@article{ author = {Zarafshan, Hadi and Salmanian, Maryam and Aghamohammadi, Soudeh and Mohammadi, Mohammad Reza and Mostafavi, Seyed-Ali}, title = {Effectiveness of Non-pharmacological Interventions on Stereotyped and Repetitive Behaviors in Preschool Children With Autism: A Systematic Review}, abstract ={Objective: The present study aimed to review the literature on non-pharmacological interventions used to treat stereotyped and repetitive behaviors by a systematic method. Methods: Two authors independently performed a search strategy on Medline/PubMed, Scopus and PsycINFO on English articles published up to April 23, 2014 with relevant search keywords. We also reviewed the bibliographies of retrieved articles and conference proceedings to obtain additional citations and references. We used those articles that address any non-pharmacological interventions on reducing stereotyped and repetitive behaviors in preschool children with autism. Four independent reviewers screened relevant articles for inclusion criteria and assessed the quality of eligible articles with CONSORT checklist. Results: In our search, 664 relevant articles were found. After removing duplicates and screening based on title, abstract, and full text, 15 high quality studies were finally included in data analyses. The included articles were published from 1987 to 2013. Three studies were designed as A-B, two as A-B-A and reminders as A-B-A-B. The data and results of 3 clinical trials were synthesized; two of them were parallel randomized clinical trial and another one was designed as cross-over. Interventions were completely heterogeneous in case studies, including non-contingent auditory stimulation, response interruption and redirection, teaching the children to request assistance on the difficult tasks, family-implemented treatment for behavioral inflexibility with treatment approach, vocal or motor response interruption and redirection, brushing, water mist treatment, exposure response prevention, tangible reinforcement or social reinforcement, and music. Interventions in clinical trials included touch therapy, kata techniques training program, and aerobic exercise. Conclusions: The results of our review indicate that different kinds of non-pharmacological interventions can be used to treat repetitive behaviors in children with autism, however, sufficient evidence for their effectiveness does not exist. Future research using more precise methods (RCTs) can clarify that which methods and techniques are effective in reducing repetitive behavior of children with autism.}, Keywords = {Stereotyped behavior, Autistic disorder, Child development disorders, Pervasive, Child, Preschool}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {95-104}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.95}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-609-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-609-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {GhaneiGheshlagh, Reza and Farajzadeh, Mohammad and Zarei, Mozhdeh and Baghi, Vajiheh and Dalvand, Sahar and Sayehmiri, Kourosh}, title = {The Prevalence of Restless Legs Syndrome in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Study}, abstract ={Introduction: Restless legs syndrome is a sensory-motor disorder that causes sleep disorder. The syndrome in patients undergoing hemodialysis has to do with depression, sleep deprivation, performance disorder, day fatigue, excessive daytime sleepiness, stress and anxiety, and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The objective of this systematic meta-analysis study was to estimate prevalence of restless legs syndrome in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: Twenty-six articles published between 2000 and 2015 indexed in Iranian (MagIran and IranMedex) and international databases (SID, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Pre Quest, and Scopus) were selected. Data analysis was carried out through meta-analysis (random effect model) and heterogeneity of the studies was determined using I2 index. The obtained data were analyzed in STAT (11.2). Results: Prevalence of the syndrome according to the articles found and was 50% (95% CI: 38-61) in Iranian and 30% (95%CI: 23-37) in international databases. There was an ascending trend of prevalence of the syndrome corresponding to the publication year of the articles (P = 0.419), while the trend based on age of the patients was descending (P = 0.604); however, the variations were not significant.   Discussion: Given the high prevalence and considerable effects of restless legs syndrome on patients undergoing hemodialysis, it is recommended that the patients be screened for the syndrome. }, Keywords = {Restless legs syndrome, Hemodialysis, Meta-analysis }, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {105-112}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.105}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-689-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-689-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Arfa-Fatollahkhani, Paria and Nahavandi, Arezo and Abtahi, Hossein and Anjidani, Shabnam and Borhani, Sahar and Jameie, Seyed Behnam and Shabani, Mohammad and Mehrzadi, Saeed and Shahbazi, Ali}, title = {The Effect of Luteinizing Hormone Reducing Agent on Anxiety and Novel Object Recognition Memory in Gonadectomized Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Mood disorders such as anxiety and depression are common following menopause and andropause. The lack of sex steroid hormones is suggested as the primary cause of these disturbances. The level of luteinizing hormone (LH) would also rise 3-4 times than normal in these people. The potential effects of LH on mood and cognitive symptoms following menopause and andropause are not clear yet. This study aimed to investigate the effect of increased LH on novel object discrimination (NOD) memory and anxiety like behavior in gonadectomized rats. Methods: Four-month-old male and female Wistar rats were randomly assigned into 4 groups (in each sex): Control rats (Cont), gonadectomized without treatment (GnX), gonadectomized treated with triptorelin (a GnRH agonist which decreases LH release) (GnX+Tr), gonadectomized treated with triptorelin plus sex steroid hormone, estradiol in female and testosterone in male rats (GnX+Tr+S/T). After 4 weeks treatment, anxiety score (elevated plus maze) and NOD were measured. Data were analyzed using 1- way ANOVA, and P values less than 0.05 were considered as significant. Results: Gonadectomy increased anxiety like behaviors (decrease of presence time in the open arms) in female rats (P=0.012), but not in male ones (P = 0.662). Additionally, triptorelin alone reduced the increased anxiety score in gonadectomized female rats, compared to group treated with both triptorelin and estradiol. Furthermore, it was shown that gonadectomy and or treatment with triptorelin and sex steroids had no significant effect on the new object recognition memory in both female (P = 0.472) and male rats (P = 0.798). Conclusion: On the whole, this study revealed that increased level of LH following menopause or andropause should be considered as a possible cause for increased anxiety. Also, this study showed that LH reducing agents would reduce anxiety behavior in gonadectomized female rats. The effect of increased LH on cognitive functions such as new object recognition memory was not evident in this study needs further studies and should be interpreted with caution.}, Keywords = {Menopause, Andropause, Luteinizing hormone, Gonadectomy, Anxiety, New object recognition memory}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {113-120}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.113}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-694-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-694-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Ranjbaran, Mina and Aghaei, Hassan and Hajihoseinlou, Vahdat and Sahraei, Hedayat and Ranjbaran, Katayoo}, title = {Transient Inactivation of Shell Part of Nucleus Accumbens Inhibits and Exacerbates Stress-Induced Metabolic Alterations in Wistar Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The role of different parts of the extended amygdala in metabolic signs of stress is not well understood. In the present study, we decided to evaluate the impact of the shell part of nucleus accumbens (NAc) on metabolic disturbance induced by electro foot shock stress using transient inactivation method in the rat.  Methods: Male Wistar rats (W: 230-250 g) were canuulated unilaterally in the shell part of nucleus accumbens and left one week for recovery. Five minutes before each stress session, the animals either received sterile saline (0.25 µl/side) (control) or lidocaine 2% (0.25 µl/side) (experiment). Blood samples were taken from rats’ retro-orbital sinus for plasma corticosterone measurements. In addition, animals’ weight gain, food and water intake, locomotor activity, and rearing were recorded.  Results: Stress reduced weight gain and food intake, increased water intake and plasma corticosterone level, and reduces locomotor activity and rearing. Transient inactivation of the right side of the NAc inhibits the stress effect on weight gain, water intake and plasma corticosterone level, but not food intake. However, when the left side of the NAc was inactivated, only weight gain was affected and other parameters were not differing from stress group. Even thought, the plasma corticosterone level was elevated.  Conclusion: In conclusion, our data indicated that right side of shell part of NAc transient inactivation leads to reduction in metabolic signs of stress but left side of shell part of the NAc inactivation even exacerbates stress signs.}, Keywords = {Stress, Lidocaine, Nucleus accumbens, Corticosterone, Locomotor activity, Rearing}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {121-128}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.121}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-639-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-639-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Faraji, Nafiseh and Komaki, Alireza and Salehi, Iraj}, title = {Interaction Between the Cannabinoid and Vanilloid Systems on Anxiety in Male Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Previous studies have shown that the cannabinoid system is involved in anxiety.In addition, transient receptor potential vanilloid type-1 (TRPV1) channels are new targets for the development of anxiolytics. The present study investigated the possible interaction between the cannabinoid and vanilloid systems on anxiety-like behavior in rats. Methods: Four different groups of male Wistar rats received intraperitoneal (IP) injections of (1) vehicle (DMSO+saline), (2) cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN55212-2 (WIN)(1 mg/kg), (3) TRPV1 receptor antagonist capsazepine (CPZ) (5 mg/kg), or (4) combined WIN (1 mg/kg) and CPZ (5 mg/kg) treatment 30 min before testing in the elevated plus maze. Results: The results showed that compared to the control (vehicle), both WIN and CPZ increased the time spent and number of entries on the open arms. Co-administration of WIN and CPZ had a synergistic effect, i.e., the number of entries and time spent on the open arms was greater than that in the groups administered the two compounds alone. The total distance travelled by rats and total number of entries on to the arms did not significantly difer between groups. Conclusion: Acute neuropharmacological blockade of the TRPV1 receptor or stimulation of the CB1 receptor produced an anxiolytic effect. It seems that antagonism of the vanilloid system modulates cannabinoid outputs that increase the anxiolytic effect. TRPV1 antagonism may alter endocannabinoids production, which in turn enhances anxiolytic effect. These results suggest interaction of two systems or sharing some signaling pathways that affect anxiety expression.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Elevated plus maze, CB1 receptors, TRPV1 receptors, Rat }, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {129-138}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.129}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-663-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Khaksar, Sepideh and Bigdeli, Mohammad Rez}, title = {Correlation Between Cannabidiol-Induced Reduction of Infarct Volume and Inflammatory Factors Expression in Ischemic Stroke Model}, abstract ={Introduction: Recent studies demonstrated that cannabidiol had neuroprotective property. Thereis some evidence about effective role of cannabidiol in reducing ischemic damages. It has been reported that infarct size is influenced by various factors after MCAO, including inflammatory factors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of cannabidiol on infarction volume and correlation of infarct size with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-кB) expression. Methods: Using stereotaxic surgery, guide cannula was implanted in the right lateral ventricle. Cannabidiol (50, 100, and 200 ng) was injected through ntracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) route for 5 consecutive days . Then, the rats underwent 60 minutes of right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h reperfusion, the infarct volume in total, cortex, piriform cortex-amygdala (Pir-Amy), and striatum areas of hemisphere were assessed. The expression of inflammatory factors such as TNFR1 and NF-кB in these regions were also studied. Results: The present results indicate that in the MCAO-induced cerebral ischemia, administration of cannabidiol (100 and 200 ng) causes a significant reduction in infarction volume in comparison with the vehicle group. Also, there were significant correlations between decrease of regional infarct volume and TNFR1/NF-кB expression. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that cannabidiol reduced cerebral infarction possibly through diminishing TNFR1/NF-кB-induced neurotoxicity in transient focal cerebral ischemia.}, Keywords = {Cannabidiol, Cerebral ischemia, Infarction, TNFR1, NF- кB.}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {139-146}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.139}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-708-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-708-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Farhadian, Majid and Akbarfahimi, Malahat and HassaniAbharian, Peyman and Hosseini, Seyedeh Golaleh and Shokri, Sus}, title = {Assessment of Executive Functions in Methamphetamineaddicted Individuals: Emphasis on Duration of Addiction and Abstinence}, abstract ={Introduction: Several studies have conducted on impairments of executive functions in individuals with methamphetamine addiction; however, only a few have investigated the relationship between executive functions and duration of addiction or abstinence. This study was designed to assess the executive functions in methamphetamine-addicted individuals in relation to the duration of addiction or abstinence. Methods: A total of 161 subjects aged between 20 and 45 years were categorized into three subgroups: currently abusing (n = 41), abstinent (n = 60), and control healthy individuals (n = 60). A battery of standardized executive function tasks, including Stroop test, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, and Tower of London task, were administered. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and post hoc Bonferroni test with SPSS16.0. Results: Methamphetamine-addicted and abstinent subjects performed worse than the controls. Methamphetamine-abstinent subjects performed better than the currently methamphetamine abusers in most executive functions. Duration of addiction and abstinence were correlated with executive dysfunctions. Conclusion: This study revealed that although executive functions may be improved by protracted abstinence, executive dysfunctions are not completely relieved, and specific attention to planning and implementation of intervention programs are necessary.}, Keywords = {Addiction, Abstinence, Methamphetamine, Executive function, Assessment}, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {147-154}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.147}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-696-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} } @article{ author = {Baghdadi, Golnaz and Towhidkhah, Farzad and Rostami, Reza and Raza, Mohsi}, title = {Response of the Pre-oriented Goal-directed Attention to Usual and Unusual Distractors: A Preliminary Study}, abstract ={Introduction: In this study, we investigated the distraction power of the unusual and usual images on the attention of 20 healthy primary school children. Methods: Our study was different from previous ones in that the participants were asked to fix the initial position of their attention on a pre-defined location after being presented with unusual images as distractors. The goals were presented in locations, which were far from the attraction basin of distractors. Our expectation was that the pre-orienting of the attention to the position of targets can reduce the attractive effect of unusual images compared to the usual ones. The percentage of correct responses and the reaction time have been measured as behavioral indicators of attention performance. Results: Results showed that using the goal-directed attention, subjects ignored both kinds of distractors nearly the same way. Conclusion: With regard to previous reports about the more attraction towards the unusual images, it is suggested that the dynamics of the visual attention system be sensitive to the initial condition. That is, changing the initial position of the attention can lead to the decrement of the unusual images’ effects. However, several other possibilities such as a probable delay in processing unusual features could explain this observation, too. }, Keywords = {Unusual events, Orientation, Initial condition sensitivity, Distractors, Goal-directed attention }, volume = {8}, Number = {2}, pages = {155-165}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, doi = {10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.2.155}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-692-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-692-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2017} }