en Computational Neuroscience Computational Neuroscience Review Review <p dir="ltr" style="text-align: justify;">Neurofeedback is a kind of biofeedback, which teaches self-control of brain functions to subjects&nbsp;by measuring brain waves and providing a feedback signal. Neurofeedback usually provides&nbsp;the audio and or video feedback. Positive or negative feedback is produced for desirable or&nbsp;undesirable brain activities, respectively. In this review, we provided clinical and technical&nbsp;information about the following issues: (1) Various neurofeedback treatment protocols i.e. alpha,&nbsp;beta, alpha/theta, delta, gamma, and theta; (2) Different EEG electrode placements i.e. standard&nbsp;recording channels in the frontal, temporal, central, and occipital lobes; (3) Electrode montages&nbsp;(unipolar, bipolar); (4) Types of neurofeedback i.e. frequency, power, slow cortical potential,&nbsp;functional magnetic resonance imaging, and so on; (5) Clinical applications of neurofeedback&nbsp;i.e. treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, epilepsy, insomnia,&nbsp;drug addiction, schizophrenia, learning disabilities, dyslexia and dyscalculia, autistic spectrum&nbsp;disorders and so on as well as other applications such as pain management, and the improvement&nbsp;of musical and athletic performance; and (6) Neurofeedback softwares. To date, many studies&nbsp;have been conducted on the neurofeedback therapy and its effectiveness on the treatment ofmany diseases. Neurofeedback, like other treatments, has its own pros and cons. Although it &nbsp;is a non-invasive procedure, its validity has been questioned in terms of conclusive scientific&nbsp;evidence. For example, it is expensive, time-consuming and its benefits are not long-lasting.&nbsp;Also, it might take months to show the desired improvements. Nevertheless, neurofeedback is&nbsp;known as a complementary and alternative treatment of many brain dysfunctions. However,&nbsp;current research does not support conclusive results about its efficacy.</p> Brain diseases, Brain waves, Complementary therapies, Electroencephalography, Neurofeedback 143 158 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-739-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Hengameh Marzbani marzbani_88@gmail.com 1370031947532846007427 1370031947532846007427 No Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Hamid Reza Marateb h.marateb@eng.ui.ac.ir 1370031947532846007428 1370031947532846007428 No Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Marjan Mansourian j_mansourian@hlth.mui.ac.ir 1370031947532846007429 1370031947532846007429 Yes Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.