en Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Original Original <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:200%"><b><span style="line-height:200%">Background</span></b><span style="line-height:200%">: Nicotine addiction, driven by cue-induced cravings, significantly contributes to high relapse rates among smokers. Craving, particularly cue-induced craving, plays a critical role in relapse and is influenced by culturally specific environmental cues. This study aims to develop and validate a culturally adapted visual cue-based craving induction task for cigarette smokers to enhance research on nicotine dependence.</span></span><br> <span style="line-height:200%"><b><span style="line-height:200%">Methods: </span></b><span style="line-height:200%">This study included 240 treatment-seeking Iranian smokers (120 males, 120 females) with &ge;10 cigarettes/day for &ge;2 years, assessed using DSM-5 criteria and the Fagerstr&ouml;m Test for Nicotine Dependence. <span style="color:#0d0d0d">Culturally relevant craving-inducing cues were selected through focus groups and expert validation, categorized into seven groups (Neutral, Instrument, Bill, Smoking, Smoking environment, Smoking Shop, Consumption type). Participants rated craving intensity via a Visual Analog Scale during cue exposure (10-15 sec/image). </span>A final task comprising 30 evocative and 4 neutral cues was developed for standardized craving induction.<span style="color:#0d0d0d"></span></span></span><br> <span style="line-height:200%"><b><span style="line-height:200%">Result</span></b><span style="line-height:200%">: The CICT 34 demonstrated &nbsp;significant reliability with Cronbach&rsquo;s alpha of 70.10% and McDonald&#39;s omega of 79%. Significant positive correlations were found between total craving scores and categories such as Smoking, Consumption Type, Instrument, Environment, Bill, and Smoking Shop [P < 0.05]. However, no significant correlation was found between age and craving scores [P > 0.05].</span></span><br> <span style="line-height:200%"><b><span style="line-height:200%">Conclusion:</span></b> <span style="line-height:200%">This study showed that visual cues reliably induce nicotine craving, with cue reactivity influenced by addiction severity but not demographic factors. The CICT-34 task is a valid tool for measuring cue-induced craving, highlighting the importance of personalized approaches in tobacco addiction treatment. </span></span></span></span><br> &nbsp;</div> Craving Assessment Task, Cigarette Smokers, Reliability, Validity, Tobacco 0 0 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2297-7&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Saba Niknamfar sabaniknam445@gmail.com 13700319475328460057536 13700319475328460057536 No Student Research Committee, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. Azarakhsh Mokri okri@ams.ac.ir 13700319475328460057537 13700319475328460057537 No Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Eisa Nazar isa.nazar89@gmail.com 13700319475328460057538 13700319475328460057538 No Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran Raheleh Rafaiee rahelerafaie@gmail.com 13700319475328460057539 13700319475328460057539 No Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Seyedeh Masoumeh Seyedhosseini Tamijani seyedhoseini_sm@yahoo.com 13700319475328460057540 13700319475328460057540 No Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Seyed Hamzeh Hosseini Hosseinish2@gmail.com 13700319475328460057541 13700319475328460057541 No Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Research Center, Sari Imam Khomeini Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran Hamed Ghazvini hghazvini1@gmail.com 13700319475328460057542 13700319475328460057542 Yes Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran