en Clinical Neuroscience Clinical Neuroscience Original Original <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size:14px;"><span style="font-family:Tahoma;"><span style="line-height:2;">Mindfulness-based approaches and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the prefrontal cortex have gained considerable attention as complementary interventions for managing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Despite their growing clinical use, little evidence is available regarding their influence on motor performance among children diagnosed with ADHD. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate and compare the impact of mindfulness training and prefrontal tDCS on the motor abilities of children with ADHD. A total of 45 children diagnosed with ADHD (M = 8.48 years, SD = 1.18) were enrolled in the study. Participants were assigned to one of three intervention conditions: a mindfulness-based training group, an active tDCS group, or a sham stimulation control group. The study employed a between-groups design and evaluated outcomes across four time points, including baseline assessment, immediate post-intervention assessment, and two subsequent follow-up evaluations. Outcome measurements were obtained at four separate time points: baseline (pre-intervention), immediately following the intervention, one month after the completion of the final session, and six months after treatment termination. Children assigned to the mindfulness condition participated in fifteen training sessions, each lasting 60 minutes, whereas participants in the prefrontal tDCS condition underwent fifteen stimulation sessions of 30 minutes each. Motor performance was assessed during every evaluation period using the Bruininks&ndash;Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2).<br> &nbsp;Repeated‑measures ANOVA revealed significant effects of time (F = 54.98, p = .001, &eta;&sup2; = .567), group (F = 180.90, p = .001, &eta;&sup2; = .896), and time &times; group interaction (F = 21.78, p = .001, &eta;&sup2; = .509) for gross motor skills. Bonferroni tests showed that both prefrontal tDCS (MD &asymp; 27.86&ndash;28.86, p = .001) and mindfulness training (MD &asymp; 12.60&ndash;13.46, p = .001) significantly improved motor skills from pre‑test to post‑test, with effects maintained at one‑ and six‑month follow‑ups, while the sham group showed no significant change. Similar significant patterns were observed for fine motor skills (F = 55.01, p = .001; F = 88.44, p = .001; F = 23.77, p = .001) and upper‑limb coordination (F = 16.22, p = .001; F = 48.50, p = .001; F = 5.66, p = .001). Subsequent post hoc analyses revealed that participants who received tDCS demonstrated significantly larger gains in performance compared with those in the mindfulness and sham stimulation groups at both the post-intervention assessment and follow-up evaluations (p < .0125).<br> The findings suggest that stimulation of the prefrontal cortex through tDCS may offer superior benefits for enhancing motor functioning in children with ADHD when compared with mindfulness-based interventions.</span></span></span></div> ADHD, Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Prefrontal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation, Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Motor Performance, Motor Skill Development 0 0 http://bcn.iums.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-8462-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Namaan Moradizadeh moradizade.namaan@gmail.com 13700319475328460058214 13700319475328460058214 Yes Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran. Marie-Anne vanderhasselt MarieAnne.Vanderhasselt@UGent.be 13700319475328460058215 13700319475328460058215 No Ghent Experimental Psychiatry (GHEP) Lab, Ghent University, Belgium. Jens Allaert jens.allaert@ UGent.be 13700319475328460058216 13700319475328460058216 No Department of Head and Skin, University Hospital Ghent (UZ Ghent), Ghent University, Belgium Mahmoud Sheikh msheikh@ut.ac.ir 13700319475328460058217 13700319475328460058217 No Department of Behavioral and Cognitive Sports Sciences, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.