en Clinical Neuroscience Clinical Neuroscience Review Review <div style="text-align: justify;">Flavored tobacco products engage neural reward and sensory integration pathways, increasing appeal and dependence, particularly among youth people. Although tobacco control policies such as taxation and adoption of smoke-free laws have reduced overall tobacco use, their benefits are unevenly distributed across socioeconomic and racial/ethnic groups. This study, by reviewing evidence from neuroscience, epidemiology, and public policy, aims to examine how flavored tobacco and major tobacco control strategies differentially affect population. We focus on tobacco taxation, smoke-free laws, and complementary policies, with attention to policy reach, enforcement, and structural inequities. Neuroscientific findings showed that flavor additives enhance reward and mask aversive properties of tobacco, amplifying vulnerability among targeted populations. While taxes and smoke-free laws reduce tobacco use at the population level, disadvantaged minority groups often experience weaker benefits due to uneven policy adoption, limited enforcement, targeted industry marketing, and reduced access to cessation resources. The Minorities&rsquo; Diminished Returns framework helps explain why similar policy exposure yields smaller health gains in marginalized populations. Tobacco control policies are effective but not inherently equitable. Reducing tobacco-related inequalities requires integrating flavor restrictions with uniformly applied taxation, comprehensive smoke-free protections, strong enforcement, and accessible cessation support.</div> Tobacco control policies, Tobacco taxation, Smoke-free laws, Health status disparities, Socioeconomic factors, Racial groups, Ethnic groups, Minority health, Health equity, Social determinants of health, Public policy, Smoking cessation, Smoking preventio 1003 1016 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-216-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Shervin Assari assari@umich.edu 13700319475328460056609 13700319475328460056609 No Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, United States. Ali Farhoudian farhoudian@yahoo.com 13700319475328460056610 13700319475328460056610 Yes Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.