en Cellular and molecular Neuroscience Cellular and molecular Neuroscience Original Original <p align="left" ><p><font color="#221e1f" size="1"><font color="#221e1f" size="1">Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating disease which leads to progressive functional damages. Because of limited axonal regeneration in the central nervous system, there is no or little recovery expected in the patients. Different cellular and molecular approaches were investigated in SCI animal models. Cellular transplantation of stem cells can potentially replace damaged tissue and provide a suitable microenvironment for axons to regenerate. Here, we reviewed the last approaches applied by our colleagues and others in order to improve axonal regeneration following SCI. We used different types of stem cells via different methods. First, fetal olfactory mucosa, schwann, and bone marrow stromal cells were transplanted into the injury sites in SCI models. In later studies, was applied simultaneous transplantation of stem cells with chondroitinase ABC in SCI models with the aid of nanoparticles. Using these approaches, considerable functional recovery was observed. However, considering some challenges in stem cell therapy such as rejection, infection, and development of a new cancer, </font></font><font color="#221e1f" face="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" size="1"><font color="#221e1f" face="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" size="1"><font color="#221e1f" face="Times New Roman,Times New Roman" size="1">our more recent strategy was application of cytokines. We observed a significant improvement </font></font></font><font color="#221e1f" size="1"><font color="#221e1f" size="1">in motor function of rats when stromal derived factor-1 was used to attract innate stem cells to the injury site. In conclusion, it seems that co-transplantation of different cells accompanies with other factors like enzymes and growth factors via new delivery systems may yield better results in SCI. </font></font></p> Spinal Cord Injury,Stem Cell,Regeneration,Olfactory Mucosa,Schwann Cells,Bone Marrow Stromal Cells,Stromal Derived Factor. 172 177 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-158&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Soraya Mehrabi 1370031947532846003893 1370031947532846003893 No Sanaz Eftekhari 1370031947532846003894 1370031947532846003894 No bFateme Moradi 1370031947532846003895 1370031947532846003895 No Hamdollah Delaviz 1370031947532846003896 1370031947532846003896 No Bagher Pourheidar 1370031947532846003897 1370031947532846003897 No Monir Azizi 1370031947532846003898 1370031947532846003898 No Adib Zendehdel1 1370031947532846003899 1370031947532846003899 No Ali Shahbazi 1370031947532846003900 1370031947532846003900 No Mohammad Taghi Joghataei 1370031947532846003901 1370031947532846003901 Yes