en Behavioral Neuroscience Behavioral Neuroscience Review Review <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:2;">A patient with epilepsy was shown to have neurobiological, psychological, cognitive, and social issues as a result of recurring seizures, which is regarded as a chronic brain disease. However, despite numerous drug treatments, approximately, 30%-40% of all patients are resistant to antiepileptic drugs. Therefore, newer therapeutic modalities are introduced into clinical practice which involve neurostimulation and direct stimulation of the brain. Hence, we review published literature on vagus nerve stimulation, trigeminal nerve stimulation, applying responsive stimulation systems, and deep brain stimulation (DBS) in animals and epileptic patient with an emphasis on drug-resistant epilepsy.&nbsp;</span></span></span></div> Drug-resistant epilepsy, Vagus nerve stimulation, Trigeminal nerve stimulation, Responsive stimulation system, Deep brain stimulation 1 18 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-2360-4&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Fatemeh Bakhtiarzadeh bakhtiarzadehfariba@gmail.com 13700319475328460044421 13700319475328460044421 No Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Meysam Zare meysamzare256@gmail.com 13700319475328460044422 13700319475328460044422 No Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Zahra Ghasemi ghasemi.z1985@gmail.com 13700319475328460044423 13700319475328460044423 No Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Canada. Samaneh Dehghan samanedehghan@yahoo.com 13700319475328460044424 13700319475328460044424 No Stem cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Health Institute, Rasool Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Azam Sadeghin sahzabi_2007@yahoo.com 13700319475328460044425 13700319475328460044425 No Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran. Mohammad Taghi Joghataei mt.joghataei@yahoo.com 13700319475328460044426 0009-0005-6748-6468 No Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Nooshin Ahmadirad ahmadiyerad@gmail.com 13700319475328460044427 13700319475328460044427 Yes Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.