehrabi, Yadollah}, title = {fMRI-Based Multi-Class DMDC Classification Efficiently Decodes the Overlaps between Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder}, abstract ={Background: Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of neuropsychiatric. Behavior-based diagnostic approaches are currently used in the clinical setting, but the overlapping features among the disorders vague the recognition and management of these disorders. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have common characteristics throughout the hierarchy, from genes to symptoms. Designing a computational framework based on the neuroimaging findings could provide a discriminative tool for ultimate more efficient treatment. Machine learning approaches, specifically classification methods are among the most applied techniques to reach this goal. Method: We applied a novel two-level multi-class DMDC algorithm to classify the functional neuroimaging data (Utilized Datasets: ADHD-200 and ABIDE) for the two classes of neurodevelopmental disorders (ASD and ADHD) or healthy participant, according to the calculated functional connectivity values (statistical temporal correlation). Result: Regarding the healthy controls, our model yielded a total accuracy of 62%. Respectively, the model was 51% accurate for healthy subjects, 61% and 84% for autism spectrum disorder and ADHD. The SVM model provided the accuracy of 46% for the healthy control and ASD groups, ADHD group classification accuracy estimated to be 84%. These two models showed similar classification indices for ADHD group. However, the discrimination power was higher in class of autism spectrum disorder. Conclusion: The currently applied method showed acceptable applications for classifying disorder and healthy conditions, compared to the more applied SVM method. The functional connections related to the cerebellum exhibited the discriminative power.}, Keywords = {Functional Connectivity, DMDC, fMRI, Classification, Autism, ADHD, High-Dimensional Low Sample Size, ADHD-200, ABIDE}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4302.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2487-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2487-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Zabihi, Atefeh and Mazaheri, Mohammad-Ali and Rostami, Reza and Sadeghi, Mansoureh Sadat and Hosein-Zadehbahreini, Narjes and Hallajian, Amir-Homayoun and Nejati, Vahi}, title = {Relational Impact of Emotional Stimuli on Putative Mirror Neuron Activity: A TMS Study}, abstract ={Intro: Mirror neurons’ function is thought to be enhanced by emotion processing. There is some evidence that the valence of an emotional presentation (positive or negative) can influence subsequent mirror neuron activity differently. Additionally, mirror neurons are claimed to provide the mechanism necessary for the embodied simulation of others’ mental states. Therefore, there is an assumption that relational emotion processing might manipulate mirror neuron functions. Method: Via Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the primary motor cortex and electromyography recording from contralateral hand muscles, 20 participants viewed videos of either a static hand or a transitive hand action preceded by either neutral or general (negative and positive) and relational (negative and positive) images.   Results: Corticospinal excitability facilitation during action observation was significantly greater following the positive general compared to negative general emotion stimuli. Regarding relational emotions, we observed an increased MNS activity following relational negative compared to relational positive, relational negative compared to general negative, and general positive compared to relational positive stimuli.   Conclusion: This finding supports the assumption of relational content interferes with mentalizing capacity.}, Keywords = {Mirror neuron system, Emotion processing, Relational}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.1060.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2618-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2618-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Jimenez, Juan C and RuizGarcia, Rosa I and Cedillo-Ildefonso, Benita and Hernandez, David and Miranda, Florencio}, title = {Intra-Accumbal Administration of Mecamylamine Reverses the Effects of Cytisine on the Operant Oral Self-Administration of Ethanol in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: It has been suggested that nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAchRs) expressed in the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens (nAcc) play a modulatory role in the effects of drugs of abuse. This research was designed to assess the effects of intra-accumbal administration of the nAchR antagonist mecamylamine and agonist cytisine on the operant oral self-administration of ethanol (EtOH) in rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were water deprived for 24 h and then trained to lever-press for EtOH reinforcement on a FR1 schedule for three sessions; thereafter, the number of responses in the FR schedule was increased to 3 until the response rate remained stable at 80%. After this training, the rats received an intra-accumbal injection of the nAchR antagonist mecamylamine (0.0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 µg), then nAchR agonist cytisine (0.0, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2 µg) or the combination of mecamylamine (0.0, 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 µg) and cytisine (3.2 µg) before being provided access to EtOH on a FR3 schedule. Results: The data showed that intra-accumbal administration of mecamylamine reduced operant oral self-administration of EtOH, whereas cytisine increased operant oral self-administration of EtOH. This effect was reversed by mecamylamine. Conclusions: These findings suggest that nAchRs in the nAcc may modulate the operant oral self-administration of EtOH in rats.}, Keywords = {Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, Ethanol, Nucleus accumbens, Ethanol self-administration.}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4730.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2561-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2561-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Golnezhad, Abdollah and Torkaman-Boutorabi, Anahita and Razaghi, Emran Mohammad and Zarrindast, Mohammad Reza and Mahdavi, Mohammad Reza and Vousooghi, Nasim}, title = {Evaluation of the Association between ABCB1, Mu-Opioid Receptor, and Cytochrome P450 Genes and Methadone Dose in Patients Undergoing Methadone Maintenance Treatment in Mazandaran Province in Iran}, abstract ={Background: Treatment of opioid use disorders via safe and effective approaches has been investigated for years, from the past to the present. Methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) has been considered an effective therapy for opioid addiction. It has been observed that patients with genetic polymorphisms often show variability in the optimal drug dose requirement and treatment schedule. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member-1 (ABCB1), the mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes and methadone dose in patients undergoing MMT in Mazandaran province in Iran. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 216 male MMT patients (20 to 45 years old) who were involved in the treatment program for at least three months were randomly recruited from six MMT clinics in Mazandaran province between 2018 and 2020. Blood samples were taken, DNA was extracted, and SNPs of CYP2B6 (G516T, A785G), CYP2C19 (-3402C>T), CYP3A4 (-392A>G), OPRM1 )A118G), and ABCB1 (C3435T, G2677T, G2677A, and C1236T) genes were evaluated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). Results: Our results showed no significant relationship between all the studied genotypes and methadone dose requirements. Conclusion: The present study, for the first time in the Mazandaran population, reported no significant correlations between methadone dose requirement and different SNPs in the ABCB1, OPRM1, and CYP genes in MMT patients, which is consistent with other studies conducted on the Iranian population.}, Keywords = {Methadone maintenance, ABCB1, OPRM1, CYP, Addiction, Iran, PCR-RFLP}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2756.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2577-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2577-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Vafaei, Elnaz and NowshiravanRahatabad, Fereidoun and Setarehdan, Seyed Kamaledin and Azadfallah, Parviz}, title = {Feature Extraction with Stacked Autoencoders for EEG Channel Reduction in Emotion Recognition}, abstract ={Emotion recognition by EEG signals is one of the complex methods because the extraction and recognition of the features that are hidden in the signal are sophisticated and require a significant number of EEG channels. Presenting a method for feature analysis and an algorithm for reducing the number of EEG channels fulfills the needs for research in this field. Therefore, this study has investigated the possibility of utilizing deep learning to reduce the number of channels while maintaining the quality of the EEG signal. Stacked autoencoder network (SAEs) is used to extract optimal features for the classification of emotion in valence and arousal dimensions. Autoencoder networks have the ability to extract complex features to provide linear and non-linear features which are a good representative of the signal.  The accuracy of conventional emotion recognition classifier (SVM) using feature extracted from SAEs was obtained 75.7% for valence and 74.4% for arousal dimensions, respectively. Further analysis also illustrates that valence dimension detection with reduced EEG channels has a different composition of EEG channels compared to arousal dimension. In addition, the number of channels is reduced from 32 to 12, which is an excellent development to design a small size EEG device by applying these optimal features.}, Keywords = {Deep learning, Stacked auto-encoder (SAE), Channel reduction, EEG analysis, Emotion}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5138.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2646-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2646-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Abadi, Fatemeh and Moradi, Ali Reza and Zarafshan, Hadi and Mohamadi, Mohamad-Reza and Sadeghi, Meysam}, title = {A Comparison of Remediation and Compensatory Cognitive Interventions on Executive Functions and Theory of Mind Skills in Preschoolers with High Functioning Autism: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trail}, abstract ={Background: interventions using ‘hybrid’ remediation/ compensatory cognitive interventions may be beneficial to improving socio- cognitive functioning of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Previous studies have showed neurocognitive impairments in executive function (EF) and theory of mind (TOM) are specifically associated with ASD. Aim: the primary aim of the study is to determine the impact of the remediation and compensatory cognitive intervention on executive functions and theory of mind abilities. The secondary aim is to evaluate TOM and EF behavioral domains as result of the remediation and compensatory cognitive intervention. Methods/ Design: 75 children aged 4 to 7 diagnosed high- functioning autism and their parents will be recruited to this double-blind, multicenter, multi-arm randomized controlled trial. The primary outcome is executive functions and theory of mind as measured by the shape school, shape span test, TOM scale, TOM story books, TOM assessment checklist, and EFs assessment checklist. The secondary outcome is EFs and TOM behavioral domains as measured by TOM behavior checklist, and brief-preschool version at baseline (T0), post- treatment (T1), one-month follow-up (T2) and three-month follow-up (T3). Primary and secondary outcomes will be analyzed using repeated mesesure Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and mixed model. Discussion: the study will assess whether the cognitive intervention program effect not only on neuropsychological functioning of children with ASD but also on daily functioning. If the current trial shows that either the remediation approach and compensatory approach, or both are effective in improving socio-cognitive functioning, the trial would reveal a ‘hybrid’ remediation/ compensatory approach.}, Keywords = {Theory of mind, Executive function, Remediation cognitive intervention, Compensatory cognitive intervention, Autism}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.3612.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2615-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2615-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mousavi, Seyede Zohre and Jalilevand, Nahid and Ashayeri, Hassan and Abolghasemi, Jamileh}, title = {The Effects of the Persian Writing Treatment Protocol on Communication Skills in People with Aphasia following Stroke}, abstract ={Introduction: Aphasia is one of the most severe post-stroke deficits affecting speech, comprehension, reading, and writing modalities. In some patients, speech is severely impaired, so choosing an alternative or complementary approach for communication seems necessary. Writing has the closest characteristics to verbal language. So, it can be a substitute or facilitate speech, and improve the quality of communication. Therefore, this study aimed to design a writing treatment protocol for Persian stroke patients and investigate its effect on improving communication skills. Method: first, the writing treatment protocol was designed by considering the characteristics of Persian written language, and its validity was determined by an expert panel, then a single subject study with ABA design was performed on 6 stroke patients suffering from chronic aphasia, non-fluent with limited speech. After the baseline phase, treatment sessions using the developed protocol were conducted 1 hour twice a week for 10 sessions. Finally, a follow-up was performed to evaluate the stability of the treatment. Results: The results showed that patients’ improvement was limited to trained words which were treated using the developed protocol, and no generalization was observed to untrained words. The effect size indices (improvement rate difference, percentage of non-overlapping data, and percentage of overlapping data) showed the acceptable effect of treatment, its effectiveness, and the very high effect of writing therapy in all patients. Conclusion: Writing treatment using the developed Persian protocol can improve writing performance as well as patients’ communication. An important outcome of this study is the introduction of a writing treatment approach as a new intervention for Persian patients with limited speech.}, Keywords = {Strokes, Acquired aphasia, Treatment protocol, Writing}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.1307.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2462-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2462-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ahadi, Tannaz and Noori, Ismaeel and KhalifehSoltani, Shayesteh and Ghaboosi, Pouya and Raissi, Gholam Rez}, title = {Efficacy of Percutaneous vs Transcutaneous ‎Posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation in Overactive Bladder Syndrome, a Randomized Clinical Trial}, abstract ={Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB), a symptom syndrome consisting of urgency, frequency and nocturia, is a common urologic disorder. Percutaneous posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (PTNS) is a minimally invasive, well-tolerated and effective treatment of OAB. Recently, Transcutaneous posterior Tibial Nerve Stimulation (TTNS) with surface electrodes has been used, which is entirely non-invasive. The purpose of this study is to examine and compare the efficacy of these two methods of therapy. Material & Methods: In this randomized clinical trial, 44 patients with OAB were randomly assigned to one of two groups. In both groups (PTNS and TTNS), the therapeutic interventions were performed three times a week for four weeks a total of 12 sessions. Incontinence Quality of Life questionnaire (I-QOL) and Overactive Bladder Symptom Score (OABSS) were evaluated before the intervention, one week and four weeks after completing the sessions. Results: Of the 44 patients, 41 females and three males, the mean age of the subjects was 51.95 in the PTNS group and 56.86 in the TTNS group (P-value: 0.9). In our study, patients' urinary symptoms and quality of life improved in both groups over time. There was no significant difference between the two interventions (P-value of 0.796 and 0.372, respectively). Conclusion: Both PTNS and TTNS effectively improved patients' symptoms of OAB and their quality of life. TTNS can be considered as effective as conventional PTNS and be used as a less invasive alternative for PTNS in OAB treatment.}, Keywords = {Overactive Bladder, Nerve stimulation}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4896.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2579-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2579-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghorbani, Mohammad and Keykhosravi, Ehsan and AbbasianArdakani, Ali and Hasanpour, Mohamm}, title = {The Optimal Time for Post-Operative Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Sella in Patients with Pituitary Adenoma}, abstract ={Introduction : Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the preferred neuroradiologic tool for evaluating the sellar region. Pituitary adenomas account for about 15% of primary intracranial tumors. The optimal time for post-operative MRI of CNS neoplasms is 48 hours after surgery. Nevertheless, controversy exists regarding the timing of post-operative MRI in the sellar region. This study analyzed the sellar MRI findings of patients with pituitary adenoma at different times before and after surgery. Finally, we suggest the optimal time for post-operative sellar MRI imaging in patients with pituitary adenoma.  Materials and Methods: A total of 28 patients with pituitary adenoma were evaluated. All patients did four sellar MRIs; the first MRI was done before surgery, and three remainings were done as follows: 48 hours, two weeks, and three months after the surgery. Finally, the MRI findings at different times were compared to each other. Results: We resulted that the pituitary gland and adenoma signals were constant in all sequences over time. The signal of the packing material showed no differences in T1-weighted and T1-weighted with contrast sequences but showed changes in T2-weighted sequences.  Discussion:  In contrast to other intracranial neoplasms, in patients with pituitary adenoma, there were no apparent changes in MRI signal intensity during the 3-month after surgery. There was also no superiority of one time over another for performing follow-up imaging.}, Keywords = {Post-operative Imaging, Sellar region, Pituitary adenoma}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5005.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2608-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2608-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Kord, Moslem and Fath-Abadi, Jalil and Gharibzadeh, Shahriar and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Using tES in Combination with Working Memory Training to Improve EEG Components in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: A Randomized, Active-Controlled Trial}, abstract ={Introduction: Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), including tDCS and tRNS, can improve neuropsychological and cognitive deficits in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we investigated the effectiveness of various tES modes combined with working memory training in children and adolescents with ADHD. Materials and Methods: Participants in this study consisted of a cohort of 13- to 17-year-old adolescents (N=45)who were diagnosed with ADHD in 2018. They were randomly assigned to three groups: tDCS, tRNS, and the active control (sham). The three groups received five sessions of tES either as an intervention or sham on the left and right prefrontal areas (F3 and F4). In addition to tES, Dual n-Back training was also used in the three groups. Wechsler's Digit Span subtest and resting state EEG data were collected before and after  brain stimulation. Results: Analysis of variance showed significant differences between the groups in some EEG channels (p .05). The absolute power analysis of the brain waves data in the pre-testand post-test phases revealed that the tDCS group had the greatest changes compared to the other two groups and that most changes in the absolute power related to theta, delta and alpha bands were found in the frontal and occipital regions. Conclusions: Based on the results, we concluded that tES over the prefrontal area induced cortical changes in children and adolescents with ADHD. Thus, it seems that various methods of tES can be used in combination with other common types of intervention to treat ADHD.}, Keywords = {Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES), Transcranial direct-current stimulation(tDCS), Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), working memory, ADHD}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2547.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2620-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2620-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Adavi, Hamed and Kowsar, Rasoul and Radahmadi, Maryam and Alaei, Hojjatallah}, title = {Comparing the Effects of Various Types of Chronic Psychological Stress on Locomotor Activity, Learning, Memory, and Anxiety-Like Behaviors in Rats}, abstract ={Background: Psychological stress impairs cognitive performance and affects mood states. This study has compared the effect of four types of psychological stress (i.e., crowding, relocation, isolation, and restraint) on locomotor activity, learning, and memory, as well as anxiety-like behaviors performed by the open field, elevated plus maze, and passive avoidance tests (OFT, EPM, and PA). Methods: Wistar rats were randomly assigned to different groups of crowding, relocation, isolation, and restraint stress, as well as control. The stress induction was administered for 21 consecutive days (6 hrs/day). To evaluate various types of behaviors, OFT, EPM, and PA tests were used. Results: According to the PA test results, the latency to enter the darkroom decreased significantly in all stress groups, especially in the crowding  and isolation stress groups. However, it had an inverse relationship with serum corticosterone levels. The total dark stay time increased significantly in the restraint and crowding stress groups, and also particularly, in the isolation stress group. In the isolation stress group, the number of darkroom entries decreased significantly. All stress groups spent a significantly shorter time in the open arms of the EPM apparatus. Finally, the total distance traveled, in the OFT was significantly lower in all stress groups, particularly in the isolation stress group. Conclusion: Crowding and social isolation were the two stress types that had the most adverse effect on cognitive performance, as they induced stress-driven anxiety-like behaviors, probably due to increased corticosterone secretion. A high or low population of social density may create a condition, in which the nervous system could not efficiently manage stress, particularly at chronic levels.}, Keywords = {Stress, Learning, Memory, Corticosterone, Anxiety-like behaviors, Rat}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2346.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2689-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2689-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Nobakhsh, Behrouz and Shalbaf, Ahmad and Rostami, Reza and Kazemi, Rez}, title = {Graph-Based Analysis to Predict Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder Patients Using EEG Signals}, abstract ={Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is considered a non-pharmacological treatment for drug-resistance Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients. Since the outcome rate of rTMS treatment is about 50-55 %, it is essential to predict the treatment outcome before starting the treatment based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, which can lead to the identification of effective biomarkers and could reduce the burden of health care centers. Pretreatment EEG data with 19-channel in the resting state from 34 drug-resistant MDD patients were recorded. All patients received 20 sessions of rTMS treatment, and a reduction of at least 50% in the total Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) score before and after the rTMS treatment is defined as a reference. In current study, effective brain connectivity features are determined by the direct directed transfer function (dDTF) method from pre-treatment EEG data of patients in all frequency bands separately. Then, the brain functional connectivity patterns are modeled as graphs by the dDTF method and examined with the local graph theory indices including degree, out-degree, in-degree, strength, out-strength, in-strength, and betweenness centrality. The results indicated that the Betweenness centrality index in node Fp2 and delta frequency band is the best biomarker and has the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) value of 0.85 for prediction of the rTMS treatment outcome in drug-resistance MDD patients. The proposed method investigates the significant biomarkers that can be used to obtain the rTMS treatment outcome in drug-resistance MDD patients to help clinical decisions.}, Keywords = {Effective connectivity, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Graph theory, Major depressive disorder (MDD), Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) ​​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2034.5}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2628-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2628-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mehmandoust, Mahdieh and Raeesi, Shima and Hashemi, Rezvan and Bidkhori, Mohammad and NamaziShabestari, Alireza and Dashti, Fatemeh and Asoudeh, Farzaneh and Vahabi, Zahr}, title = {Effect of Synbiotic Supplementation on Cognition and Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) in the Elderly with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded Trial}, abstract ={Background: Dementia is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and a significant healthcare concern increasing worldwide. The modulation of the gut-brain axis by gut microbiota might have favorable effects on ameliorating cognitive decline. Our objective was to investigate whether synbiotics administration could enhance cognition and function in older adults with non-severe Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: This study was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded clinical trial to test the effects of synbiotic supplementation for 90 days (Between August 2019 and February 2021). A synbiotics formulation or placebo was randomly allocated to older outpatients with mild to moderate AD. The intervention group took two capsules daily containing the mixture of 7 bacterial strains as probiotics and a prebiotic for 12 weeks. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and Barthel index evaluated participants' cognition and functional status. Pre- and post-intervention fasting blood samples were obtained to compare the serum albumin, fasting blood sugar (FBS), 25(OH) vitamin D, and lipid profile. Results: 60 patients (Mean age of 77 years) were recruited. After 12 weeks of synbiotic supplementation, no significant improvement was detected in the MMSE Score (p=0.53) and Barthel index (p=0.43), respectively. Furthermore, metabolic parameters including FBS (p=0.92), triglyceride (P=0.48), total cholesterol (P=0.74), high-density lipoprotein (P=0.54), low-density lipoprotein (P=0.79), serum albumin (p=0.28) and 25(OH) vitamin D levels (p=0.67) were not different before and after synbiotic administration. Conclusion: This study does not support short-term synbiotic supplementation to enhance cognitive and physical function in elderly patients with mild to moderate AD.}, Keywords = {Synbiotics, Cognitive function, Activity of daily living, Elderly, Alzheimer’s disease ​​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4648.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2541-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2541-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mollajani, Raheleh and Joghataei, Mohamad Taghi and Tehrani-doost, Mehdi and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Effect of Bumetanide on Neural Correlates of Emotion Recognition in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Event-Related Potential Study}, abstract ={Objectives: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have impairments in emotion processing including recognizing emotional faces. There is a major need for medication to improve core symptoms of ASD. Bumetanide is one of the most recently used drugs in some studies in ASDs to address this need. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of bumetanide on the brain response of youth with ASD while they were recognizing emotional faces using the event related potentials (ERPs). Methods: Fifteen youth with ASD aged between 7 to 16 years were evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL), Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised Form (WISC-R), and common blood tests. The electrical brain response was measured while they were doing a Facial Emotional Recognition Task (FERT). After 3 months of treatment, they were assessed again in terms of core symptoms and ERPs. Results: The behavioral problems of the participants decreased significantly based on CARS. With regards to behavioral performance on FERT, the accuracy of detecting emotions increased and reaction time decreased significantly. The amplitude of N170, EPN, and N250 increased and latency for N170 and N250 decreased significantly in some electrodes. There were no serious side effects. Conclusion: In this study, bumetanide improved behavioral symptoms as well as the ability to recognize emotions. Also, brain function was improved based on the ERP components. So, it can be concluded that bumetanide can be used safely in children and adolescents with ASD to improve the main symptoms of the disorder.}, Keywords = {Bumetanide, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Facial emotion recognition, Event-Related Potentials}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.3978.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2405-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2405-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Alijanpour, Sahar and Ghafouri-Fard, Soudeh and Tonekaboni, Seyed Hassan and Karimzadeh, Parvaneh and Ahmadabadi, Farzad and Rahimian, Elham and Panjehshahi, Samareh and Miryounesi, Mohamm}, title = {Recurrence of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy 9 (DEE9) in Two Siblings Due to Parental Germline Mosaicism of PCDH19 Mutation and Review of the Literature}, abstract ={Introduction: Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 9 (DEE9) is caused by pathogenic variants in the PCDH19 gene. The clinical features include early-onset seizures that are often provoked by fever and display clustered seizures, mild to profound intellectual disability, autistic traits, and behavioral disturbances. DEE9 is characterized by an unusual X-linked pattern where heterozygous females or rarely mosaic hemizygous males are affected, but hemizygous males and homozygous females are asymptomatic. In recent years, an increasing number of female and male patients with PCDH19-related epilepsy and symptoms have been reported. Methods & Results: Here, we report two additional female patients with DEE9 who are siblings. Whole exome sequencing revealed that these patients have a heterozygous frameshift variant (NM_001184880.2: c.1091delC, p.P364Rfs*4) in the PCDH19 gene. We also reviewed previously reported cases with this mutation in detail. Conclusion: This is the first report of germline mosaicism in the PCDH19 gene in the Iranian population and expanded the phenotypic spectrum of DEE9. Genetic testing has become an effective way of determining the diagnosis. Parental germline mosaicism should be considered when providing genetic counseling for X-linked/autosomal dominant disorders. This report also provides an emphasis on the importance of considering prenatal diagnosis (PND) in such cases.  }, Keywords = {Developmental and epileptic encephalopathy 9, Epilepsy, PCDH19, Genetic, Germline mosaicism}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5507.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2697-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2697-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NaderiTehrani, Monireh and Hamidi, Gholam Ali and Heydari, Azhdar and Nasrollahi, Saeedeh and Aghighi, Fatemeh and Salami, Mahmou}, title = {Effect of Acute Administration of Caffeine and the Role of Nitric Ox-ide Pathway in an Animal Model of Chronic Constriction Injury of the Sciatic Nerve}, abstract ={Background: Partial peripheral nerve injury often results in chronic pain, including hyperalgesia and allodynia. Caffeine as a non-selective antagonist of adenosine receptors (ARs) has protective effects on neuropathic pain. Since, in the central effects of caffeine nitric oxide (NO) partially is involved, we therefore investigated the effects of acute caffeine administration on neuropathic pain, focusing on A1 and A2 receptors and the possible role of NO. Methods: Following chronic constriction injury (CCI), male Wistar rats were administrated with caffeine (10, 50 and 100mg/kg). Also, groups of animals received L-NAME (30mg/kg) or L-arginine (100mg/kg) either alone or as before treatment with 50 mg/kg of caffeine. Rats were tested for hyperalgesia and allodynia at 4, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days following CCI. Results: Administration of 10 mg/kg of caffeine significantly increased cold allodynia, while 50 and 100 mg/kg of caffeine, decreased mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia. Pre-treatment with L-NAME before caffeine administration decreased cold and mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia. Treatment with L-arginine before caffeine administration, increased thermal hyperalgesia and decreased cold allodynia. Conclusions: The present data show that caffeine dose-dependently affects the pro-analgesic or anti-analgesic states in the CCI model.}, Keywords = {Neuropathic Pain, Caffeine, L-NAME, L-Arginine, Nitric Oxide, Adenosine receptors}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.5523.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2701-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2701-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Azar, Fatemeh and Rezapour, Tara and Karsazi, Hossein and Hatami, Jav}, title = {Chilling and Blurring Negative Memories: An Experimental Memory Training Study}, abstract ={Aims: The present study examined the extent to which the methods of Broadening attentional scope (BAS) during acquisition, and working memory interference (WMI) during reconsolidation could influence memory formation process. Methods: 95 participants were randomly assigned to inactive control (n=30), BAS (n=33), and WMI (n=32) groups. During watching a traumatic film, participants in the BAS group were instructed to allocate their attention to the peripheral details of the film, while participants in the WMI group performed a spatial working memory task. Memory vividness and emotionality were assessed before and after the intervention using a visual analogue scale, and valence, arousal, and dominance were measured by self-assessment manikin immediately after watching the film. Moreover, all the participants were asked to record their intrusive memory for 3 days after the experiment. Statistical software package SPSS was used for group comparisons.  Results: Our results suggested that interfering with visuospatial working memory during retrieving emotionally valanced memories could significantly reduce the level of vividness of mental images from pre to post assessments (p=0.004). However, in terms of emotionality, arousal, dominance and the number of intrusive memories, we found no significant differences between the three groups.  Conclusions: Participants in the WMI group outperformed in blurring the negatively valanced memory at the post assessment. In contrast with our primary assumption, broadening attentional scope didn’t make any significant changes compared to the other two groups. Future studies with larger sample size and objective measurements may provide additional evidence on the efficacy of these methods, specifically in the context of clinical implication.  }, Keywords = {Working memory interference, Emotional memory, Broadening attentional scope, Vividness ​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5539.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2712-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2712-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Tehrani-Safa, AmirHossein and Ghaderi, Reza and Herasat, Mohammad and Sarabi-Jamab, Atiye}, title = {Peer-Mediated Social Signals Alter Risk Tolerance in Teenage Boys Based on How far they are from Their Peers}, abstract ={During early adolescence, peer influences play a crucial role in shaping learning and decision preferences. When teens observe what their peers are doing, they can learn and change their behavior, especially when they are taking risks. Our study incorporated an economical behavioral task and computational modeling framework to examine whether and how early male adolescents' risk attitudes change when they see information about their peers' choices. We recruited 38 middle school male students aged 12-15 years. The experiment consisted of three sessions: The first session and the third session were designed to evaluate the risk attitude of the participants. In the second session, participants were asked to guess the choices made by their peers, and then the computer gave them feedback on the correctness of their predictions. Each participant was randomly assigned to risk-taking or risk-averse peers. Our results revealed that teenagers who predicted risk-averse peers exhibited significant declines in their risk attitudes during the last session. On the other hand, participants with risk-seeking peers exhibited a significantly higher level of risk attitudes after predicting their peers. The data showed that these peer-biased changes in risk attitudes are proportional to the gap between teens' and their peers' risk perspectives. Results showed that their perspectives aligned closer after receiving the information, and approximately a third of the gap was eliminated. This shift may be part of an adaptive process that involves social integration.  }, Keywords = {Adolescence, Social influence, Risk attitude, Social information, Observational learning}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5331.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2669-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2669-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Toloui, Amirmohammad and Ramawad, Hamzah Adel and Aboutaleb, Nahid and Yousefifard, Mahmou}, title = {The Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) Administration in Treating Spinal Cord Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preclinical Evidence}, abstract ={Background: The present systematic review and meta-analysis was designed to investigate platelet-rich plasma as an effective treatment for spinal cord injury in animal models. Method: An extensive literature search was conducted using electronic databases. The included studies were summarized based on the investigated outcomes, including functional recovery and cavity size. Data were recorded as mean and standard deviation. The relationship between variables and the outcomes was investigated based on the “meta” command in the STATA 17.0 statistical program. Results: In total, 9 articles were included in the present meta-analysis. Pooled data analysis showed that the administration of platelet-rich plasma significantly improved the motor function of animals (SMD= 1.5; 95%CI: 0.9 - 2.1; p< 0.0001). In subgroup analysis based on the severity of the injury, platelet-rich plasma administration significantly improved the motor function of animals in both moderate (SMD= 2.59l 95%CI: 1.59 - 3.59; p< 0.0001; I2= 30.22%) and severe injuries (SMD= 1.22; 95%CI: 0.64 - 1.79; p< 0.0001; I2= 56.35%); However, the recovery of function was significantly more in animals with moderate spinal cord injury (Meta-regression coefficient= -1.36; 95%CI: -2.68 - -0.09; p= 0.035). In the assessment of cavity size, pooled data analysis showed that PRP administration results in a significant reduction in cavity size (SMD= -2.2; 95%CI: -3.44 - -0.95; p< 0.0001). Discussion: This meta-analysis showed that the administration of platelet-rich plasma can significantly improve motor function and reduce the cavity size in animals with moderate to severe spinal cord injuries.}, Keywords = {Spinal cord injury, Platelet-rich plasma, Functional recovery}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.562.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2638-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2638-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Aliyari, Hamed and Hosseinian, Mohsen and Menhaj, Mohammad Bagher and Sahraei, Hedayat and Shabani, Mohsen and Kazemi, Masoomeh}, title = {Uncovering the Neurobiological Consequences of High-Voltage Electrical Field Exposure on the Visual Working Memory of Macaques and Also Using Spiking Neural Network Model}, abstract ={High-voltage (HV) power transmission lines running near cities and villages can cause severe damage (Mental and physical). Due to the magnetic and electric fields they produce. This study aimed to investigate the effects of high-voltage (HV) electric fields on the spiking neural network model of the brain and biological and behavioral models of visual working memory. To achieve this goal, macaques were studied for their cognitive functions, expression of the NMDA receptor gene, MRI-assisted analysis of brain anatomy, and variations in blood sodium and potassium concentrations. The experimental group of macaques was exposed to a 3kV/m high-voltage field for four hours a day for one month. Computational models were then evaluated using experimental parameters. According to the results, it was observed that being exposed to high-voltage electric fields led to a reduction in the expression of the NMDA receptor gene, as well as a decrease in the levels of Sodium and potassium ions in the blood plasma. Additionally, analysis assisted by MRI showed a decrease in the volume of the hippocampus and amygdala after exposure to the electric field. In conclusion, the results of cognitive, genetic, blood, and MRI tests, along with the spiking neural network model, elucidate the mechanism of the visual working memory deterioration in macaques due to high-voltage electric field exposure.}, Keywords = {High-voltage electric fields, Visual working memory, Spiking neural network (SNN), Monkeys (Macaques).}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.2368.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2675-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2675-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mehvari, Jafar and Jaafari, Zeinab and Zare, Mohamad and Tabrizi, Nasim and KhosraviFarsani, Alirez}, title = {The Assessments of Electrocardiographic Parameters in the Patients with Drug-Resistant Temporal Lobe Epilepsy; A Case-Control Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the substantial cause of death in patients with epilepsy (PWE). Electroconductive disorders leading to life-threatening arrhythmia are mostly hypothesized to play a crucial role; however, there is paucity of knowledge in variable among the patients with drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) compared to the healthy controls. Methods: The current case-control study has been conducted on 50 drug-resistant TLE patients as the cases and 50 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects selected from their first-degree family members. ECGs were taken when admitted at the hospital (base line), immediately after a seizure incidence and within an hour after the end of the seizure from the cases compared with a random ECG of the controls considering parameters including PR-, RR-, and corrected QT interval (QTc), P wave duration and heart rate (HR) variability. Results: Shorter corrected QTc interval was notified among the drug-resistant TLE patients compared to the controls (P-value=0.017) in the base line taken ECGs, while the assessments immediately after the seizure revealed significant differences in terms of RR-interval (P-value=0.005) and heart rate (P-value=0.005). Post-ictal ECGs did not differ between the groups (P-value>0.05). Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, shortened QTc interval at base line ECGs, shortened RR interval and increased HR during the seizure were the ECG elements affected in drug-resistant TLE patients; however, to generalize the outcomes, further studies are required.}, Keywords = {Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Cardiac arrhythmia, Electrocardiography}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4724.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2556-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2556-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghasempour, Sarieh and Maghsoudi, Nader and Manaheji, Homa and Ghasemi, Rasoul and JaafariSuha, Ali and Zaringhalam, Jal}, title = {A New Dipeptide H-MGL Partially Ameliorates Memory Impairment in an STZ-Induced Alzheimer Model in Male Rats}, abstract ={Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is identified by the gradual decline in memory and cognitive function. It is classified by the deposition of Aβ plaques, the build-up of intracellular neurofibrillary tangle and neuron loss. Neurotrophic factors play critical role in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, the utilization of such neurotrophins has encountered certain difficulties and side effects. Novel technological advancements prioritize innovative dipeptides usage, which offer fewer side effects. The present study endeavors to analyze the compound hexamethylenediamide bis-(N-monosuccinyl-glutamyl-lysine) (Lab name: H-MGL), a newly discovered neurotrophin mimetic dipeptide, with the aim of alleviating memory impairment in an intracerebroventricular single dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Alzheimer model in rats. We arranged 4 groups consist of sham, groups receiving STZ and STZ+H-MGL (1 and 2mg/kg). The H-MGL was administered consecutively for 14 days following STZ injection subsequently, the Morris Water Maze test was performed. The findings suggest that administration of STZ caused significantly increment in mean escape latency and mean traveled distance in acquisition days. H-MGL at a dosage of 1mg/kg failed to yield any notable improvement in rats when compared to STZ. By contrast, a dosage of 2mg/kg of H-MGL led to a significant decrease in the latency to first platform crossing and frequency of platform crossings. Consequently, the aforementioned findings have engendered the notion that H-MGL partially ameliorate cognitive impairment so it may hold promise for having low side effects to alleviate cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease, or potentially decreases the symptoms associated with its progression.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer Disease, Dipeptide, H-MGL, Escape latency, Latency to first}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.401.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2721-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2721-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Taghilou, Hoda and Rezaei, Mazaher and Nazari, Mohammad Ali and Valizadeh, Alirez}, title = {EEG Oscillations during Prehypnosis and Hypnosis in Subjects with High and Low Dissociative Experiences}, abstract ={Aims: Hypnosis is a multifaceted phenomenon and refers to suggestions that are used to create desirable changes in behavior, experience and physiology. Most EEG research in hypnosis have allocated people into two groups of high and low hypnotizables. Hence, the empirical data are somewhat controversial, and there is no general agreement about the neurophysiology of hypnosis. On the other hand, dissociation theory of hypnosis posits that people candidates for hypnosis are typically prone to dissociation and individuals divide into two groups with high dissociative (HD) and low dissociative (LD). If this assumption is true, we can expect such a state should be visible as a distinct pattern of changes in absolute power and functional connectivity between brain districts after a hypnotic induction in high but not low dissociative suggestible. Methods: The final sample consisted of 20 participants who scored six or higher on the SHSS: C. then we completed DES on them. To assess the electrical activity of the brain during hypnosis, nineteen channel EEG was recorded from 10 HD and 10 LD participants with their eyes closed before (baseline) and after the induction of hypnosis. We use EEG to measure absolute power and functional connectivity using coherence (COH). We expected that the two groups would have dissimilar pattern of EEG signals in spite of equivalent hypnotizability. Findings: We found that in in bands of delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma, both groups were different from the baseline to hypnosis. In addition, both groups showed different connectivity in hypnosis in four bands (delta, theta, alpha, and beta). Conclusion: These findings indicate that although the two LD low and HD groups had equal hypnotizability, the episodic prospection tasks did not involve the same neural networks in the two groups.}, Keywords = {EEG, Hypnotizability, Dissociative experiences, Hypnosis, Gamma oscillations}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.1206.2}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2710-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2710-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Fadaei, Atefeh and Najafi, Mahmoud and Miladi-Gorji, Hossein and TajikMansoury, Mohammad Ali and Afkar, Mohamm}, title = {Effect of Neurofeedback Training Along with Swimming Exercise on the Electroencephalographic Changes and Visual Image-Induced Craving in Methamphetamine-Dependent Patients}, abstract ={Introduction: In this study, we investigated whether neurofeedback (NFB) training and swimming exercise would decrease the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and visual image-induced craving in methamphetamine (METH)-dependent patients. Methods: This study was a randomized controlled trial design. 32 METH-dependent patients were allocated randomly to four groups; control, NFB, Swim, and NFB/Swim. The EEG and visual image-induced craving were recorded before and after the intervention in all four groups. Results: We found that the NFB, Swim, and NFB/Swim groups showed significantly lower absolute power for 4 frequency bands. Also, the swim and NFB/Swim groups had less and greater relative power in the alpha and delta bands, respectively. In addition, NFB/Swim group exhibited an increase in delta/alpha power ratio than the control and the NFB groups. Also, the NFB/Swim group showed a significant reduction in visual image-induced craving score than the control, swim, and NFB groups. Conclusion: This study provides novel evidence that the NFB training along with swimming exercise during METH-abstinence was effective in the normalization of METH-induced EEG changes, which may help patients to manage their cravings.}, Keywords = {Methamphetamine, Neurofeedback, Swimming exercise, Electroencephalography, Craving}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.886.4}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2587-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2587-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Fazeli, Arash and Zolghadriha, Ahmad and Pirzeh, Reza and Ramezani, Shokoufe and Dadashi, Mohse}, title = {Effectiveness of Low-Frequency rTMS and CBT in Reducing Symptoms Severity and Improving Cognitive Flexibility in Adults with OCD: A Clinical Tria}, abstract ={Background: This study aims to assess and compare the effects of low-frequency (LF) cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on symptoms and cognitive flexibility of adults with OCD. Methods: This is a randomized clinical trial conducted on 24 people with OCD in Zanjan, Iran in two groups of CBT (n=12) and rTMS (n=12). The CBT with exposure and response prevention was presented at 20 sessions. The 1-Hz rTMS was delivered at 100 of resting MT using an 8-shaped coil over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (F4) for 2 weeks at 10 sessions. They completed the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory before, immediately, and one month after the intervention. Collected data were analyzed in SPSS v.22 software. Results: Results showed a significant difference between the two groups in the severity of OCD symptoms (obsessions and compulsions) immediately after intervention (p<0.001), where higher reductions were observed in the CBT group. There was no significant difference between the two groups in cognitive flexibility (p>0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups in any study variables one month after interventions. Conclusion: There is a significant difference between CBT and LF rTMS techniques in reducing the severity of OCD symptoms, while there is no difference between them in improving cognitive flexibility of patients with OCD.}, Keywords = {Obsessive compulsive disorder, Cognitive behavioral therapy, Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, Cognitive flexibility ​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5047.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2616-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2616-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Dehghan, Faezeh and AlizadehZarei, Mehdi and KhosroAbadi, Reza and Farhangdost, Hashem and SoltaniTehrani, Amir Ali and joghati, Mohamad Taghi}, title = {Eye Movements during Sentence Processing in High-Functioning Autistic Children Compared to Neurotypical Peers: An Eye Tracking Study}, abstract ={Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. The pattern of eye movements during reading can significantly impact reading quality. This study aimed to examine the eye movement patterns, which are essential for reading, in children with ASD as compared to their neurotypical peers. Methods: This study focused on two crucial indicators that influence reading: eye fixation time and saccade movement. Comparison of parameters of saccade movements and eye fixation in a sentence reading task was done between two groups using an eye tracker device. autistic chidren (15 children, average age: 102.33months) and their neurotypical peers (17 children, average age: 101.69 months) participated in this study. Results:  The results showed that compared to their neurotypical peers, children with ASD have lower amplitude while reading sentences (P.Value:  0.02(.These children used more number of fixations to read the words in the sentence (P.Value:  0.02(. Comparing the total time spent to read a sentence between the two groups shows that autistic children need more time to read a sentence (P.Value:  0.02(. Discussion: these results suggest that low-level sensorimotor processes involved in generating accurate eye movements such as dorsal visual pathway and cerebellum can significantly impact the reading quality of children with ASD.}, Keywords = {High-functioning autism, Eye tracking, Reading, Eye movements, Saccadic eye movements, Sensory motor integration}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5678.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2753-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2753-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sayadnasiri, Mohammad and Moridian, Mahta and Naji, Borzooyeh}, title = {The Predictive Role of QEEG in Evaluation of Responsiveness of OCD Pa-Tients to Fluvoxamine}, abstract ={Introduction: It is not rare that an OCD patient does not response desirably to first chosen medication, and it may last up to one year to find the best treatment. According to the consequences of failed antidepressant therapy for OCD, any factor that can predict responsiveness, would be of high importance. We investigated potential predictive value of quantitative electroencephalography in the responsiveness of OCD patients to Fluvoxamine. Methods: We included 40 medication free non-depressed OCD patients, assessed before intervention and six weeks after. Five minutes of opened eyes and closed eyes QEEG records were taken. The relative power of each frequency band was calculated for all electrodes. The patients received Fluvoxamine, 150-300 mg per day. We compared the waves between responders and non-responders, by univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression. Results: Responsiveness was correlated with normal relative powers in FP1, FP2, FZ and F3 and increased relative power in O1 in closed eyes condition and increased relative power of alpha in O1 and O2 and normal relative powers in FP1 and FP2 with open eyes. Unresponsiveness was correlated with increased theta in FP2, FZ and F3 and unincreased alpha in O1 with closed eyes and increased alpha in the O1 and O2 in opened eyes condition. Conclusion: The electroencephalographic waves of medial-frontal area and occipital areas can be biomarkers to predict responsiveness to treatment with Fluvoxamine.}, Keywords = {Quantitative Electroencephalography, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, Responsiveness,}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.4565.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2532-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2532-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghobadi-Azbari, Peyman and Moslemi, Hossein and Yousefpour, Mitra and Hosseini, Yasam}, title = {Task-Dependent Functional Coupling of the Amygdala Network in Response to Drug Cues in Individuals with Methamphetamine Use Disorder}, abstract ={Introduction: Methamphetamine use disorder (MUD) has substantial societal and individual implications, necessitating a comprehensive understanding of its neural underpinnings for effective intervention. Key to addiction is the amygdala, implicated in emotion processing and reward systems, which interacts with the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in addictive behaviors. Methods: We conducted a study involving 54 male individuals with MUD (age range: 22–44 years) to examine amygdala-cortical connectivity during methamphetamine cue reactivity, aiming to uncover effective neural pathways. We combined generalized psychophysiological interaction (gPPI) analysis and dynamic causal modeling (DCM) to elucidate connectivity dynamics and effective neural pathways. We delved deeper into neuro-behavioral connections using Pearson's correlation and group factor analysis (GFA). Results: Our findings revealed increased functional connectivity within the amygdala-posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) and amygdala-dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) networks during methamphetamine cue reactivity. DCM revealed a neural network characterized by positive bidirectional connections among the amygdala, dlPFC, and PCC, along with negative intrinsic connections. Interestingly, we observed that the intrinsic self-inhibition of the dlPFC was negatively correlated with post-task positive affect, suggesting its role in emotional regulation. Nonetheless, utilizing GFA, we did not discover any noteworthy cross-unit latent factors between the neural group and variables related to behavior, psychology, or demographics. Conclusion: These discoveries advance our comprehension of the neural mechanisms at play in methamphetamine cue reactivity and addiction-related processes. The increased amygdala-cortical connectivity underscores the role of these networks in drug cue processing, potentially contributing to craving and relapse. Effective connectivity analysis highlights the interconnectedness of the amygdala, dlPFC, and PCC, revealing potential pathways for neural signaling during cue reactivity. Our results contribute to the growing body of knowledge about addiction's neurobiological basis, offering insights that may inform targeted interventions to mitigate the impact of methamphetamine cue reactivity on addiction progression.}, Keywords = {Addiction neuroscience, Craving, Cue reactivity, DCM, gPPI, fMRI, MUD}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5833.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2785-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2785-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mobarezpour, Jahangir and Latifi, Zahra and Ghaderi, Rez}, title = {Differential Complexity of Information Processing during Motor Imagination in Adults versus Children}, abstract ={Motor imagination is a dynamic mental state that simulates a similar brain mechanism of actual physical movement. This brain mechanism could be traced using EEG recording during motor imagination. Nevertheless, it is still unclear that how development changes this mechanism. Considering the fact that brain mechanism of motor imagination must gain expertise during development to enable a subject performing better motor actions,  therefore, we hypothesized that brain mechanism of imagination in adults must have more complex pattern of information processing as compared to the one in children. Therefore, EEG signals of 10 boys and 9 male-adults were recorded during right and left hand-motor imaginations. Subsequently, complexity of EEG signals were estimated by applying Higuchi’s fractal dimension (HFD) on the cleaned EEG data. The results presented a significant increase of HFD in the adults (P value < .05, family-wised error corrected) in all the EEG channels, as compared to the children. Increase of HFD presents a more complex pattern of information processing in adults which advances them for performing the motor tasks. This advancement in the adults could be created by compression of information in higher levels as compared to the children. We hope this findings pave the way to better understanding of brain functions and mechanism.}, Keywords = {Motor imagery, Eelectroencephalography (EEG), Higuchi’s fractal dimension, Complexity}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5705.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2759-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2759-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {NajafiDehjalali, Roqheyeh and Dadashi, Mohsen and HassaniAbherian, Peyman and Farahani, Hojjatullah and Faridi, Ali Rez}, title = {Bibliometric Analysis of Craving in the Field of Drug and Behavioral Addiction during the Last Decade}, abstract ={Background: With the growing knowledge of craving and the relevant causal factors that lead to the accumulation of solid theoretical frameworks during the past years and according to the review studies, it seems indispensable to carry out a bibliometric review of this literature. Methods: In this study, by examining the papers published during the last decade in the Scopus database-the largest citation database functional, mapping, and content analysis of citation data- the researchers are trying to clarify the direction of research in the coming years. Results: In the realm of craving research, it has been observed that multi-authored articles, such as, Boswell's (2016) study have garnered the highest number of citations. Notably, the names Boswell (2016) and Wolff May (2016) have emerged as prominent figures in this field. Lee X and the Journal of Addictive Behaviors are leading producers of research in the craving domain, The highest volume of scientific output originates from the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, with significant contributions from the United States, China, Germany, Italy, and England. The term "craving" exhibits the highest frequency of use.  The co-authorship network illustrates that the most significant collaborations occur between the United States and other countries, where the majority of scientific output in this field is concentrated. Conclusion: This analysis leads to the conclusion that studies pertaining to cravings occupy a prominent position in global etiological research and therapeutic interventions for addictive disorders. The enduring popularity of authors and publications addressing these disorders remains noteworthy.}, Keywords = {Addictive behaviors, Bibliography, Craving, Drug addiction}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.194.6}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2769-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2769-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghantabpour, Taha and Soleimani, Mansoureh and Ahadi, Reza and Karimzadeh, Farib}, title = {The Effect of Physical Activity on the Orexin and BDNF Expression on Kindling Model of Epileptic Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Epilepsy has been characterized by recurrent seizures associated with cognitive, mental, and social issues. Exercise has been well known as a non-pharmacological or complementary remedy to reduce the effective dose and side effects of pharmacological therapies. Orexin signaling pathway and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) have an essential role in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. In this study, we investigated the effect of exercise on the modulation of the orexin-A (OXA) and BDNF signaling pathways in epileptic rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: Normal saline (NS), seizure, physical activity (PA), PA+PTZ, and PA-PTZ. Assessment of seizure behaviors was done 30 min after any PTZ injection in the seizure, PA+PTZ, and PA-PTZ groups. Seizure behavior score (SBS) was monitored in seizure, PA+PTZ, and PA-PTZ. The expression of the OXA and BDNF in the CA1, CA3, and cortex was assayed by immunohistochemistry staining. The correlations were taken between the OXA and BDNF in different groups. Results: SBC was reduced in the epileptic rats that had exercised. Seizure and physical activity increased the OXA expression in the seizure and PA groups. The OXA expression decreased in the CA1 and CA3 of the PA+PTZ and PA-PTZ and cortex of PA+PTZ compared to the seizure group. OXA was up-expressed in the PA-PTZ group compared to the PA+PTZ group. Seizure decreased the BDNF expression in the seizure group compared to the NS group. Physical activity elevated the BDNF expression in the CA1, CA3, and cortex of the PA group. BDNF was up-expressed in the cortex of the PA+PTZ and the CA1, CA3, and cortex of PA-PTZ. BDNF expression increased in the CA1 and CA3 of the PA-PTZ compared to the PA+PTZ. There was a significant correlation between the OXA and BDNF expression in the CA1, CA3, and cortex of the NS and seizure groups, as well as in the CA1 and cortex of the PA group. Conclusion: Our results declared that physical activity had an amelioration effect on the seizure severity. Our finding suggested that the effect of physical activity on seizure might not rise from the interaction of the OXA and BDNF expression in epileptic rats.}, Keywords = {Epilepsy, Seizure, Exercise, Orexin, BDNF, Pentylenetetrazol ​​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5909.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2808-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2808-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Abdelnaby, Ramy and Ahmed, Yasmine H. and Zaafar, Dalia and Mahmoud, Mohamed Y. and Elsaeed, Eman Mohammed and Häger, Alexa and Khalil, Heba M. A.}, title = {Structural Changes in Pharyngeal and Tongue Muscles as a Potential Contributor to Dysphagia in Alzheimer’s Disease Rat Model}, abstract ={Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that accounts for 60% of the causes of dementia worldwide. Despite the lack of concret information about the the prevalence of dysphagia among AD patients, it still significantly impairs their quality of life. That necessitates more investigations to understand the pathophysiology of this condition and how to manage it. In this study, we examined if dysphagia could be explained by AD-associated changes in pharyngeal and tongue muscles. Materials and methods: Fourteen adult male rats were allocated into 2 groups; group I (control) received distilled water orally, group II (AD) received aluminum chloride (200 mg/kg, per os), and D-galactose (60 mg/kg, subcut.) daily for 45 days. Biochemical parameters, including amyloid beta-peptide (Aβ), histopathological investigation of hippocampus, tongue, and pharynx, as well as immune-histochemical expression of brain Glial fibrillar acidic protein (GFAP) were conducted.  Results: Our AD model showed marked cognitive impairment, hippocampal oxidative stress in addition to the increased expression of brain Aβ (p=0.0003) as compared to controls. Dysphagia was confirmed by loss of body weight (p= 0.0077), and decreased eating and drinking pattern by 25-35 % in AD versus control group. Histopathological, immune-histochemical and Biochemical evidence, including increased levels of pharyngeal Aβ (p= 0.0017) were detected in tongue and pharyngeal muscles of AD rats. Conclusion: Dysphagia in AD can result not only centrally but also due to local affection of tongue and pharynx. Further translational studies linking dysphagia to AD pathology will be needed.}, Keywords = {Alzheimer’s, Dysphagia, Amyloid, Tongue, Pharyngeal muscles}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5719.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2764-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2764-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Gili, Shahnaz and Ebrahimiasl, Sarieh}, title = {Comparison of the Effects of Emotionally Focused Therapy and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Anxiety and Quality of Life of Patients with Coronary Artery Disease during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Randomized Clinical Trial}, abstract ={Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has increased psychological distress and impacted diagnosis and treatment of noncommunicable diseases. This study aimed to examine the comparative effectiveness of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) on anxiety and quality of life in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) during COVID-19 pandemic.   Methods: A total of forty-five participants who met criteria for a current episode of CAD, referred to Shahid-Rajaee Heart Hospital in Tehran, were chosen by convenience sampling method and they were randomly assigned to a 9-week/60-min EFT (n = 15) group therapy, 5-week/20-min tDCS (n = 15) experimental group and one control group (n=15). They were assessed at pre-treatment, post-group, and 3-month follow-up. The study subjects completed the self-reported reliable and valid Persian version of questionnaires, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Health-Related Quality of Life (HRQOL). Then, repeated measures analysis of variance, ANOVA, was used to measure inferential statistics. Results: There were significant improvements in Anxiety and Quality of Life scores in both EFT and tDCS groups over the post and follow-up period (p≤0.01). However, difference was found when EFT had a greater effect on Anxiety and Quality of Life. Conclusions: These results showed EFT and tDCS have effective interventions in reducing anxiety and improving the quality of life of CAD patients, but improvements with EFT were greater than those with tDCS.}, Keywords = {Emotionally Focused Therapy, Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Anxiety, Quality of Life, Coronary artery disease, COVID-19}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2023.5003.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2602-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2602-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Gilanchi, Samira and RezaeiTavirani, Mostafa and Daskareh, Mahyar}, title = {The Necessity for Biomarker-based Personalized Medicine in Major Depression Disorders: A Comprehensive Literature Review}, abstract ={Background: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a mental disorder characterized by alterations in mood, cognition, neurovegetative functions, and psychomotor activity. Millions of people worldwide suffer from this disease. There is no diagnosis based on laboratory tests for major depression. Even though there are varieties of treatments for MDD, often antidepressants are used to treat patients. There is a wide range of different responses to antidepressant drugs. Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a big challenge in the treatment of this disease. Purpose: This article's goal is to review the current knowledge of MDD in order to show the deficiencies related to this disease in various fields of diagnosis and treatment, which shows the essential need for molecular studies to find new biomarkers related to this disease. Method: This review uses two search strategies: a literature search using keywords (major depressive disorder, or MDD) and articles on each study topic. Animal experiments, pediatric MDD, and postpartum depression are excluded. For parts requiring more study, specific keywords are used. Result: Biological approaches can help with a better understanding of the MDD pathogenesis mechanism, which is needed for diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of treatment response. Conclusion: Despite the fact that there are a variety of treatments and diagnoses for MDD, they are not sufficient, and it appears more investigations and research are needed. Finding a specific and sensitive panel of biomarkers for these aims is more helpful for accelerating the clinical development of new diagnoses and therapeutics for MDD patients.}, Keywords = {Major depressive disorder, Major depression, MDD, Diagnostic criteria, Biomarker}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.5897.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2824-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2824-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ahmadiani, Abolhassan and Soleimani, Elham and Bazrgar, Maryam and Khodagholi, Fariba and Eliassi, Afsaneh}, title = {The 40 Hz White LED Alleviates Psychiatric Symptoms Induced by STZ in Vivo: Evidence from Behavioral and Molecular Studies}, abstract ={Introduction:  The use of a 40 Hz white light emitting diode (WLED) has emerged as an alternative non-pharmacological and non-invasive approach to Alzheimerʼs disease (AD). Here we used behavioral tasks and measurements of some mitochondrial factors to address the therapeutic effects of 40 Hz WLED on psychiatric symptoms (PS) and the contribution of mitochondrial factors in the early stages of sporadic AD in rats. Materials and methods: The AD model was induced via intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of streptozotocin in male wistar rat. After recovering (7 days) from stereotaxic surgery, 40-Hz WLED exposure was performed for 7 consecutive days lasting 15 min/day. Behavioral (elevated plus maze, force swim, and social interaction test), enzymatic, and molecular assays were conducted after 24 h of the last 40-Hz WLED exposure. Results: Behavioral tasks revealed that 40-Hz WLED exposure in stz-induced toxicity rats, lowered anxiety and depression and increased social interaction. furthermore the 40-Hz WLED therapy in stz-induced toxicity rats, led to increased catalase activity in the amygdala, decreased the activity of monoamine oxidases A and B in the whole brain, and increased mitochondrial DNA in the hippocampus. Conclusion: The current study explains that 40-Hz WLED therapy in the early stages of sporadic AD improved psychiatric symptoms and biomarkers.  also it seems that there is a potential relationship between alterations in mitochondrial markers in certain brain regions and PS.}, Keywords = {Alzheimerʼs disease, 40-Hz WLED, Psychiatric symptoms, mtDNA, MAO, Catalase ​​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.1856.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2855-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2855-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mirjebreili, Seyed Morteza and Shalbaf, Reza and Shalbaf, Ahm}, title = {Brain Activity Flow and Machine Learning for Predicting Drug Response in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder}, abstract ={A major challenge today is personalizing the treatment for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients in order to make it more efficient. In order to address this issue, we have proposed a novel approach based on machine learning models that utilize neural activity flow prior to treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication. The electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of 30 patients were used to calculate the neural activity flow of each patient based on the direct Directed Transfer Function (dDTF). Then, based on the area under the curve (AUC) values, 30 important connections were identified for delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. In order to select the most important neural activity flow, these neural activity flows are combined, and forward features, mRMR, and Relief-F methods are applied. Lastly, Support vector machines (SVMs), decision tree, and random forest models are trained using selected neural activity flows. Results showed that the most connections came from F8, Pz, T5, and P4, which are mostly from the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition, the SVM model showed 98% accuracy in classification using forward feature selection, with most of the neural activity flows selected from alpha and beta. Finally, results indicate that patients who responded to treatment differed in their patterns of frontoparietal neural activity flows, which implies the Frontoparietal Network is primarily involved in treatment response at alpha and beta frequencies. Therefore, the proposed method is capable of accurately detecting responders in MDD patients, which can reduce costs for both patients and medical facilities.}, Keywords = {Electroencephalogram (EEG), Effective Connectivity, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Machine learning}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.2034.6}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2725-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2725-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Fakhari, Ruzbeh and Moradi, Alireza and Ebrahimpour, Reza and Khosrowabadi, Rez}, title = {Structural Balance of Resting-State Brain Network in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder}, abstract ={Study of brain functional network in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has provided useful information about the hyper/hypo connectivity between distinct brain regions. Nevertheless, impact of negative links (anti synchronies) and their topology on the stability of the network still requires to be well understood. In this study, we hypothesized that effect of dysconnectivities and antisynchronies should mainly be local and may not influence the overall stability and flexibility of the network in ADHD. Therefore, differences between brain functional organization of ADHD individuals were compared to a typically developed group using the structural balance theory. Our results did not show any significant differences in the balance energy of the resting-state network between healthy individuals and three subtypes of the ADHD. However, a negative correlation was found between behavioral measures of the ADHD and balance energy; highlighting that the higher disorder index may push the network to a less flexible (more balanced) state. We hope these findings could enhance our understanding on the systemic mechanism behind the ADHD.}, Keywords = {Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Functional brain network, Resting-state fMRI, Structur-al balance theory ​​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.276.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2788-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2788-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Dalili, Narges and Motevaseli, Elahe and Tehrani-Doost, Mehdi and Zarrindast, Mohammad Reza and DoustiKataj, Parviz and Vousooghi, Nasim}, title = {Investigating the Dimensions of Quality of Life, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, and Substance Craving in People with Opioid Use Disorders, Methadone-Maintained Subjects, and Narcotics Anonymous Members}, abstract ={Background: Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a major public health concern, and different approaches for its treatment such as maintenance therapy or group therapy have been proposed. The effectiveness of these therapies in the improvement of the psychological and mental state of the patients is always a topic of research and evaluation. This study aimed to compare the dimensions of quality of life, depression, anxiety, stress, and substance control-related factors in OUD subjects and those who have entered methadone maintenance treatment or Narcotics Anonymous (NA) group therapy in comparison to control subjects who had never used opioids. Methods: Participants (n = 80) in this cross-sectional study were all male subjects comprised of four groups (n = 20 in each group): OUD subjects, NA members with a history of OUD, methadone-maintained individuals previously involved with OUD and a healthy control group. The three first groups were recruited from substance use disorder treatment centers and community groups in Tehran, Iran. All participants completed the validated Farsi version of questionnaires WHOQOL-BREF, DAS-21, and DDQ. MANOVA followed by LSD was used for assessing the differences between groups. Results: Data showed that for the DASS-21 scale, the differences between OUD subjects with each of the other three groups for all variables of the scale were statistically significant except for the difference between OUD and MMT subjects for the stress variable that was not significant. For the DDQ and WHOQOL-BREF scales, the differences between the OUD group and NA or control subjects for all variables of the scales were significant. However, no significant differences were observed between OUD and MMT groups in terms of these variables. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that entering NA programs may be a more effective treatment option than consuming methadone for individuals with OUD in terms of improvement in the mental and psychological state of the patient which may need to be further evaluated in the future.}, Keywords = {OUD, MMT, NA group therapy, DDQ, WHOQOL-BREF, DASS-21}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.2756.3}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2801-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2801-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Mohammadi, Sanaz and Ahmadlou, Salma and Dargahi, Leila and Zibaii, Mohammad Ismail and Ghasemi, Pouria and AsgariTaei, Afsaneh and Balouchi, Andisheh and Bigdeli, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Investigation of Possible Pretreatment Effect of Photo Biomodulation through Alterations of MicroRNAs (21 and 124a) Expression in Animal Model of Ischemic Stroke}, abstract ={Through the careful regulation of neuronal activity in brain circuits damaged by a stroke lesion, the developing and promising optogenetic stimulation method can aid in functional recovery. This investigation assesses the potential pretreatment effects of optogenetic stimulation on an ischemic stroke animal model. Lentiviruses containing pLenti-CaMKIIahChR2 (H134R)-mCherry-WPRE were administered to adult male Wistar rats and injected into the right striatum for this purpose. 26 days following virus injection, the animals were exposed to blue laser light for six days in a row for 30 minutes at a time. 24 hours after the final light stimulation, the transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO) was produced. One day after reperfusion, the neurological processes and the sizes of the brain infarcts in ischemic rats were evaluated. In the striatum and hippocampus, the transcript levels of microRNAs 21 and 124a—epigenetic indicators for neuroprotection and neurogenesis—were also assessed. Our findings suggested that pretreatment with glutamatergic striatum optogenetic stimulation could reduce neurological impairments in rats and boost neuronal survival in both striatum and hippocampal regions. Also, the expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) in the striatum was significantly increased in rats that had been optogenetically stimulated. Additionally, miR-124a expression was elevated in both regions in rats given tMCAO, and pretreatment with optical stimulations may considerably lower its expression in the hippocampus. According to our findings, optogenetic stimulation pretreatment of the striatum's positive effects on stroke recovery are at least partially mediated by altering miRNAs involved in neurogenesis and subsequently activating its downstream signaling cascade.}, Keywords = {Ischemic stroke, Optogenetic stimulation, Ischemic tolerance, MicroRNA, Neuroprotection, Neurogenesis}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.4901.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2574-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2574-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {YuceKahraman, Cigdem and Kanjee, Momen and Ercoskun, Pelin and Tatar, Abdulgani}, title = {Whole Exome Sequencing in Neurodevelopmental Disorders; a Single Center Study}, abstract ={Aim: Neurodevelopmental disorders(NDD) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of diseases. It is difficult to diagnose the underlying origin of these diseases. We aim to evaluate whole exome sequencing(WES) results in our NDD patients and the responsible genetic variants. Methods: In the study, WES analysis results of 25 NDD patients were evaluated retrospectively and the diagnostic yield of WES in our cases and clinical findings were examined. Results: With WES analysis, we diagnosed 13(52%) of the patients with pathogenic(P) and likely pathogenic(LP) variants and 12(48%) patients remained unclear with variants of unsignificance(VUS). However, with phenotype consistence and following segregation analysis, we also evaluated 2 VUS as the disease causing variants and our yield rate increased to 60%. We also reported the secondary findings. Conclusion: The diagnostic yield of WES in NDD was 60% in our study. The latest ACMG guideline recommends WES as the first-tier test in NDD. WES is time and cost effective when performed in well-selected patient, plus determining the underlying cause of NDD will provide more accurate diagnosis and clinical follow-up for the patients.}, Keywords = {Neurodevelopmental disorder, Whole exome sequencing, Developmental delay disorders, Intellectual disabilities, Congenital abnormalities}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.5231.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2662-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2662-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Sakhaei, Amin and Salehi, Mitra and Mohammadi-Asl, Jav}, title = {The Homozygous Pathogenic CAPN3 Variant Identified Using Whole-Exome Sequencing in Iranian Family with Limb-Girdle Muscular Dystrophy Recessive 1}, abstract ={Objective: The limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are a diverse set of muscle disorders with several subgroups classified by disease gene and inheritance pattern. Numerous pathogenic mutations in calpain-3, the intracellular calcium-dependent protease encoded by the calcium-activated neutral proteinase 3 (CAPN3) gene, have been linked to an autosomal recessive type of this muscle disorder (LGMD2A), resulting in a weakened pelvic and shoulder girdle. This study aimed to investigate causative mutations in a consanguineous family with two afflicted offspring who were highly suspected of having LGMD. Material and Methods: This study sought to find causal variations in a consanguineous family with two affected offspring strongly suspected of LGMD referred to our genetic department at Ahvaz Noorgene Genetic & Clinical Laboratory to diagnose their muscular dystrophy type. We applied whole-exome sequencing (WES) to find the causal variations in the proband's genomic DNA. We next performed confirmation and co-segregation analysis of the discovered variant with the phenotype in the proband and family members using Sanger sequencing. Results: Following bioinformatic analysis and data filtering, we identified a homozygous variation, NM_000070.3:c.661G>T:p.G221C, within the CAPN3 gene that was validated by Sanger sequencing in the proband and segregated with LGMD2A in the family. The single alternation was described as pathogenic and regarded as a missense variant that altered protein features due to the replacement of the highly conserved amino acid Glycine in the catalytic domain of calpain-3 protein by a Cysteine. Conclusion: The results of this investigation offer additional support for the genetic heterogeneity of LGMD and expand the mutational gene spectrum of CAPN3-associated muscular dystrophy by finding a pathogenic CAPN3 variant in both homozygous and heterozygous forms that had not previously been reported in these patients.}, Keywords = {Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A, Whole-exome sequencing, Calpain-3, Missense variant}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.5978.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2833-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2833-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Khodagholi, Fariba and Mousavi, Maryam Alsadat and Ghaedi, Yahya and Salarvandian, Shakiba and Vosoughian, Fatemeh and Javadi, Mobina and Khodagholi, Fereshteh and Khalifeh, Solmaz and Karimi, Roohollah and Seddighfar, Masoud and Barzin, Shima and Dargahi, Leil}, title = {Looking at Philosophy for Children and Its Outcomes Through a Neuroscience Lens}, abstract ={Among all educational methods all around the world, Philosophy for Children (P4C) has been introduced as one of the effective methods, with various educational, cognitive, and emotional advantages for children. This method is built on three types of thinking; critical (logic), caring (ethical), and creative (aesthetic). The focus of this study is to review the various outcomes of applying this strategy in different genders, ages, and socioeconomic statuses from a neuroscience standpoint. It seems that gender and socioeconomic status can affect the results of this educational method just in some measured aspects. However, the combination of gender, age, and socioeconomic status appears to influence P4C outcomes.}, Keywords = {Philosophy for Children, Neuroscience, Brain regions, Gender, Age, Socioeconomic status ​​​​​​}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.6110.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2849-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2849-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} } @article{ author = {Ghadiry, Faranak and Amra, Babak and Feizi, Awat and VafaeiShahi, Mohse}, title = {Evaluation of the Validity of Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)}, abstract ={Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is prevalent in children and tightly associated with sleep disorders, emphasizing the clinical importance of diagnosing sleep disorders in this population. Here, we aimed to assess the validity of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC) in children with ADHD. Methods: This cross-sectional study, conducted between 2020 and 2021, involved 204 children diagnosed with ADHD and 202 healthy children as controls. Participants were recruited utilizing a convenience sampling approach through schools, community centers, and pediatric clinics. Demographic data were collected for all participants, and their parents completed the SDSC. The results of the two groups were analyzed and compared using the factor analysis method to examine question-answering patterns and item discrimination for ADHD disorder. Results: The mean total SDSC score was significantly higher in ADHD patients compared to controls (68.1 ± 20.4 versus 57.3 ± 18.2; P < 0.05). ADHD cases also exhibited significantly higher scores in disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) (21.6 ± 7.5 versus 18.1 ± 26.9; P < 0.001), sleep disorder of breathing (SDB) (5.5 ± 3.5 versus 4.9 ± 2.5; P = 0.006), disorder of arousal (DA) (5.9 ± 4.0 versus 4.4 ± 2.7; P < 0.001), sleep–wake transition disorders (SWTD) (17.8 ± 6.6 versus 14.6 ± 6.2; P < 0.001), and sleep hyperhidrosis (SHY) (4.5 ± 3.5 versus 3.6 ± 3.1; P = 0.013) subscales. However, the area under the curve (AUCs) of all subscales were unsatisfactory (ranging from 0.54 to 0.63). Conclusion: ADHD patients displayed notably higher SDSC scores, particularly in the DIMS domain, which exhibited the highest sensitivity. These findings emphasize the clinical relevance of using SDSC for diagnosing and addressing sleep disorders in individuals with ADHD.}, Keywords = {Attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity, Sleep wake disorders, Surveys and questionnaires}, volume = {0}, Number = {0}, pages = {0-0}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.32598/bcn.2024.3879.1}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2698-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2698-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2018} }