@article{ author = {ArashMotahari, Amir and Sahraei, Hedayat and Meftahi, Gholam Hossei}, title = {Review Paper: Role of Nitric Oxide on Dopamine Release and Morphine-Dependency}, abstract ={The catastrophic effects of opioids use on public health and the economy are documented clearly in numerous studies. Repeated morphine administration can lead to either a decrease (tolerance) or an increase (sensitization) in its behavioral and rewarding effects. Morphine-induced sensitization is a major problem and plays an important role in abuse of the opioid drugs. Studies reported that morphine may exert its effects by the release of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a potent neuromodulator, which is produced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS). However, the exact role of NO in the opioid-induced sensitization is unknown. In this study, we reviewed the role of NO on opioid-induced sensitization in 2 important, rewarding regions of the brain: nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmentum. In addition, we focused on the contribution of NO on opioid-induced sensitization in the limbic system.}, Keywords = {Nitric oxide, Opioid, Amygdala, Ventral tegmental area, Nucleus accumbens}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {283-290}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070401}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-832-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-832-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {NaserpourFarivar, Taghi and Nassiri-Asl, Marjan and Johari, Pouran and Najafipour, Reza and Hajiali, Fari}, title = {The Effects of Kainic Acid-Induced Seizure on Gene Expression of Brain Neurotransmitter Receptors in Mice Using RT2 PCR Array}, abstract ={Introduction: Kainic acid (KA) induces neuropathological changes in specific regions of the mouse hippocampus comparable to changes seen in patients with chronic temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). According to different studies, the expression of a number of genes are altered in the adult rat hippocampus after status epilepticus (SE) induced by KA. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate changes in the gene expression of brain neurotransmitter receptors one week after administration of kainic acid in the mouse hippocampus. Methods: We used 12 BALB/c mice in this study and randomly divided them into 2 groups. To both groups, saline (IP) was administered for 7 days, and on the last day, KA (10 mg/kg, IP) was injected 30 minutes after administration of saline. Subsequently, behavioural changes were observed in mice. Then, in one group (1 day group), 2 hours and in another group (7 days group), 7 days after KA administration, the hippocampus tissue of mice was removed and used for gene expression analyses. Total brain RNA was isolated and reversely transcribed. We performed qPCR using RT2 Profiler TMPCR Array Mouse Neurotransmitter Receptors and Regulators (QIAGEN) containing primers for 84 genes. In this regard, we selected 50 related genes for KA model.  Results: Our results showed significant changes in the gene expression of GABAA subunits receptors, including α1-α3, α5, α6, β2, β3, γ1, ρ, and rho1-2 on day 7 compared with the day 1. Conclusion: Expression of both inhibitory and excitatory receptors changed after one week. Further studies are needed to find more molecular changes in the gene expression of brain neurotransmitter receptors and regulators over longer periods of time in KA models using RT2 PCR array}, Keywords = {Kainic acid, Temporal lobe epilepsy, Neurotransmitter, Gene expression, Hippocampus}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {291-298}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070402}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-833-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-833-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Maleki-Balajoo, Somayeh and Hossein-Zadeh, Gholam-Ali and Soltanian-Zadeh, Hamid and Ekhtiari, Hame}, title = {Locally Estimated Hemodynamic Response Function and Activation Detection Sensitivity in Heroin-Cue Reactivity Study}, abstract ={Introduction: A fixed hemodynamic response function (HRF) is commonly used for functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) analysis. However, HRF may vary from region to region and subject to subject. We investigated the effect of locally estimated HRF (in functionally homogenous parcels) on activation detection sensitivity in a heroin cue reactivity study. Methods: We proposed a novel exploratory method for brain parcellation based on a probabilistic model to segregate the brain into spatially connected and functionally homogeneous components. Then, we estimated HRF and detected activated regions in response to an experimental task in each parcel using a joint detection estimation (JDE) method. We compared the proposed JDE method with the general linear model (GLM) that uses a fixed HRF and is implemented in FEAT (as a part of FMRIB Software Library, version 4.1). Results: 1) Regions detected by JDE are larger than those detected by fixed HRF, 2) In group analysis, JDE found areas of activation not detected by fixed HRF. It detected drug craving a priori “regions-of-interest” in the limbic lobe (anterior cingulate cortex [ACC], posterior cingulate cortex [PCC] and cingulate gyrus), basal ganglia, especially striatum (putamen and head of caudate), and cerebellum in addition to the areas detected by the fixed HRF method, 3) JDE obtained higher Z-values of local maxima compared to those obtained by fixed HRF. Conclusion: In our study of heroin cue reactivity, our proposed method (that estimates HRF locally) outperformed the conventional GLM that uses a fixed HRF.}, Keywords = {functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), Parcellation, Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF), Cue reactivity, Heroin}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {299-314}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070403}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-834-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-834-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Ghanbari, Ahmad Ali and Shabani, Kobra and MohammadNejad, Daryoush}, title = {Protective Effects of Vitamin E Consumption against 3MT Electromagnetic Field Effects on Oxidative Parameters in Substantia Nigra in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can influence the biological system by the formation of free radicals in cells. The EMFs are able to deteriorate defense system against free radicals that leads to oxidative stress (OS). Lipid peroxidation process (LPO) is an index of oxidative stress, and the Malandialdehyde (MDA) is the final product of LPO. Vitamin E is the most important antioxidant which inhibits the LPO process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 3MT EMF exposure on oxidative stress parameters in substantia nigra and the role of vitamin E in reducing oxidative stress and preventing of LPO process. Methods: 40 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: 1) Control group: received standard food without exposure to EMF and without consumption of vitamin E, 2) Experimental group 1: was exposed to EMF (3MT) 4 h/day for 50 days, 3) The experimental group 2: received 200 mg/kg vitamin E with gavage every day and also was exposed to EMF (3MT) 4 h/day for 50 days, 4) Sham group: received water with gavage for 50 days. Results: A significant increase in MDA levels and Glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of the substantia nigra following 50 days exposure to EMF was detected, but the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was decreased. Exposure did not change total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels in plasma. Vitamin E treatment significantly prevented the increase of the MDA levels and GSH-Px activity and also prevented the decrease of SOD activity in tissue but did not alter TAC levels. The GSH-Px activity increased because the duration and intensity of exposure were not enough to decrease it.  Conclusion: We demonstrated two important findings; that 50 days exposure to 3 MT electromagnetic field caused oxidative stress by increasing the levels of MDA, and decreasing SOD activity in the substantia nigra; and that treatment with the vitamin E significantly prevented the oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation.}, Keywords = {Electromagneric field, Lipid peroxidation, GPX, MDA, SOD, CA}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {315-322}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070404}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-835-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-835-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Samiei, Mercedeh and Hedayati, Koorosh and MirabzadehArdekani, Arash and Dolatshahi, Behrooz and Daneshmand, Reza and Samadi, Roy}, title = {Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Hospitalized Patients with Schizophrenia}, abstract ={Introduction: Comorbid obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been reported among patients with schizophrenia in other countries. But, the literature is not well-documented on this issue in Iran (Persia). The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence and severity of OCD and some of its related factors in a group of patients with schizophrenia in Iran.  Methods: This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 150 hospitalized patients with schizophrenia were recruited at Razi Psychiatric Hospital in Tehran, Iran. Demographic and clinical checklists, as well as the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS), scale for assessment of negative symptoms (SANS), and scale for assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS) were administered to collect data. OCD was the dependent variable and independent variables included age, sex, severity of positive and negative symptoms, duration of schizophrenic disorder, the number of hospitalizations, and antipsychotic medications administered to them. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), Chi-square, and T-test.  Results: Overall, 31.3% of patients had OCD with an average severity of 12.81(SD=10.27). The prevalence of OCD was not affected by the number of psychiatric hospitalizations for schizophrenia or the duration of schizophrenic disorder. The severity of OCD significantly reduced as the duration of schizophrenia and the severity of negative symptoms increased.  Conclusion: OCD was found among a considerable proportion of the study sample. OCD may be associated with exacerbating schizophrenic symptoms. Therefore, psychiatrists should consider the simultaneous treatment of OCD and schizophrenia. Further studies are suggested in this issue.}, Keywords = {Schizophrenia, Obsessive-compulsive symptoms, Iran, Persian Gulf}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {323-330}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070405}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-836-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-836-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Zaringhalam, Jalal and Akbari, Akhtar and Zali, Alireza and Manaheji, Homa and Nazemian, Vida and Shadnoush, Mahdi and Ezzatpanah, Somayeh}, title = {Long-Term Treatment by Vitamin B1 and Reduction of Serum Proinflammatory Cytokines, Hyperalgesia, and Paw Edema in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis}, abstract ={Introduction: Immune system is involved in the etiology and pathophysiology of inflammation and vitamins are important sources of substances inducing nonspecific immunomodulatory effects. Given the proinflammatory role of cytokines in the inflammation and pain induction, this study aimed to assess the effects of long-term administration of vitamin B1 on the proinflammatory cytokines, edema, and hyperalgesia during the acute and chronic phases of adjuvant-induced arthritis.  Methods: On the first day of study, inflammation was induced by intraplantar injection of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) in the hindpaws of rats. Vitamin B1 at doses of 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg was administrated intraperitoneally during 21 days of the study. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin B1 were also compared to indomethacin (5 mg/kg). Inflammatory symptoms such as thermal hyperalgesia and paw edema were measured by radiant heat and plethysmometer, respectively. Serum TNF-α and IL-1ß levels were checked by rat standard enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) specific kits.  Results: The results indicated that vitamin B1(150 and 200 mg/kg) attenuated the paw edema, thermal hyperalgesia, and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß during both phases of CFA-induced inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Effective dose of vitamin B1(150 mg/kg) reduced inflammatory symptoms and serum levels of TNF-α and IL-1ß compare to indomethacin during the chronic phase of inflammation.  Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects of vitamin B1 during CFA-induced arthritis, more specifically after chronic vitamin B1 administration, suggest its therapeutic property for inflammation.}, Keywords = {Inflammation, Hyperalgesia, Vitamin B1, TNF-α, Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA)}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {331-340}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070406}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-837-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-837-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Siahposht-Khachaki, Ali and Fatahi, Zahra and Haghparast, Abbas}, title = {Reduction of the Morphine Maintenance by Blockade of the NMDA Receptors during Extinction Period in Conditioned Place Preference Paradigm of Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors in the nucleus accumbens is a component of drug-induced reward mechanism. In addition, NMDA receptors play a major role in brain reward system and activation of these receptors can change firing pattern of dopamine neurons. Blockade of glutamatergic neurotransmission reduces the expression of conditioned place preference (CPP) induced by morphine. Therefore, in this study, by using an NMDA receptor antagonist, DL-2-Amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid sodium salt (AP5), the role of NMDA receptors on the maintenance and reinstatement of morphine-CPP was investigated. Methods: Forty-three adult male albino Wistar rats were used in this study. After subcutaneous administration of effective dose of morphine (5 mg/kg) during CPP paradigm, the animals received intracerebroventricular doses of AP5(1, 5, and 25 mM/5μL saline) during extinction period (free morphine stage). Conditioning score was recorded during extinction period and reinstatement phase. Besides, another group of the animals received a single dose administration of AP5(5 mM) just before the administration of ineffective dose of morphine (1 mg/kg) in reinstatement phase. Results: The results revealed that two doses of this antagonist (5 and 25 mM) significantly shortened the extinction period of morphine-CPP but did not reduce reinstatement induced by priming dose of morphine. Moreover, the single dose administration of AP5(5 mM) just before prime-morphine injection decreased reinstatement of morphine-CPP. Conclusion: These findings indicate that blockade of NMDA receptors during extinction period reduces maintenance but not reinstatement of morphine. In addition, blocking these receptors in reinstatement phase decreases reinstatement to extinguished morphine.}, Keywords = {Reward, Conditioned place preference, NMDA receptor, Morphine maintenance, Reinstatement}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {341-350}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070407}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-838-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-838-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {R.Nayak, Amit and D.Shekhawat, Seema and H.Lande, Neha and P.Kawle, Anuja and P.Kabra, Dinesh and H.Chandak, Nitin and R.Badar, Shweta and V.Raje, Dhananjay and F.Daginawala, Hatim and S.Kashyap, Rajpal}, title = {Incidence and Clinical Outcome of Patients with Hypertensive Acute Ischemic Stroke: An Update from Tertiary Care Center of Central India}, abstract ={Introduction: We evaluated the incidence and clinical outcome of patients with hypertensive acute ischemic stroke (AIS) admitted to a tertiary care center in Central India. In addition, we examined the status of stroke biomarkers namely neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial specific protein (S-100ββ), and inter-α-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain 4(ITIH4) in the serum of patients suffering from AIS with hypertension (HTN) and without HTN. Methods: A total of 104 patients with AIS were enrolled for the study. Clinical outcome and stroke biomarker levels were evaluated in them at the time of hospital discharge and then followed at 12 months and 18 months after hospital discharge.  Results: HTN is a major risk factor associated with 67%(70.104) of patients with AIS. Multivariate analysis suggests higher odds of 4.088(95%Cl, 0.721–23.179) and 2.437(95%Cl, 0.721–23.179) for 12 and 18 months outcome in patients with AIS and HTN, respectively. Serum NSE and S-100ββ decreased at the time of discharge as compared to admission level in improved patients suffering from AIS with or without HTN, whereas levels of ITIH4 peptides 2 and 7 increased at the time of discharge (compared to its admission level) only in improved patients with AIS regardless of HTN or non-HTN condition. Conclusion: HTN is one of the major risk factors associated with higher risk of AIS as well as long-term unfavourable outcome after AIS in Central India region. NSE, S-100ββ, and ITIH4 were found to be independent predictors of outcome in patients with AIS irrespective of HTN and non-HTN condition.}, Keywords = {Hypertension, Acute ischemic stroke, Biomarkers, ITIH4 protein, Neuron specific enolase, S-100ββ}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {351-360}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070408}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-839-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-839-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} } @article{ author = {Lim, Kai-Zheong and Goldschlager, Tony and V.Chandra, Ronil and Hall, Jonathan and Uren, Brent and Pullar, Michael}, title = {Case Report: Co-Occurrence of Pituitary Adenoma with Suprasellar and Olfactory Groove Meningiomas}, abstract ={Introduction: The co-existence of pituitary adenoma and meningioma is extremely rare. It is even rarer in patients with no previous known risk factors for either tumour. Here, we present a case of synchronous non-functioning pituitary adenoma with suprasellar and olfactory groove meningiomas in a patient without previous irradiation. Methods: The tumours were diagnosed on MRI in the 65-year-old patient who presented with patchy visual deficits. The decision was made to undergo surgery for resection of the suprasellar meningioma and the pituitary adenoma, leaving the small olfactory groove meningioma intact. Extended endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery was performed.  Results: Macroscopic clearance was achieved for pituitary macroadenoma and suprasellar meningioma. Postoperatively, visual field tsting and pituitary axis hormonal levels were normal. The pituitary macroadenoma was confirmed to be a non-functioning pituitary adenoma. The meningioma was diagnosed to be of WHO grade 1. Conclusion: The rationale for choosing such management option, including its risks and benefits in this challenging patient is discussed. }, Keywords = {Pituitary tumors, Olfactory groove meningioma, Endoscopic surgical procedure, Multiple meningioma}, volume = {7}, Number = {4}, pages = {361-365}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, title_fa = {}, abstract_fa ={}, keywords_fa = {}, doi = {10.15412/J.BCN.03070409}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-840-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-840-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2016} }