en Behavioral Neuroscience Behavioral Neuroscience Original Original <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Introduction</strong>: Early life stress, such as maternal separation (MS), can lead to serious mental health problems, such as depressive-like behavior in later life. Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol. In this study, we sought to determine the effectiveness of the iTBS protocol on depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment induced by MS in male rats because the therapeutic effect of this protocol on this model remains unknown.<br> <strong>Methods</strong>: To induce depression, we used the MS method from postnatal day (PND) 2 to PND 20 for 4 hours each day. At PND 30, the iTBS treatment began and continued for 10 consecutive days. At PND 40, behavioral tests (Barnes maze, open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and forced swim test [FST]) were conducted. The rats were sacrificed on day 50, with brain tissue removed for biochemical analysis (oxidative stress, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF&alpha;], brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], and beta-secretase 1 [BACE1]).<br> <strong>Results</strong>: Based on the results, iTBS significantly improved spatial memory impaired by MS, as evidenced in the Barnes maze, and significantly reduced anxiety-like behavior shown in the EPM and depressive-like behavior demonstrated in the FST. Biochemical analysis showed that iTBS significantly reduced oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase [SOD], reactive oxygen species [ROS], malondialdehyde [MDA], catalase [CAT], and glutathione [GSH]), inflammation (TNF&alpha;), and BACE1, but increased BDNF in the hippocampus.<br> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Taken together, our study suggests that the iTBS protocol may have therapeutic effects on depressive-like behavior and cognitive impairment induced by MS.</div> Intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), Maternal separation (MS), Depression, Oxidative stress 123 134 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-8409-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Gila Pirzad Jahromi g_pirzad_jahromi@yahoo.com 13700319475328460057353 13700319475328460057353 Yes Neuroscience Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Masoud Afshari ma_afshari@sbu.ac.ir 13700319475328460057354 0009-0008-5647-1385 No Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Mehrdad Roghani mroghani@shahed.ac.ir 13700319475328460057355 13700319475328460057355 No Neurophysiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Shahriar Gharibzadeh s_gharibzade@sbu.ac.ir 13700319475328460057356 13700319475328460057356 No Institute for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. Akbar Ghorbani Alvanegh Alvanegh@gmail.com 13700319475328460057357 13700319475328460057357 No Human Genetics Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.