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1- Department of Clinical Psychology, Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.
Abstract:
Objective: This meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effectiveness of neurofeedback in reducing symptoms of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults.
Methods: A total of 49 studies published between 2020 and 2024 that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The selected studies included experimental or quasi-experimental designs utilizing diverse neurofeedback protocols such as SMR, TBR, and Beta-I. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software and effect size (Cohen’s d) calculations.
Results: The findings demonstrated that neurofeedback has a significant effect on improving sustained attention (d = 0.55, p < 0.01), reducing impulsivity (d = 0.50, p < 0.05), and decreasing hyperactivity (d = 0.60, p < 0.05). Additionally, heterogeneity analysis (I² above 50%) revealed considerable variations across studies in terms of protocols, methodologies, and population characteristics.
Conclusion: Neurofeedback, as a non-invasive and complementary therapeutic method, shows substantial potential for managing ADHD symptoms in adults. However, limitations such as small sample sizes, lack of control groups in some studies, and the absence of long-term follow-up highlight the need for further research. Standardization of protocols and exploration of the underlying mechanisms of neurofeedback effectiveness are essential for future studies.
Methods: A total of 49 studies published between 2020 and 2024 that met the inclusion criteria were reviewed. The selected studies included experimental or quasi-experimental designs utilizing diverse neurofeedback protocols such as SMR, TBR, and Beta-I. Data were analyzed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software and effect size (Cohen’s d) calculations.
Results: The findings demonstrated that neurofeedback has a significant effect on improving sustained attention (d = 0.55, p < 0.01), reducing impulsivity (d = 0.50, p < 0.05), and decreasing hyperactivity (d = 0.60, p < 0.05). Additionally, heterogeneity analysis (I² above 50%) revealed considerable variations across studies in terms of protocols, methodologies, and population characteristics.
Conclusion: Neurofeedback, as a non-invasive and complementary therapeutic method, shows substantial potential for managing ADHD symptoms in adults. However, limitations such as small sample sizes, lack of control groups in some studies, and the absence of long-term follow-up highlight the need for further research. Standardization of protocols and exploration of the underlying mechanisms of neurofeedback effectiveness are essential for future studies.
Keywords: Neurofeedback, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Adults, Meta-analysis, SMR and TBR Protocols
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