@article{ author = {Sawan, Moham}, title = {Editorial: Neurotechnology: An Engineering Perspective}, abstract ={}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {3-4}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-247-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AlamMehrjerdi, Zahra and Noroozi, Alireza and M.Barr, Alasdair and Ekhtiari, Hame}, title = {Attention Deficits in Chronic Methamphetamine Users as a Potential Target for Enhancing Treatment Efficacy}, abstract ={Methamphetamine (MA) is a potent, addictive psychostimulant that has dramatic effects on the central nervous system (CNS). The onset of methamphetamine use has been linked to heightened attention, and chronic methamphetamine use has been associated with deficits in different aspects of attention that can significantly persist into abstinence. Attention deficits in chronic methamphetamine users may be associated with severity of methamphetamine use, craving, relapse, and as a result, poor treatment outcomes. This review summarizes evidence that the continuity of attention deficits, especially during abstinence, should be considered as a potential target during methamphetamine use treatment. Implementing attention rehabilitation techniques during treatment may enhance motivation for treatment in chronic methamphetamine users, and may facilitate treatment adherence, craving control and promote relapse prevention. This issue has important clinical implications for enhancing treatment efficacy and as a result, increasing treatment outcomes.}, Keywords = {Methamphetamine, Attention Deficits, Abstinence, Treatment Efficacy}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {5-14}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-248-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Byanet, Obadiah and IzuchukwuOnyeanusi, Barth and AdeniyiOjo, Samuel}, title = {Sex Differences in the Cerebellum and its Correlates with Some Body Traits in the African Grasscutter (Thryonomys swinderianus – Temminck, 1827): Morphometric Study}, abstract ={ Introduction: Sexual dimorphisms in biological structures such as brain and behaviour have been widely recognized in animals and humans. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there are sex differences in the size of the cerebellum with other body traits, such as the head, tail and brain. Methods: Twelve grasscutters comprising of 6 males and 6 females were used in this study. Each brain was extracted from the skull by standard procedures and the mean values of the weights, dimensions and volumes of the brain, cerebellum, head and tail were compared in male and female using quantitative analytical statistical method. Results: The results showed that the absolute mean brain weight and volume obtained in the male was slightly higher than that of the female, while the cerebellar mean weight was slightly higher in the female although these values were not statistically significant (P> 0.05). The mean cerebellar lengths and widths did not differ between the two sexes (> 0.05), but the mean cerebellar circumference in the male was statistically higher than in the female (P< 0.05). The female cerebellar length was positively correlated with the length of the brain, head, body and tail. Discussion: In conclusion, the brain weight was slightly higher in the male than female, while the cerebellar weight was higher in the female than male. The significantly higher value of the cerebellar circumference in the male may partly be responsible for the big round head seen in the live male grasscutter.}, Keywords = {cerebellum, grasscutter, sex differences, body traits}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {15-21}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-249-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-249-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yoonessi, Ali and Hajihasani, Mojtaba and Gharibzadeh, Shahriar and Zarrindast, Mohammadreza and Yoonessi, Ahm}, title = {Efficiency of Information Coding in Various L/M Retinal Cone Ratios}, abstract ={Previous evidence has shown that the number of L and M cones in retina varies significantly between subjects. However, it is not clear how the variation of L/M ratio changes the behavioral performance of the subject. A model of transformation of data from retina to visual cortex for evaluation of various L/M cones ratios is presented. While L/M cone ratios close to 1 brings the best performance for one of postreceptoral (magnocellular) channels, we showed that the performance in the second channel (parvocells) will improve when the ratio furthers away from 1. Effects of different ratios of S were also explored.}, Keywords = {}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {22-27}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-250-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Jaberzadeh, Shapour and Bastani, Andisheh and Kidgell, Dawso}, title = {Does the Longer Application of Anodal-Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Increase Corticomotor Excitability Further? A Pilot Study}, abstract ={ Introduction: Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) of the primary motor cortex (M1) has been shown to be effective in increasing corticomotor excitability.  Methods: We investigated whether longer applications of a-tDCS coincide with greater increases in corticomotor excitability compared to shorter application of a-tDCS. Ten right-handed healthy participants received one session of a-tDCS (1mA current) with shorter (10 min) and longer (10+10 min) stimulation durations applied to the left M1 of extensor carpi radialis muscle (ECR). Corticomotor excitability following application of a-tDCS was assessed at rest with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) elicited motor evoked potentials (MEP) and compared with baseline data for each participant.  Results: MEP amplitudes were increased following 10 min of a-tDCS by 67% (p = 0.001) with a further increase (32%) after the second 10 min of a-tDCS (p = 0.005). MEP amplitudes remained elevated at 15 min post stimulation compared to baseline values by 65% (p = 0.02).  Discussion: The results demonstrate that longer application of a-tDCS within the recommended safety limits, increases corticomotor excitability with after effects of up to 15 minutes post stimulation.}, Keywords = {Ttranscranial Ddirect Ccurrent Sstimulation, tDCS, Ttranscranial Mmagnetic Sstimulation, TMS, Ccorticomotor Eexcitability}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {28-35}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-251-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-251-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Khedmatgozar, Hosein and Birashk, Behrooz and Ashayeri, Hassan and AsgharnejadFarid, Aliasghar}, title = {Comparing the Effectiveness of Paroxetine, Attention Modification Program and Combination of both on Improving Social Anxiety Symptoms}, abstract ={Introduction: Although the effectiveness of paroxetine and Attention Modification Program has been studied separately in treating social anxiety disorder, there has been no research comparing them according to the literature. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of paroxetine, Attention Modification Program (AMP) and combination of both on improving the Social Anxiety Symptoms. Methods: 33 patients meeting DSM-IV-TR criteria for social anxiety disorder were randomly assigned in 3 groups: 11 in paroxetine group, 11 in AMP group and 11 in combined group. Treatment intervention was done during 8 weeks period. Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) and Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) were administered before and after treatment intervention. One-way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to determine the differences and efficacy of treatment interventions between groups. Data analysis was done by SPSS-16 software. Results: 28 participants completed the treatment period. One-way ANCOVA results showed statistically significant differences in post-treatment scores of social phobia (p=0/007), depressive symptoms (p=0.007) and daily life functioning (p=0.011) between three groups. Bonferroni correction showed that combined treatment is significantly more effective than AMP in reducing social phobia symptoms (p=0.007), depressive symptoms (p=0.022) and enhancing daily life functioning (0.019). Yet, there were no significant differences between Paroxetine and combined treatment in all post-treatment scores (p=0.890, p=1.000, p=1.000 for social phobia, depressive symptoms and daily life functioning respectively). Paroxetine showed more significant improvement of depressive symptoms (p=0.016) and enhancing daily life functioning (p=0.045) than AMP. Also, there were no significant differences between paroxetine and AMP in reducing social anxiety symptoms. Discussion: It seems that paroxetine has wider effect in reducing social anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms and enhancing daily life functioning than AMP and adding the AMP to paroxetine does not make significant changes than medicating with paroxetine alone.}, Keywords = {Paroxetine, Attention Modification Program, Social Anxiety, Social phobia}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {36-44}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-252-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-252-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Abbasi-Asl, Reza and Khorsandi, Rahman and Vosooghi-Vahdat, Bij}, title = {Hammerstein-Wiener Model: A New Approach to the Estimation of Formal Neural Information}, abstract ={ A new approach is introduced to estimate the formal information of neurons. Formal Information, mainly discusses about the aspects of the response that is related to the stimulus. Estimation is based on introducing a mathematical nonlinear model with Hammerstein-Wiener system estimator. This method of system identification consists of three blocks to completely describe the nonlinearity of input and output and linear behaviour of the model. The introduced model is trained by 166 spikes of neurons and other 166 spikes are used to test and validate the model. The simulation results show the R-Value of 92.6 % between estimated and reference information rate. This shows improvement of 1.41 % in comparison with MLP neural network.}, Keywords = { Formal Information estimation, Neurons, Hammerstein-Wiener model }, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {45-51}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-254-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-254-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {AbediMukutenga, Pamphyle and Taghzouti, Khalid and Bengelloun, Wail A.}, title = {Effects of Bilateral Electrolytic Lesions of the Dorsomedial Striatum on Motor Behavior and Instrumental Learning in Rats}, abstract ={Introduction: The dorsal striatum plays an important role in the control of motor activity and learning processes within the basal ganglia circuitry. Furthermore, recent works have suggested functional differentiation between subregions of the dorsal striatum Methods: The present study examined the effects of bilateral electrolytic lesions of the dorsomedial striatum on motor behavior and learning ability in rats using a series of behavioral tests. 20 male wistar rats were used in the experiment and behavioral assessment were conducted using open field test, rotarod test and 8-arm radial maze. Results: In the open field test, rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the dorsomedial striatum showed a normal motor function in the horizontal locomotor activity, while in rearing activity they displayed a statistically significant motor impairment when compared to sham operated group. In the rotarod test, a deficit in motor coordination and acquisition of skilled behavior was observed in rats with bilateral electrolytic lesions of the dorsomedial striatum compared to sham. However, radial maze performance revealed similar capacity in the acquisition of learning task between experimental groups. Discussion: Our results support the premise of the existence of functional dissociation between the dorsomedial and the dorsolateral regions of the dorsal striatum. In addition, our data suggest that the associative dorsomedial striatum may be as critical in striatum-based motor control.}, Keywords = {Motor functions; Spatial learning; Rats; Dorsomedial striatum; Electrolytic lesions}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {52-59}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-255-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Moghadami, Malihe and Moghimi, Ali and Ahangar, Emad and Jalal, Razieh and Rassouli, Morteza Behnam and MahdaviShahri, Naser}, title = {Effects of Infantile Repeated Hyperglycemia on Behavioral Alterations in Adult Rats}, abstract ={Anxiety symptoms have been reported to be present in many patients with diabetes mellitus. However, little is known about the effects of hyperglycemia in critical periods of the central nervous system development. We assessed locomotive, exploratory, and anxiety behaviors in adult rats that remained from infantile repeated hyperglycemia by the open field and elevated plus maze tests. Our findings showed significant hypo activity, reduced locomotive/exploratory activities, increased fear related behaviors, and anxiety state between hyperglycemic and control adult males and the same differences were observed among females. In addition, no significant behavioral alterations between male and female animals were observed. This study determined that repeated increments in daily blood sugar levels in newborns may affect neuronal functions and provide behavioral abnormalities in adults.}, Keywords = {Anxiety, Elevated plus maze, Exploratory, Hyperglycemia, Locomotive, Open field. }, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {60-67}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-256-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Zarghi, Afsaneh and Mehrinejad, Seyed Abolghasem and Zali, Alireza and Ramezankhani, Zahr}, title = {Memory Performance among Children with ADHD}, abstract ={ Introduction: The present post-eventual research study was conducted with the purpose of comparing the memory performance between two distinct groups of 50 healthy children and 50 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children (25 girls and 25 boys) in Tehran with an age range of 10-12. Methods: The whole students were selected through simple random sampling method and were assessed in children's medical center, the Clinic of Roozbeh Hospital, and Tehran's Andishe primary school (both girls' and boys' branches). The applied tools for data gathering were the Benton test and Wechsler memory sub-test (form A). Results: The results showed a significant difference between Benton test scores and Wechsler memory sub-test scores (i.e. personal and general information, orientation, mind control, logical memory, repeating numbers straightly or reversely, learning and memory) among healthy children and those with ADHD. Discussion: memory performance in children with ADHD was weaker than healthy children. In general, with regard to the memory deficit and attention disorder, these patients require both memory and attention rehabilitation for a better quality of life.}, Keywords = {Memory, Cognitive Performance, Children, ADHD}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {68-74}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-253-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-253-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} } @article{ author = {Yeganehdoost, Maral and Pishnamazi, Morteza and Oghabian, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Invoking the Feigner in Us Methodological Approaches for Investigating Deception in fMRI Setting}, abstract ={ The attempt to find out if someone is telling a lie has been of human's interest. One of the techniques which is believed to be efficient in future is fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging), using which the changes of regional blood flow during the designed paradigm can be recorded. This method has been considered as a better technique for studying lie and deception. For investigating the neural network associated with lying and deception, a task needs to be designed in which participants are instructed to participate in a lie-like situation. In this article, frequently used tasks have been reviewed with their merits and demerits. In addition, a summary of involved neural networks related to lie and deception, according to previous studies, is provided. The goal in future studies is to allocate brain regions associated with lie and deception that are independent of features related to the chosen task.}, Keywords = {fMRI, lie detection, deception, task design}, volume = {3}, Number = {4}, pages = {75-83}, publisher = {Iran University of Medical Sciences}, url = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.html}, eprint = {http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-257-en.pdf}, journal = {Basic and Clinical Neuroscience}, issn = {2008-126X}, eissn = {2228-7442}, year = {2012} }