en Clinical Neuroscience Clinical Neuroscience Review Review <div style="text-align: justify;">Sleep deprivation is a common complaint in modern societies. Insufficient sleep has increased the risk of catching neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer&rsquo;s. Several studies have indicated that restricted sleep increases the level of deposition of &beta;-amyloid and formation of neurofibrillary tangles, the major brain microstructural hallmarks for Alzheimer disease. The mechanisms by which sleep deprivation affects the pathology of Alzheimer disease has not yet been fully and definitively identified. However, risk factors like apolipoprotein E risk alleles, kinases and phosphatases dysregulation, reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum damages, glymphatic system dysfunctions and orexinergic system inefficacy have been identified as the most important factors which mediates between the two conditions. In this review, these factors are briefly discussed.&nbsp;<span dir="RTL"></span></div> Neurofilament proteins, Tau proteins, Amyloid beta-peptides, Amyloid beta-protein precursor, Alzheimer's disease, Sleep disorder 307 316 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1136-2&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Nahid Ahmadian ahmadiannahid@gmail.com 13700319475328460017559 13700319475328460017559 No Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Sajjad Hejazi sajjadhejazi1@gmail.com 13700319475328460017560 13700319475328460017560 No Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran Javad Mahmoudi mahmoudi2044@yahoo.com 13700319475328460017561 13700319475328460017561 No Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. Mahnaz Talebi talebi511@yahoo.com 13700319475328460017562 13700319475328460017562 Yes Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.