en Cognitive Neuroscience Cognitive Neuroscience Original Original <div style="text-align: justify;"><strong>Introduction</strong>: In this study, we investigated whether neurofeedback (NFB) training and swimming exercise would decrease the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes and visual image-induced craving in methamphetamine (METH)-dependent patients.<br> <strong>Methods</strong>: This research was a randomized controlled trial. A total of 32 METH-dependent patients were allocated randomly to four groups: Control, NFB, swim, and NFB/swim. The EEG and visual image-induced craving were recorded before and after the intervention in all four groups.&nbsp;<br> <strong>Results</strong>: The NFB, swim, and NFB/swim groups showed significantly lower absolute power for 4 frequency bands. Also, the swim and NFB/swim groups had less and greater relative power in the alpha and delta bands, respectively. In addition, the NFB/swim group exhibited an increase in delta/alpha power ratio compared to the control and the NFB groups. Also, the NFB/swim group showed a significant reduction in visual image-induced craving score compared to the control, swim, and NFB groups.<br> <strong>Conclusion</strong>: This study provides novel evidence that combined NFB training and swimming exercise during METH abstinence was effective in normalizing METH-induced EEG changes, which may help patients manage their cravings.</div> Methamphetamine (METH), Neurofeedback (NFB), Swimming exercise, Electroencephalography (EEG), Craving 179 192 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-886-4&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Atefeh Fadaei fadaei.0057@yahoo.com 13700319475328460052210 13700319475328460052210 No Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Mahmoud Najafi t_ najafy2001ir@yahoo.com 13700319475328460052211 13700319475328460052211 No Department of Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology & Educational Sciences, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran. Hossein Miladi-Gorji miladi331@yahoo.com 13700319475328460052212 13700319475328460052212 Yes Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran. Mohammad Ali Tajik-Mansoury tajik.smu@gmail.com 13700319475328460052213 13700319475328460052213 No Department of Medical Physics, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Science, Semnan, Iran. Mohammad Afkar drmafkar@yahoo.com 13700319475328460052214 13700319475328460052214 No Department of Emergency Medicine, Torbat Jam Faculty of Medical Science, Torbat- e Jam, Iran.