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Zabihi A, Mazaheri M, Rostami R, Sadeghi M S, Hosein-Zadehbahreini N, Hallajian A et al . Relational Impact of Emotional Stimuli on Putative Mirror Neuron Activity: A Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Study. BCN 2025; 16 :193-204
URL: http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/article-1-2618-fa.html

Introduction: Mirror neurons’ function is thought to be enhanced by emotion processing. There is some evidence that the valence of an emotional presentation (positive or negative) can influence subsequent mirror neuron activity differently. Additionally, mirror neurons are claimed to provide the mechanism necessary for the embodied simulation of others’ mental states. Therefore, there is an assumption that relational emotion processing may manipulate mirror neuron functions. 
Methods: Via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the primary motor cortex (PMC) and electromyography recording from contralateral hand muscles, 20 participants viewed videos of either a static hand or a transitive hand action preceded by either neutral or general (negative and positive) and relational (negative and positive) images.
Results: Corticospinal excitability facilitation during action observation was significantly greater following the positive general than negative general emotion stimuli. Regarding relational emotions, we observed an increased mirror neuron system (MNS) activity following relational negative compared to relational positive, relational negative compared to general negative, and general positive compared to relational positive stimuli.
Conclusion: This finding supports the assumption that relational content interferes with mentalizing capacity.