en Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Original Original <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Introduction</strong>: Nicotine addiction, driven by cue-induced cravings, significantly contributes to high relapse rates among smokers. Craving, particularly cue-induced craving, plays a critical role in relapse and is influenced by culturally specific environmental cues. This study aimed to develop and validate a culturally adapted visual cue-based craving induction task for cigarette smokers to enhance research on nicotine dependence.<br> <strong>Methods</strong>: This study included 240 treatment-seeking Iranian smokers (120 males, 120 females) who smoked &ge;10 cigarettes/day for &ge;2 years, assessed using the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5) criteria and the Fagerstr&ouml;m test for nicotine dependence. Culturally relevant craving-inducing cues were selected through focus groups and expert validation, categorized into seven groups (neutral, instrument, bill, smoking, smoking environment, smoking shop, and consumption type). Participants rated craving intensity via a Visual Analog Scale during cue exposure (10-15 sec/image). A final task comprising 30 evocative and 4 neutral cues was developed for standardized craving induction.&nbsp;<br> <strong>Results</strong>: The cue-induced craving task (CICT-34) demonstrated significant reliability, with a Cronbach&rsquo;s &alpha; of 0.701 and McDonald&rsquo;s omega of 0.79. Significant positive correlations were found between total craving scores and categories, such as smoking, consumption type, instrument, environment, bill, and smoking shop (P<0.05). However, no significant correlation was found between age and craving scores (P>0.05).<br> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study showed that visual cues reliably induce nicotine craving, with cue reactivity influenced by addiction severity but not demographic factors. The CICT-34 is a valid tool for measuring cue-induced craving, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches in tobacco addiction treatment.&nbsp;</div> Craving assessment task, Cigarette smokers, Reliability, Validity, Tobacco 229 242 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2297-7&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Saba Niknamfar sabaniknam445@gmail.com 13700319475328460058696 0009-0007-8364-4889 No Student Research Committee, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Azarakhsh Mokri okri@ams.ac.ir 13700319475328460058697 13700319475328460058697 No Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Eisa Nazar isa.nazar89@gmail.com 13700319475328460058698 13700319475328460058698 No Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Raheleh Rafaiee rahelerafaie@gmail.com 13700319475328460058699 13700319475328460058699 No Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani seyedhoseini_sm@yahoo.com 13700319475328460058700 13700319475328460058700 No Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini Hosseinish2@gmail.com 13700319475328460058701 13700319475328460058701 No Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Hamed Ghazvini hghazvini1@gmail.com 13700319475328460058702 13700319475328460058702 Yes Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.